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Ji X, Liang J, Liu J, Shen J, Li Y, Wang Y, Jing C, Mabury SA, Liu R. Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity of Commercial Photoinitiators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11704-11717. [PMID: 37515552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are a family of anthropogenic chemicals used in polymerization systems that generate active substances to initiate polymerization reactions under certain radiations. Although polymerization is considered a green method, its wide application in various commercial products, such as UV-curable inks, paints, and varnishes, has led to ubiquitous environmental issues caused by PIs. In this study, we present an overview of the current knowledge on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of PIs and provide suggestions for future research based on numerous available studies. The residual concentrations of PIs in commercial products, such as food packaging materials, are at microgram per gram levels. The migration of PIs from food packaging materials to foodstuffs has been confirmed by more than 100 reports of food contamination caused by PIs. Furthermore, more than 20 PIs have been detected in water, sediment, sewage sludge, and indoor dust collected from Asia, the United States, and Europe. Human internal exposure was also confirmed by the detection of PIs in serum. In addition, PIs were present in human breast milk, indicating that breastfeeding is an exposure pathway for infants. Among the most available studies, benzophenone is the dominant congener detected in the environment and humans. Toxicity studies of PIs reveal multiple toxic end points, such as carcinogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects. Future investigations should focus on synergistic/antagonistic toxicity effects caused by PIs coexposure and metabolism/transformation pathways of newly identified PIs. Furthermore, future research should aim to develop "greener" PIs with high efficiency, low migration, and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Chen X, Guo Z, Wei L, Liu Q, Zhao J. Use of a temperature-responsive polymer micelle in microextraction method combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang T, Zheng T, Wang Y, Zhang Y, He D, Zeng H, Wei Y, Chen X, Wan J, Cao X. Effective extraction of tylosin and spiramycin from fermentation broth using thermo-responsive ethylene oxide/propylene oxide aqueous two-phase systems. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:570-581. [PMID: 34818453 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recyclable aqueous two-phase systems with thermo-responsive phase-forming materials have been employed to separate macromolecules; however, these systems have achieved very limited separation efficiency for small molecules, such as antibiotics. In this study, aqueous two-phase systems composed of the ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer and water were developed to extract alkaline antibiotics from the fermentation broth. In the aqueous two-phase systems with an ethylene oxide ratio of 20 and propylene oxide ratio of 80, the partition coefficients of tylosin and spiramycin reached 16.87 and 20.39, respectively, while the extraction recoveries were 70.67 and 86.70%, respectively. Coupled with mechanism analysis, we demonstrated the feasibility of extracting alkaline antibiotics using this aqueous two-phase system, especially for 16-membered macrolide antibiotics. The molecular dynamic simulation was employed to visualize the process of dual-phase formation and the partition behavior of antibiotics in an aqueous two-phase system. The dynamic simulation revealed the binding energy between the antibiotic and ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers, which provides a simple indicator for screening suitable antibiotics in aqueous two-phase systems. Our recyclable aqueous two-phase systems provide a robust approach for the extraction of 16-membered macrolide antibiotics with ease of operation and high recovery rates, which is appropriate for large-scale extraction in the fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dong He
- Henan Topfond Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Zhumadian, P. R. China
| | - Hainan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Junfen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Tandem micellar catalysis and cloud point extraction process for C-S coupling reaction in water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shahi M, Javadi A, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Mirzaei H, Nemati M. Preparation of multiwall carbon nanotube/urea-formaldehyde nanocomposite as a new sorbent in solid-phase extraction and its combination with deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for extraction of antibiotic residues in honey. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:576-584. [PMID: 33151627 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction method combined with deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has been developed for the extraction of three antibiotics in honey samples prior to their determination by ion mobility spectrometry. In this method, first, a multiwall carbon nanotube/urea-formaldehyde nanocomposite was synthesized using co-precipitation polymerization method and then it was used as a sorbent for the analytes extraction from the samples. After that the adsorbed analytes were eluted from the sorbent using a water-miscible organic solvent. The collected elution solvent was mixed with tetrabutylammonium chloride:butanol deep eutectic solvent and the mixture was applied in the following microextraction method. The method provided low limits of detection and quantification in the ranges of 0.32-0.86 and 1.1-2.9 ng/g, respectively. The method had a proper repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation less than or equal to 9.1%. The validated method was successfully performed on different honey samples obtained from different producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Shahi
- Department of Food hygiene, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Javadi
- Department of Food hygiene, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Mirzaei
- Department of Food hygiene, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahboob Nemati
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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Mei Y, Wu Q, Zhou S, Wang Z, Liang Q, Li Y, Lu H. Rapid in situ quantitation of photoinitiators in packaging by two-points kinetic calibration of liquid microjunction surface sampling-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 216:121017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Mohd NI, Zain NNM, Raoov M, Mohamad S. Determination of carcinogenic herbicides in milk samples using green non-ionic silicone surfactant of cloud point extraction and spectrophotometry. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171500. [PMID: 29765632 PMCID: PMC5936897 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new cloud point methodology was successfully used for the extraction of carcinogenic pesticides in milk samples as a prior step to their determination by spectrophotometry. In this work, non-ionic silicone surfactant, also known as 3-(3-hydroxypropyl-heptatrimethylxyloxane), was chosen as a green extraction solvent because of its structure and properties. The effect of different parameters, such as the type of surfactant, concentration and volume of surfactant, pH, salt, temperature, incubation time and water content on the cloud point extraction of carcinogenic pesticides such as atrazine and propazine, was studied in detail and a set of optimum conditions was established. A good correlation coefficient (R2 ) in the range of 0.991-0.997 for all calibration curves was obtained. The limit of detection was 1.06 µg l-1 (atrazine) and 1.22 µg l-1 (propazine), and the limit of quantitation was 3.54 µg l-1 (atrazine) and 4.07 µg l-1 (propazine). Satisfactory recoveries in the range of 81-108% were determined in milk samples at 5 and 1000 µg l-1, respectively, with low relative standard deviation, n = 3 of 0.301-7.45% in milk matrices. The proposed method is very convenient, rapid, cost-effective and environmentally friendly for food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. I. Mohd
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - N. N. M. Zain
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M. Raoov
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - S. Mohamad
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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