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Mahdavijalal M, Petio C, Staffilano G, Mandrioli R, Protti M. Innovative Solid-Phase Extraction Strategies for Improving the Advanced Chromatographic Determination of Drugs in Challenging Biological Samples. Molecules 2024; 29:2278. [PMID: 38792139 PMCID: PMC11124106 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, considerable scientific strides have been made in the subject of drug analysis in human biological samples. However, the risk caused by incorrect drug plasma levels in patients still remains an important concern. This review paper attempts to investigate the advances made over the last ten years in common sample preparation techniques (SPT) for biological samples based on solid sorbents, including solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), and in particular in the field of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), including non-stimuli-responsive and stimuli-responsive adsorbents. This class of materials is known as 'smart adsorbents', exhibiting tailored responses to various stimuli such as magnetic fields, pH, temperature, and light. Details are provided on how these advanced SPT are changing the landscape of modern drug analysis in their coupling with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analytical techniques, a general term that includes high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), as well as any variation of MS, such as tandem (MS/MS), multiple-stage (MSn), and high-resolution (HRMS) mass spectrometry. Some notes are also provided on coupling with less-performing techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) detection. Finally, we provide a general review of the difficulties and benefits of the proposed approaches and the future prospects of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Mahdavijalal
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Carmine Petio
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Care Services, Local Health Unit Company (AUSL) of Bologna—IRCCS St. Orsola-Malpighi, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Staffilano
- Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Local Health Company (ASL) of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
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Hu X, Na G, Sun Y, Xing Y, Chen L, Gaiping Z. Establishment of ultrasensitive immunoassay strip based on colloidal gold-McAb probe for detecting cyproheptadine hydrochloride and six phenothiazines in feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1440-1449. [PMID: 37819997 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2266516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive and broad-specific monoclonal antibody recognising cyproheptadine hydrochloride and six phenothiazines was produced. The 50% inhibition concentration against cyproheptadine hydrochloride was 0.036 ng/mL, and the cross-reactivities for six phenothiazines were from 6.33% to 63.16%. Based on the developed monoclonal antibody, an immunochromatographic strip was established, with the visual detection limits (cut-off values) of seven drugs ranging from 5 to 100 ng/g in feedstuffs. With the strip reader, the 50% inhibition concentration of the developed immunochromatographic strip for seven drugs ranged from 0.570 to 7.750 ng/g. The intra-assay recoveries were from 79.8% to 103.4% with the highest coefficient of variation of 11.3%. The inter-assay recoveries were from 79.0% to 96.6% with the highest coefficient of variation of 12.7%. In summary, the proposed immunochromatographic strip was considered suitable for simultaneously monitoring cyproheptadine hydrochloride and phenothiazines in feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Hu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guanqiong Na
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunrui Xing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang Gaiping
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Zamani R, Yamini Y. On-Chip Electromembrane Surrounded Solid Phase Microextraction for Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants from Biological Fluids Using Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as a Fiber Coating. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010139. [PMID: 36671973 PMCID: PMC9856149 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, on-chip electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction (EM-SPME) was employed in the determination of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), including amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, maprotiline, and sertraline, from various biological fluids. In this regard, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-graphene oxide (PEDOT-GO) was electrodeposited on an SPME fiber as a conductive coating, then the fiber played the acceptor-electrode role during the extraction. Thus, the immigration of the analytes under the influence of an electric field and their absorption onto the fiber coating were accomplished simultaneously. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection for the target analytes were acquired in the range of 0.005-0.025 µg L-1 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The linearity of the method was 0.010-500 µg L-1 for the imipramine and sertraline, 0.025-500 µg L-1 for the amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and desipramine, and 1.000-250 µg L-1 for the maprotiline (R2 ≥ 0.9984). Moreover, this method provided suitable precision and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility, with RSDs ≤ 8.4%. The applicability of the proposed setup was eventually investigated for extraction of the drugs from human bone marrow aspirate, urine, plasma, and well water samples, in which satisfactory relative recoveries, from 93-105%, were obtained.
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Ghorbani M, Mohammadi P, Keshavarzi M, Ziroohi A, Mohammadi M, Aghamohammadhasan M, Pakseresht M. Developments of Microextraction (Extraction) Procedures for Sample Preparation of Antidepressants in Biological and Water Samples, a Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1285-1312. [PMID: 34955046 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2018648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants are an important class of drugs to treat various types of depression. The determination of antidepressants is crucial in biological samples to control adverse effects in humans and study pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Direct measurement of antidepressants in biological and water samples is a considerable challenge for analysts due to their low concentration, the high matrix effects of real samples, and the presence of metabolites of these drugs in biological samples. The challenge leads to using sample preparation processes as a critical step in determining antidepressants. Extraction and microextraction procedures have been widely utilized as sample preparation procedures for these drugs. The purposes of extraction or microextraction methods for antidepressant medications are to preconcentrate the analyte, reduce the matrix effects, increase the selectivity of the procedures, and convert the sample to a suitable format for introducing it into detection systems. In the review, the various extraction and microextraction methods of these drugs in biological, real water, and wastewater samples were investigated. The theory of each technique was briefly addressed to understand the features and factors affecting each method. The extraction and microextraction methods were classified based on their application for antidepressants, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique were reviewed. The new developments to overcome the limitations of each procedure were discussed. The investigation indicated the number of applications of liquid-phase microextraction for extracting antidepressants has been almost equal to that of solid-phase microextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Majid Keshavarzi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Ziroohi
- Department of biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morteza Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Sechenov University of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maryam Pakseresht
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Demir C, Öner M, Bodur S, Er EÖ, Bakırdere S. A Simple and Efficient Extraction Method for the Preconcentration of Copper in Tap Water and Linden Tea Samples Prior to FAAS Measurement. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Demir
- Yıldız Technical University Department of Chemistry 34220 İstanbul Turkey
| | - Miray Öner
- Yıldız Technical University Department of Chemistry 34220 İstanbul Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University Department of Chemistry 34220 İstanbul Turkey
| | - Elif Öztürk Er
- Yıldız Technical University Chemical Engineering Department 34210 İstanbul Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University Department of Chemistry 34220 İstanbul Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) Piyade Street No: 27, Çankaya 06690 Ankara Turkey
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Bazargan M, Mirzaei M, Amiri A, Ritchie C. Efficient dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of antidepressant drugs by a robust molybdenum-based coordination polymer. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:108. [PMID: 33660036 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A molybdenum-based coordination polymer {[Mo(PDA)(NO)(μ-O)MoO3]·1.42H2O·0.58C2H5OH}n (1) (PDA is 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylate) was synthesized using solvothermal reaction conditions and characterized using a suite of analytical techniques. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal a 1D chain structure, with close contacts expanding the structure into 3D including π-interactions and hydrogen bonding. The utility of 1 as a sorbent for dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D-μSPE) of basic organic compounds such as antidepressants is supported by the presence of many functional groups on the surface of 1 (such as pendant carboxylates, Mo=O, Mo-NO, and CH groups) as well as extensive electrostatic interactions. Therefore, 1 can be a suitable choice as sorbent in the D-μSPE of antidepressant drugs from human plasma samples via appreciable adsorbate-adsorbent interactions. Determination of the extracted antidepressant drugs was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV), with calibration plots being linear in the concentration range 0.1-500 ng mL-1 for amitriptyline and nortriptyline, 0.2-500 ng mL-1 for imipramine, and 0.5-300 ng mL-1 for sertraline. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values were calculated for both intra-day and inter-day precision, and the RSD% values were in the range 3.9 to 5.2% and 4.6-5.4%, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) was determined as 0.03-0.2 ng mL-1. Due to the good stability and reusability of the sorbent, the adsorption capacity had no obvious decrease after being used 20 times. Finally, the D-μSPE-HPLC-UV method was applied for the determination of antidepressant drugs in human plasma samples with recoveries of the analytes in the range 94.9 to 102%. The article describes the synthesis of a robust molybdenum-based coordination polymer, and its application as sorbent for dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of antidepressant drugs from human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bazargan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Masoud Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 96179-76487, Iran.
| | - Chris Ritchie
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Graphene oxide/ layered double hydroxides@ sulfonated polyaniline: A sorbent for ultrasonic assisted dispersive solid phase extraction of phthalates in distilled herbal beverages. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Investigating the Utility of Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction and HPLC-UV-Vis/DAD to Determine Antidepressant Drugs in Environmental Aqueous Samples. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is considered to be one of the most prevalent mental disorders in humans. Antidepressant drugs are released in large concentrations and cause adverse effects on the environment and/or human health. Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE), a contemporary solid sorbent-handling technique, is a quick, sensitive, and simple analytical process. This paper describes a micro-extraction FPSE procedure coupled with High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography–Photodiode Array Detection (FPSE-HPLC–DAD) for the simultaneous extraction and analysis of five antidepressants, namely citalopram, clozapine, mirtazapine, bupropion and sertraline. Three fabric media (Whatman Cellulose filter, Whatman Microfiber Glass filter and Polylactic acid disks) and two different sol–gel sorbents (polyethylene glycol (PEG 300), alongside poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG 5.800)) were tested. The best FPSE device was observed to be the microfiber glass filter coated with PEG 300 sol–gel sorbent. In addition, the parameters that affect the efficiency of the process (FPSE media and sorbents, sample pH, extraction time, elution time, etc.) were optimized. The proposed methodology displays a linear range with absolute recovery values higher than 60%, RSD% of less than 13% and LOQs in the range between 1.9–10.7 μg·L−1. Finally, the method was applied in hospital and urban effluents and lake water samples, but none of the analytes were detected.
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Liu C, Wu S, Yan Y, Dong Y, Shen X, Huang C. Application of magnetic particles in forensic science. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Murtada K, de Andrés F, Zougagh M, Ríos Á. Strategies for antidepressants extraction from biological specimens using nanomaterials for analytical purposes: A review. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zilfidou E, Kabir A, Furton KG, Samanidou V. An improved fabric phase sorptive extraction method for the determination of five selected antidepressant drug residues in human blood serum prior to high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1125:121720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Akkaya E, Bozyiğit GD, Bakirdere S. Simultaneous determination of 4-tert-octylphenol, chlorpyrifos-ethyl and penconazole by GC–MS after sensitive and selective preconcentration with stearic acid coated magnetic nanoparticles. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mofazzeli F, Asaadi Shirvan H, Mohammadi F. Extraction and determination of tricyclic antidepressants in real samples using air‐dispersed liquid–liquid microextraction prior to gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4340-4347. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Mofazzeli
- Department of ChemistryQuchan BranchIslamic Azad University Quchan Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Department of ChemistryQuchan BranchIslamic Azad University Quchan Iran
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Mehrani Z, Ebrahimzadeh H, Asgharinezhad AA. Synthesis and characterization of a poly(p
-phenylenediamine)-based electrospun nanofiber for the micro-solid-phase extraction of organophosphorus pesticides from drinking water and lemon and orange juice samples. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3477-3485. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mehrani
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
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Wan Ibrahim WN, Sanagi MM, Mohamad Hanapi NS, Kamaruzaman S, Yahaya N, Wan Ibrahim WA. Solid-phase microextraction based on an agarose-chitosan-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite film combined with HPLC-UV for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous samples. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2942-2951. [PMID: 29877605 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the preparation, characterization, and application of a composite film adsorbent based on blended agarose-chitosan-multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the preconcentration of selected nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous samples before determination by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The composite film showed a high surface area (4.0258 m2 /g) and strong hydrogen bonding between the multiwalled carbon nanotubes and agarose/chitosan matrix, which prevent adsorbent deactivation and ensure long-term stability. Several parameters, such as sample pH, addition of salt, extraction time, desorption solvent, and concentration of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the composite film were optimized using a one-factor-at-time approach. The optimum extraction conditions obtained were as follows: isopropanol as conditioning solvent, 10 mL of sample solution at pH 2, extraction time of 30 min, stirring speed of 600 rpm, 100 μL of isopropanol as desorption solvent, desorption time of 5 min under ultrasonication, and 0.4% w/v of composite film. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 1-500 ng/mL (r2 = 0.997-0.999), and good limits of detection (0.89-8.05 ng/mL) were obtained with good relative standard deviations of < 4.59% (n = 3) for the determination of naproxen, diclofenac sodium salt, and mefenamic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Sazlinda Kamaruzaman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorfatimah Yahaya
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Chen L, Wang L, Song D, Xu Z. Reduced graphene oxide aerogel with packaged TiO 2
nanoparticles as a promising adsorbent for the separation of DNA from human whole blood. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201700044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences; Northeastern University; Shenyang China
| | - Lei Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences; Northeastern University; Shenyang China
| | - Dan Song
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences; Northeastern University; Shenyang China
| | - Zhangrun Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences; Northeastern University; Shenyang China
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Fresco-Cala B, Mompó-Roselló Ó, Simó-Alfonso EF, Cárdenas S, Herrero-Martínez JM. Carbon nanotube-modified monolithic polymethacrylate pipette tips for (micro)solid-phase extraction of antidepressants from urine samples. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:127. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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