Simultaneous separation and rapid determination of spironolactone and its metabolite canrenone in different pharmaceutical formulations and urinary matrices by capillary zone electrophoresis

Eco-friendly solvent bar microextraction based on a natural deep eutectic solvent and multivariate optimization for simultaneous determination of spironolactone and canrenone in urine and plasma samples

Simultaneous measurement of spironolactone and canrenone in urine and plasma provides valuable insight into renal function, and therapeutic efficacy and can be utilized to identify potential health risks and ensure patient safety throughout treatment. By adopting greener methods to analyze these compounds, significant reductions in the environmental impact of such studies can be achieved. For this purpose, a sensitive and eco-friendly solvent bar microextraction method using natural deep eutectic solvent (NDE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed to determine spironolactone and canrenone in urine and plasma samples. The extraction solvents were synthesized using NDE-based terpenoids containing menthol and camphor in various ratios. The extraction efficiency percentage (EE%) of both drugs was measured using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD), and 29 extraction tests were conducted to determine the optimum conditions. Although all parameters were found to be significant, the extraction and elution times were critical for isolating the target analytes. Under optimized conditions, the linear dynamic ranges for spironolactone (SPI)/canrenone (CAN) were 11.7-104/13.1-104 μg L-1 and 21.7-104/24.6-104 μg L-1 in urine and plasma samples, respectively with R2 ≥ 0.993. The ranges of intra-/interprecision (relative standard deviation (RSD) %, n = 5) were 1.31-9.17%/ 2.4-11% with extraction recovery ≥ 88.6% for both drugs. The comparison findings with previously published methods confirmed that the developed NDE-solvent bar microextraction (SBME)-HPLC-DAD method for spironolactone and canrenone analysis displayed confident sensitivity, feasible operation, and simple analysis. Furthermore, the method's applicability and effectiveness were proven by successfully analyzing spironolactone and its metabolite canrenone in patients' urine and plasma samples.

Diuretics in Different Samples: Update on the Pretreatment and Analysis Techniques

Diuretics are drugs that promote the excretion of water and electrolytes in the body and produce diuretic effects. Clinically, they are often used in the treatment of edema caused by various reasons and hypertension. In sports, diuretics are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Therefore, in order to monitor blood drug concentration, identify drug quality and maintain the fairness of sports competition, accurate, rapid, highly selective and sensitive detection methods are essential. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the pretreatment and detection of diuretics in various samples since 2015. Commonly used techniques to extract diuretics include liquid-liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, among others. Determination methods include methods based on liquid chromatography, fluorescent spectroscopy, electrochemical sensor method, capillary electrophoresis and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment and analytical techniques are elaborated. In addition, future development prospects of these techniques are discussed.

Research on Detection of Sterol Doping in Sports by Electrochemical Sensors: A Review

The use of doping by athletes to improve performance is prohibited. Therefore, doping testing is an important step to ensure fairness in sports. Doping is gradually metabolized in the body and is therefore difficult to detect immediately by a common method. At the same time, the emergence of new doping agents poses a challenge for highly sensitive detection. Electrochemical sensors are a fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive analytical detection technology. It provides qualitative and quantitative determination of analytes by altering the electrochemical signal of the analyte or probe at the electrode. In this min-review, we summarized the different electrochemical sensing strategies for sterol doping detection. Some of the representative papers were interpreted in detail. In addition, we compare different sensing strategies.

Simultaneous separation and determination of three diterpenoids in Euphorbia lathyris L. and its formulations by hydrophobic interaction electrokinetic chromatography

In this study, a hydrophobic interaction electrokinetic chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous separation and determination of three diterpenoids in Euphorbia lathyris L.: Euphorbia factors L₁ , L₂ , and L₃ . After optimization of separation conditions, the electrolyte solution was 5.0 mM ammonium acetate buffer containing 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate in a 60% v/v methanol (pH 6.86), 25 kV of electric field across the capillary was applied at 25°C, and the detection wavelength was at 280 nm. Under optimum conditions, good linearity was achieved with correlation coefficients from 0.9945 to 0.9995. The limits of detection were 2.5, 7.5, and 5.6 μg/mL, and the limits of quantitation were 8.8, 23.9, and 15.3 μg/mL, respectively. Excellent accuracy and precision were obtained. Recoveries of the analytes varied from 98.5 to 103.8%. The established method was novel, simple, and rapid, and it was validated and confirmed to be applicable for the determination of the active ingredients in a quality control analysis.

Simultaneous separation and determination of three huperzine alkaloids in Huperzia serrata and its preparations by cyclodextrin-modified mixed micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

In this study, a simple and sensitive cyclodextrin-modified mixed micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (CD-MEKC) method has been developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of Huperzine A (HupA), Huperzine B (HupB) and Huperzine C (HupC) in Huperzia serrata (H. serrata). The optimal conditions (pH 9.3) were composed of 10 mM sodium tetraborate solution, 40 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 50 mM sodium cholate (SC) and 3.0 mM mono-(6-ethylenediamine-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (ED-β-CD). The separation and determination process were performed on a P/ACE MDQ capillary electrophoresis system, the separation voltage was 15 kV, the temperature was 25 °C and the detection wavelength was 308 nm. Under the optimum conditions, the migration time was less than 9 min. The LOD and LOQ were between 0.38 and 0.80 μg/mL and 1.2-2.3 μg/mL, respectively. The developed method, with excellent precision and accuracy, was applied for the determination of three alkaloids in H. serrata and its formulations.

Solvent bar microextraction combined with HPLC-DAD for simultaneous determination of diuretics in human urine and plasma samples

BACKGROUND

A simple and powerful microextraction procedure, the solvent bar microextraction (SBME), was used for the simultaneous determination of two diuretics, furosemide and spironolactone in human urine and plasma samples, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD).

METHODS

The appropriate amount (2 µL) of 1-octanol as an organic solvent confined within (2.5 cm) of a porous hollow fiber micro-tube, sealed at both ends was used for this procedure. The conditions for the SBME were optimized in water and the analytical performance were examined in spiked human urine and plasma samples.

RESULTS

The optimized method exhibited good linearity (R2 > 0.997) over the studied range of higher than 33 to 104 µg L-1 for furosemide and spironolactone in urine and plasma samples, illustrating a satisfactory precision level with RSD values between 2.1% and 9.1%.

DISCUSSION

The values of the limits of detection were found to be in the range of 6.39 to 9.67 µg L-1, and extraction recovery˃ 58.8% for both diuretics in urine and plasma samples. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method for the determination of furosemide and spironolactone in patient urine samples were tested.

CONCLUSION

In comparison with reference methods, the attained results demonstrated that SBME combined with HPLC-DAD was proved to be simple, inexpensive, and promising analytical technology for the simultaneous determination of furosemide and spironolactone in urine and plasma samples.

Stepwise optimization and sensitivity improvement of green micellar electrokinetic chromatography method to simultaneously determine some fluoroquinolones and glucocorticoids present in various binary ophthalmic formulations

A sensitive micellar electrokinetic chromatography method is presented to simultaneously quantify ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, dexamethasone sodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate. The method has the advantages of being rapid, accurate, reproducible, ecologically acceptable and sensitive. The electrophoretic separation utilized 20 mm borate buffer as background electrolyte with pH 10.0 ± 0.1 and 50 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate as a micelle forming molecule. A capillary tube (50 μm i.d., 33 cm) of fused silica was used and on-column diode array detection at 243 nm for dexamethasone sodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate, and 290 nm for ofloxacin and gatifloxacin. Various factors were optimized such as the background electrolyte (type, concentration and pH), addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate and its concentration, detection wavelength, applied voltage and injection parameters. The studied drugs were efficiently separated in 6.2 min, at 20 kV with high resolution. The greenness of the method was estimated using an eco-scale tool and the presented method was found to have excellent green characteristics. The method was validated in conformance with International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, with acceptable accuracy, precision and selectivity. The suggested method can be employed for the economic analysis of the four drugs in dissimilar binary combinations of eye drops saving solvents and chemicals.

Simultaneous separation and determination of praeruptorin A, B and C by micellar electrokinetic chromatography using sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium cholate as mixed micelles

INTRODUCTION

Praeruptorin A, B and C are major bioactive constituents in Peucedani Radix. They display anti-inflammatory effect, anti-hypertension effect, antiplatelet aggregation, potential anti-cancer activities and so on. They are worthy of investigation as potentially novel and versatile drugs.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a method using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for the application in simultaneously separation and determination of praeruptorin A, B and C from Peucedani Radix and its medicinal preparations.

METHODS

Method optimisation was carried out by investigating influences of significant factors on the separation. The method was subjected to validation. The determination of praeruptorin A, B and C in Peucedani Radix and its drug formulations was accomplished by the developed method.

RESULTS

The optimal separation condition was 20 mM borate buffer containing 40 mM sodium cholate (SC), 22 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and 25% (v/v) acetonitrile (pH 10.00); 15 kV of voltage; 25°C of temperature; detection at 224 nm. Under this condition, three analytes were baseline separated within 16 min. A good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients from 0.9988 to 0.9995. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.50 to 0.80 μg/mL and from 1.50 to 2.50 μg/mL, respectively. The recoveries ranged between 95.3% and 103.4%.

CONCLUSION

The proposed method has been successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of praeruptorin A, B and C in Peucedani Radix and its pharmaceutical preparations. Additionally, it could be a potential alternative to the quality control of Peucedani Radix.

Spironolactone voltammetric determination on renewable amalgam film electrode

In this study a new high sensitive method of spironolactone (SP) determination is proposed using voltammetric technique. As the working electrode amalgam film silver based electrode (Hg(Ag)FE) was applied, that resulted in obtaining low limit of spironolactone detection, ex. for the preconcentration time 45 s obtained detection limit was 4.7·10^-9 mol L^-1 (1.96·10^-6 g L^-1). The linear response of spironolactone signal on mercury film electrode was obtained in the range of concentration from 15·10^-9 to 3.0·10^-6 mol L^-1 and the obtained repeatability measured as RSD was very good, with the value of 2.0% (n = 5; concentration 0.5·10^-6 mol L^-1). The proposed method was successfully applied and validated by studying the recovery in commercially available pharmaceutical formulations containing known amount of spironolactone.