1
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Wabnitz C, Canavan A, Chen W, Reisbeck M, Bakkour R. Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a Holistic Detector for Quantifying Complex Organic Matrices during Liquid Chromatography: 1. Coupling, Characterization, and Validation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7429-7435. [PMID: 38683884 PMCID: PMC11099895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A matrix in highly complex samples can cause adverse effects on the trace analysis of targeted organic compounds. A suitable separation of the target analyte(s) and matrix before the instrumental analysis is often a vital step for which chromatographic cleanup methods remain one of the most frequently used strategies, particularly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The lack of a simple real-time detection technique that can quantify the entirety of the matrix during this step, especially with gradient solvents, renders optimization of the cleanup challenging. This paper, along with a companion one, explores the possibilities and limitations of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) dry-mass sensing for quantifying complex organic matrices during gradient HPLC. To this end, this work coupled a QCM and a microfluidic spray dryer with a commercial HPLC system using a flow splitter and developed a calibration and data processing strategy. The system was characterized in terms of detection and quantification limits, with LOD = 4.3-15 mg/L and LOQ = 16-52 mg/L, respectively, for different eluent compositions. Validation of natural organic matter in an environmental sample against offline total organic carbon analysis confirmed the approach's feasibility, with an absolute recovery of 103 ± 10%. Our findings suggest that QCM dry-mass sensing could serve as a valuable tool for analysts routinely employing HPLC cleanup methods, offering potential benefits across various analytical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wabnitz
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Aoife Canavan
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Mathias Reisbeck
- TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Heinz Nixdorf Chair of Biomedical Electronics, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Rani Bakkour
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
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2
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Qi C, Chen L. Progress of ligand-modified agarose microspheres for protein isolation and purification. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:149. [PMID: 38376601 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are the material basis of life and the primary carriers of life activities, containing various impurities that must be removed before use. To keep pace with the increasing complexity of protein samples, it is essential to constantly work on developing new purification technologies for downstream processes. While traditional downstream purification methods rely heavily on protein A affinity chromatography, there is still a lot of interest in finding safer and more cost-effective alternatives to protein A. Many non-affinity ligands and technologies have also been developed in biological purification recently. Here, the current status of biotechnology and the progress of protein separation technology from 2018 to 2023 are reviewed from the aspects of new preparation methods and new composite materials of commonly used separation media. The research status of new ligands with different mechanisms of action was reviewed, including the expanded application of affinity ligands, the development prospect of biotechnology such as polymer grafting, continuous column technology, and its new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongdi Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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3
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Ewonde Ewonde R, Böttinger K, De Vos J, Lingg N, Jungbauer A, Pohl CA, Huber CG, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Selectivity and Resolving Power of Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Targeting the Separation of Monoclonal Antibody Variants. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1121-1128. [PMID: 38190620 PMCID: PMC10809212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the mechanistic understanding of retention and selectivity in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. It provides valuable insights into crucial method-development parameters involved in achieving chromatographic resolution for profiling molecular variants of trastuzumab. Retention characteristics have been assessed for three column chemistries, i.e., butyl, alkylamide, and long-stranded multialkylamide ligands, while distinguishing column hydrophobicity and surface area. Salt type and specifically chloride ions proved to be the key driver for improving chromatographic selectivity, and this was attributed to the spatial distribution of ions at the protein surface, which is ion-specific. The effect was notably more pronounced on the multialkylamide column, as proteins intercalated between the multiamide polymer strands, enabling steric effects. Column coupling proved to be an effective approach for maximizing resolution between molecular variants present in the trastuzumab reference sample and trastuzumab variants induced by forced oxidation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS peptide mapping experiments after fraction collection indicate that the presence of chloride in the mobile phase enables the selectivity of site-specific deamidation (N30) situated at the heavy chain. Moreover, site-specific oxidation of peptides (M255, W420, and M431) was observed for peptides situated at the Fc region close to the CH2-CH3 interface, previously reported to activate unfolding of trastuzumab, increasing the accessible surface area and hence resulting in an increase in chromatographic retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ewonde Ewonde
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katharina Böttinger
- Department
of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess
Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess
Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian G. Huber
- Department
of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Kaltashov IA, Ivanov DG, Yang Y. Mass spectrometry-based methods to characterize highly heterogeneous biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, and nonbiological complex drugs at the intact-mass level. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:139-165. [PMID: 36582075 PMCID: PMC10307928 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The intact-mass MS measurements are becoming increasingly popular in characterization of a range of biopolymers, especially those of interest to biopharmaceutical industry. However, as the complexity of protein therapeutics and other macromolecular medicines increases, the new challenges arise, one of which is the high levels of structural heterogeneity that are frequently exhibited by such products. The very notion of the molecular mass measurement loses its clear and intuitive meaning when applied to an extremely heterogenous system that cannot be characterized by a unique mass, but instead requires that a mass distribution be considered. Furthermore, convoluted mass distributions frequently give rise to unresolved ionic signal in mass spectra, from which little-to-none meaningful information can be extracted using standard approaches that work well for homogeneous systems. However, a range of technological advances made in the last decade, such as the hyphenation of intact-mass MS measurements with front-end separations, better integration of ion mobility in MS workflows, development of an impressive arsenal of gas-phase ion chemistry tools to supplement MS methods, as well as the revival of the charge detection MS and its triumphant entry into the field of bioanalysis already made impressive contributions towards addressing the structural heterogeneity challenge. An overview of these techniques is accompanied by critical analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, and a brief overview of their applications to specific classes of biopharmaceutical products, vaccines, and nonbiological complex drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst MA 01003
| | - Daniil G. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst MA 01003
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5
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Duivelshof BL, Bouvarel T, Pirner S, Larraillet V, Knaupp A, Koll H, D’Atri V, Guillarme D. Enhancing Selectivity of Protein Biopharmaceuticals in Ion Exchange Chromatography through Addition of Organic Modifiers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16623. [PMID: 38068945 PMCID: PMC10706461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity among therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is considered an important critical quality attribute and requires careful characterization to ensure safe and efficacious drug products. The charge heterogeneity among mAbs is the result of chemical and enzymatic post-translational modifications and leads to the formation of acidic and basic variants that can be characterized using cation exchange chromatography (CEX). Recently, the use of mass spectrometry-compatible salt-mediated pH gradients has gained increased attention to elute the proteins from the charged stationary phase material. However, with the increasing antibody product complexity, more and more selectivity is required. Therefore, in this study, we set out to improve the selectivity by using a solvent-enriched mobile phase composition for the analysis of a variety of mAbs and bispecific antibody products. It was found that the addition of the solvents to the mobile phase appeared to modify the hydrate shell surrounding the protein and alter the retention behavior of the studied proteins. Therefore, this work demonstrates that the use of solvent-enriched mobile phase composition could be an attractive additional method parameter during method development in CEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Laurens Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bouvarel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Hans Koll
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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D'Amico CI, Robbins G, Po I, Fang Z, Slaney TR, Tremml G, Tao L, Ruotolo BT, Kennedy RT. Screening Clones for Monoclonal Antibody Production Using Droplet Microfluidics Interfaced to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37192521 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most critical steps in process development for protein therapeutics, clone selection and cell culture optimization require a large number of samples to be screened for high titer and desirable molecular profiles. Typical analytical techniques, such as chromatographic approaches, often take minutes per sample which are inefficient for large-scale screenings. Droplet microfluidics coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) represents an attractive approach due to its low volume requirements, high-throughput capabilities, label-free nature, and ability to handle complex mixtures. In this work, we coupled a modified protein cleanup protocol with a droplet-MS workflow for mAb titer screening to guide clone selection. With this droplet approach we achieved a throughput of 0.04 samples/s with an LoD of 0.15 mg/mL and an LoQ of 0.45 mg/mL. To test its performance in a real-world setting, this workflow was applied to a 35-clone screen, where the top 20% producing clones were identified. In addition, we coupled our sample cleanup protocol to a high-resolution MS and compared the glycan profiles of the high titer clones. This work demonstrates that droplet-MS provides a rapid way of clone screening and cell culture optimization based on titer and molecular structure of the expressed proteins. Future work is aimed at increasing the throughput and automation of this droplet-MS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara I D'Amico
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gillian Robbins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Iris Po
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Zhichao Fang
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Thomas R Slaney
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Gabi Tremml
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Li Tao
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Cotham VC, Liu AP, Wang S, Li N. A generic platform to couple affinity chromatography with native mass spectrometry for the analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115337. [PMID: 36933319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography coupled with native mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Exploiting the specific interactions between mAbs and their ligands, these methods not only provide orthogonal means to study the highly complex mAb attributes, but also offer insights on their biological relevance. Despite the great promise, application of affinity chromatography - native mass spectrometry in routine mAb characterization has been limited, largely due to the complicated experimental set up. In this study, we introduced a generic platform to facilitate the online coupling of different affinity separation modes with native mass spectrometry. Built upon a recently introduced native LC-MS platform, this new strategy can accommodate a wide range of chromatographic conditions, and therefore, allow greatly simplified experimental set up and facile swapping of affinity separation modes. The utility of this platform was demonstrated by successful online coupling of three affinity chromatography methods (protein A, FcγRIIIa, and FcRn) with native mass spectrometry. The developed protein A-MS method was tested both in a "bind-and-elute" mode for rapid mAb screening and in a high-resolution resolving mode to study mAb species with altered protein A affinity. The FcγRIIIa-MS method was applied to achieve glycoform-resolved analyses of both IgG1 and IgG4 subclass molecules. The FcRn-MS method was demonstrated in two case studies, where specific post-translational modifications and Fc mutations were known to alter FcRn affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Cotham
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Anita P Liu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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8
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Wu G, Yu C, Wang W, Du J, Fu Z, Xu G, Li M, Wang L. Mass Spectrometry-Based Charge Heterogeneity Characterization of Therapeutic mAbs with Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing and Ion-Exchange Chromatography as Separation Techniques. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2548-2560. [PMID: 36656605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) and ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) are two essential techniques that are routinely used for charge variant analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) during their development and in quality control. These two techniques that separate mAb charge variants based on different mechanisms and IEX have been developed as front-end separation techniques for online mass spectrometry (MS) detection, which is robust for intact protein identification. Recently, an innovative, coupled icIEF-MS technology has been constructed for protein charge variant analysis in our laboratory. In this study, icIEF-MS developed and strong cation exchange (SCX)-MS were optimized for charge heterogeneity characterization of a diverse of mAbs and their results were compared based on methodological validation. It was found that icIEF-MS outperformed SCX-MS in this study by demonstrating outstanding sensitivity, low carryover effect, accurate protein identification, and higher separation resolution although SCX-MS contributed to higher analysis throughput. Ultimately, integrating our novel icIEF-HRMS analysis with the more common SCX-MS can provide a promising and comprehensive strategy for accelerating the development of complex protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Jialiang Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Gangling Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
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9
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Torrente-López A, Hermosilla J, Pérez-Robles R, Salmerón-García A, Cabeza J, Navas N. Combined use of UV and MS data for ICH Stability-Indication Method: Quantification and isoforms identification of intact nivolumab. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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10
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Sarin D, Kumar S, Rathore AS. Multiattribute Monitoring of Charge-Based Heterogeneity of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies Using 2D HIC-WCX-MS. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15018-15026. [PMID: 36260865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) products is regarded as a critical quality attribute (CQA) depending on its impact on the safety and efficacy profile of the product. Hence, manufacturers are expected to perform a comprehensive characterization of the charge heterogeneity to ensure that the manufactured product meets its specifications. Further, monitoring is also expected during the product lifecycle to demonstrate consistency in product quality. However, conventional analytical methods for characterization of hydrophobic and charge variants are nonvolatile salt-based and require manual fraction collection and desalting steps before analysis through mass spectrometry can be performed. In the present study, a workflow of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method using mass spectrometry (MS)-compatible buffers coupled with native mass spectrometry was performed to characterize hydrophobic variants in the first dimension and charge variants in the second dimension without any need for manual fractionation. This novel two-dimensional (2D) hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)-weak cation-exchange chromatography (WCX)-MS workflow identified 10 variants in mAb A, out of which 2 variants are exclusive to the 2D orthogonal method. Similarly, for mAb B, a total of 11 variants are identified, including 5 variants exclusive to the 2D orthogonal workflow. When compared to stand-alone, HIC resolved only 4 variants for both mAbs and WCX resolved 7 variants for mAb A and 6 variants for mAb B. In addition, the proposed method allows direct characterization of hydrophobic/charge variant peaks through native mass spectrometry in a single-run workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
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11
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Navigating the Future of Separation Science Education: A Perspective. Chromatographia 2022; 85:681-688. [PMID: 35875830 PMCID: PMC9295876 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A number of recommendations on how to improve the education and training of separation scientists were recently made by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Mathematics in their report, A Research Agenda for Transforming Separation Science. This perspective outlines how some of these recommendations may be fulfilled by examining trends in potential curriculum topics related to the field and new technological platforms for interactive content delivery. Identifying and adopting the best practices within these emerging educational directions will ensure the future success of the field.
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12
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Intact multi-attribute method (iMAM): a flexible tool for the analysis of monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:241-248. [PMID: 35840072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The availability of rapid methods that can accurately define and quantify biopharmaceutical critical quality attributes has been the driving force for the implementation of mass spectrometry techniques throughout the development and production pipeline. While the multi-attribute method (MAM) has become widely adopted and developed, some critical information cannot be monitored through this workflow, such as correct chain assembly or the presence of fragments or aggregates. In this study, we combine intact mass spectrometry and the multi-attribute method to create an intact multi-attribute method - or iMAM. Using a CFR Part 11 compliant data system, we evaluated the proposed workflow using several intact analysis approaches under both denaturing and native conditions. As for the standard MAM approach, iMAM involves the creation of an intact protein target workbook which is created from a reference sample, with ID confirmation obtained from deconvolution results and chromatographic retention times while quantitation is obtained from the intensities of the m/z of most abundant charge states. The created processing method is then applied to any other sample. New peak detection can also be performed, monitoring the number of components revealed after each analysis. The entire data process can be automated to generate a report within the chromatography data system software. Three case studies presented herein show the potential of iMAM for implementation at different stages of the production pipeline, from product development to stability testing and batch release.
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13
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Liu R, Xia S, Li H. Native top-down mass spectrometry for higher-order structural characterization of proteins and complexes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21793. [PMID: 35757976 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Progress in structural biology research has led to a high demand for powerful and yet complementary analytical tools for structural characterization of proteins and protein complexes. This demand has significantly increased interest in native mass spectrometry (nMS), particularly native top-down mass spectrometry (nTDMS) in the past decade. This review highlights recent advances in nTDMS for structural research of biological assemblies, with a particular focus on the extra multi-layers of information enabled by TDMS. We include a short introduction of sample preparation and ionization to nMS, tandem fragmentation techniques as well as mass analyzers and software/analysis pipelines used for nTDMS. We highlight unique structural information offered by nTDMS and examples of its broad range of applications in proteins, protein-ligand interactions (metal, cofactor/drug, DNA/RNA, and protein), therapeutic antibodies and antigen-antibody complexes, membrane proteins, macromolecular machineries (ribosome, nucleosome, proteosome, and viruses), to endogenous protein complexes. The challenges, potential, along with perspectives of nTDMS methods for the analysis of proteins and protein assemblies in recombinant and biological samples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujun Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Gu YX, Yan TC, Yue ZX, Liu FM, Cao J, Ye LH. Recent developments and applications in the microextraction and separation technology of harmful substances in a complex matrix. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Ivanov DG, Yang Y, Pawlowski JW, Carrick IJ, Kaltashov IA. Rapid Evaluation of the Extent of Haptoglobin Glycosylation Using Orthogonal Intact-Mass MS Approaches and Multivariate Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5140-5148. [PMID: 35285615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intact-mass measurements are becoming increasingly popular in mass spectrometry (MS) based protein characterization, as they allow the entire complement of proteoforms to be evaluated within a relatively short time. However, applications of this approach are currently limited to systems exhibiting relatively modest degrees of structural diversity, as the high extent of heterogeneity frequently prevents straightforward MS measurements. Incorporation of limited charge reduction into electrospray ionization (ESI) MS is an elegant way to obtain meaningful information on most heterogeneous systems, yielding not only the average mass of the protein but also the mass range populated by the entire complement of proteoforms. Application of this approach to characterization of two different phenotypes of haptoglobin (1-1 and 2-1) provides evidence of a significant difference in their extent of glycosylation (with the glycan load of phenotype 2-1 being notably lighter) despite a significant overlap of their ionic signals. More detailed characterization of their glycosylation patterns is enabled by the recently introduced technique of cross-path reactive chromatography (XP-RC) with online MS detection, which combines chromatographic separation with in-line reduction of disulfide bonds to generate metastable haptoglobin subunits. Application of XP-RC to both haptoglobin phenotypes confirms that no modifications are present within their light chains and provides a wealth of information on glycosylation patterns of the heavy chains. N-Glycosylation patterns of both haptoglobin phenotypes were found to be consistent with bi- and triantennary structures of complex type that exhibit significant level of fucosylation and sialylation. However, multivariate analysis of haptoglobin 1-1 reveals higher number of the triantennary structures, in comparison to haptoglobin 2-1, as well as a higher extent of fucosylation. The glycosylation patterns deduced from the XP-RC/MS measurements are in agreement with the conclusions of the intact-mass analysis supplemented by limited charge reduction, suggesting that the latter technique can be employed in situations when fast assessment of protein heterogeneity is needed (e.g., process analytical technology applications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil G Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts─Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts─Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jake W Pawlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts─Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ian J Carrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts─Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts─Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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16
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Murisier A, Duivelshof BL, Fekete S, Bourquin J, Schmudlach A, Lauber MA, Nguyen JM, Beck A, Guillarme D, D'Atri V. Towards a simple on-line coupling of ion exchange chromatography and native mass spectrometry for the detailed characterization of monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462499. [PMID: 34487883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the direct hyphenation of cation exchange chromatography (CEX) with a compact, easy-to-use benchtop Time of Flight mass spectrometer (ToF/MS) for the analytical characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). For this purpose, a wide range of commercial mAb products (including expired samples and mAb biosimilars) were selected to draw reliable conclusions. From a chromatographic point of view, various buffers and column dimensions were tested. When considering pH response, buffer stability over time and MS compatibility, the best compromise is represented by the following recipe: 50 mM ammonium acetate, titrated to pH 5.0 (mobile phase A) and 160 mM ammonium acetate, titrated to pH 8.5 (mobile phase B). Despite the broader peaks observed with the 2.1 mm i.d. CEX column, this was preferentially selected for CEX-MS operation, since the efficiency loss (caused by extra-column dispersion) was still acceptable while MS compatibility was strongly enhanced (thanks to low flow rate). In terms of MS, it was important to avoid the use of glass-bottled mobile phases, laboratory glassware and glass vials to minimize loss of MS resolution, sensitivity, and mass accuracy due to metal contaminants. With this new CEX-MS setup, straightforward and rapid analysis (in less than 10 min) of charge variants was possible, allowing the separation and identification of several charge variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarande Murisier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bastiaan L Duivelshof
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julien Bourquin
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Andrew Schmudlach
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Matthew A Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Jennifer M Nguyen
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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17
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Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is aimed at preserving and determining the native structure, composition, and stoichiometry of biomolecules and their complexes from solution after they are transferred into the gas phase. Major improvements in native MS instrumentation and experimental methods over the past few decades have led to a concomitant increase in the complexity and heterogeneity of samples that can be analyzed, including protein-ligand complexes, protein complexes with multiple coexisting stoichiometries, and membrane protein-lipid assemblies. Heterogeneous features of these biomolecular samples can be important for understanding structure and function. However, sample heterogeneity can make assignment of ion mass, charge, composition, and structure very challenging due to the overlap of tens or even hundreds of peaks in the mass spectrum. In this review, we cover data analysis, experimental, and instrumental advances and strategies aimed at solving this problem, with an in-depth discussion of theoretical and practical aspects of the use of available deconvolution algorithms and tools. We also reflect upon current challenges and provide a view of the future of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Rolland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States.,Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1252, United States
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18
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Abstract
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Native mass spectrometry
(MS) involves the analysis and characterization
of macromolecules, predominantly intact proteins and protein complexes,
whereby as much as possible the native structural features of the
analytes are retained. As such, native MS enables the study of secondary,
tertiary, and even quaternary structure of proteins and other biomolecules.
Native MS represents a relatively recent addition to the analytical
toolbox of mass spectrometry and has over the past decade experienced
immense growth, especially in enhancing sensitivity and resolving
power but also in ease of use. With the advent of dedicated mass analyzers,
sample preparation and separation approaches, targeted fragmentation
techniques, and software solutions, the number of practitioners and
novel applications has risen in both academia and industry. This review
focuses on recent developments, particularly in high-resolution native
MS, describing applications in the structural analysis of protein
assemblies, proteoform profiling of—among others—biopharmaceuticals
and plasma proteins, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of
protein–ligand interactions, with the latter covering lipid,
drug, and carbohydrate molecules, to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Kanu AB. Recent developments in sample preparation techniques combined with high-performance liquid chromatography: A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462444. [PMID: 34380070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article compares and contrasts sample preparation techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and describes applications developed in biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene in the last two decades. The proper sample preparation technique can offer valued data for a targeted application when coupled to HPLC and a suitable detector. Improvements in sample preparation techniques in the last two decades have resulted in efficient extraction, cleanup, and preconcentration in a single step, thus providing a pathway to tackle complex matrix applications. Applications such as biological therapeutics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, environmental/industrial hygiene, forensics, glycan cleanup, etc., have been significantly enhanced due to improved sample preparation techniques. This review looks at the early sample preparation techniques. Further, it describes eight sample preparation technique coupled to HPLC that has gained prominence in the last two decades. They are (1) solid-phase extraction (SPE), (2) liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), (3) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (4) Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS), (5) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), (6) ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UASE), and (7) microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MWASE). SPE, LLE, GPC, QuEChERS, and SPME can be used offline and online with HPLC. UASE and MWASE can be used offline with HPLC but have also been combined with the online automated techniques of SPE, LLE, GPC, or QuEChERS for targeted analysis. Three application areas of biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene are reviewed for the eight sample preparation techniques. Three hundred and twenty references on the eight sample preparation techniques published over the last two decades (2001-2021) are provided. Other older references were included to illustrate the historical development of sample preparation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, United States.
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20
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Ewonde RE, De Vos J, Broeckhoven K, Eβer D, Eeltink S. Assessment of the resolving power of hydrophobic interaction chromatography for intact protein analysis on non-porous butyl polymethacrylate phases. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462310. [PMID: 34166860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the assessment of the separation performance of hydrophobic interaction chromatography for intact protein analysis using non-porous butyl polymethacrylate phases. The maximum peak capacity in inverse gradient mode was reached at a volumetric flow rate which was significantly (10-20 times) higher than the flow rate yielding the minimum plate height in isocratic mode, as the gradient volume dominates the peak-capacity generation. The flow rate yielding the maximum peak capacity increased with decreasing gradient volume, i.e., steeper gradients, and also depends on the magnitude of the mass-transfer contribution to peak dispersion (affected by particle size and molecular diffusion coefficient of proteins) at these high flow rates. The maximum peak capacity using a 100 mm long column packed with 4 µm particles for steep 7.5 min gradients was determined to be 60. Increasing the column length by coupling columns leads to better gradient performance than increasing the gradient duration for gradients of 60 min and longer. Using a coupled column system (2 × 100 mm long columns packed with 4 µm particles), the maximum peak capacity was determined to be 105, which was 33% higher compared to that of a single column while applying a similar gradient volume. Decreasing the particle size to 2.3 µm leads to higher peak capacities even though the column was operated at lower volumetric flow rate. The maximum peak capacity obtained with the 2.3 µm column was 128% higher than was obtained with the coupled column. Even at suboptimal conditions, the 2.3 µm column yields a higher peak capacity (14%) than when using two coupled columns packed with 4 µm at optimal conditions (gradient time of 120 min and a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ewonde Ewonde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Eshtiaghi S, Nazari R, Fasihi-Ramandi M. In-Silico and In-Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial, Cytotoxic, and Apoptotic Activity and Structure of Modified CM11 Peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Yan Y, Xing T, Wang S, Li N. Versatile, Sensitive, and Robust Native LC-MS Platform for Intact Mass Analysis of Protein Drugs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2171-2179. [PMID: 32865416 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, hyphenation of native (nondenaturing) liquid chromatography (nLC) methods, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion exchange chromatography (IEX), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) with mass spectrometry (MS) have become increasingly popular to study the size, charge, and structural heterogeneity of protein drug products. Despite the availability of a wide variety of nLC-MS methods, an integrated platform that can accommodate different applications is still lacking. In this study, we described the development of a versatile, sensitive, and robust nLC-MS platform that can support various nLC-MS applications. In particular, the developed platform can tolerate a wide range of LC flow rates and high salt concentrations, which are critical for accommodating different nLC methods. In addition, a dopant-modified desolvation gas can be readily applied on this platform to achieve online charge-reduction native MS, which improves the characterization of both heterogeneous and labile biomolecules. Finally, we demonstrated that this nLC-MS platform is highly sensitive and robust and can be routinely applied in protein drug characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Tao Xing
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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23
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Liu S, Li Z, Yu B, Wang S, Shen Y, Cong H. Recent advances on protein separation and purification methods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102254. [PMID: 32942182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein, as the material basis of vita, is the crucial undertaker of life activities, which constitutes the framework and main substance of human tissues and organs, and takes part in various forms of life activities in organisms. Separating proteins from biomaterials and studying their structures and functions are of great significance for understanding the law of life activities and clarifying the essence of life phenomena. Therefore, scientists have proposed the new concept of proteomics, in which protein separation technology plays a momentous role. It has been diffusely used in the food industry, agricultural biological research, drug development, disease mechanism, plant stress mechanism, and marine environment research. In this paper, combined with the recent research situation, the progress of protein separation technology was reviewed from the aspects of extraction, precipitation, membrane separation, chromatography, electrophoresis, molecular imprinting, microfluidic chip and so on.
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24
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Gstöttner C, Nicolardi S, Haberger M, Reusch D, Wuhrer M, Domínguez-Vega E. Intact and subunit-specific analysis of bispecific antibodies by sheathless CE-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1134:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Yan Y, Xing T, Wang S, Daly TJ, Li N. Online coupling of analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography with native mass spectrometry for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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De Vos J, Baron GV, Wirth MJ, Terryn H, Kaal ER, Eeltink S. Evaluation of particle and bed integrity of aqueous size-exclusion columns packed with sub-2 µm particles operated at high pressure. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461064. [PMID: 32336499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The performance of columns packed with 1.7 µm particles for aqueous size-exclusion chromatography was assessed at high-pressure conditions and linked to particle- and column-bed integrity. Decreasing the particle size from 3.5 µm to 1.7 µm increases the resolution due to the improved mass-transfer characteristics, allowing to significantly speed-up analysis without compromising the selectivity. A sub-minute separation of intact proteins was realized on a 4.6 mm i.d × 75 mm long column packed with 1.7 µm SEC particles applying a flow rate of 1.8 mL/min, corresponding to a column pressure of 530 bar. Ultra-high pressure operation (exceeding manufacturer's recommendations) resulted in peak deformation, a shift towards earlier retention times, and an alteration in selectivity. To gain insights in the mechanisms of column deterioration, short 30 mm long columns were operated at UHPLC conditions, maximizing the pressure drop over individual particles. This resulted in the presence of fractured particles situated at the column outlet, as verified by scanning electron micrographs. Mercury-intrusion porosimetry and argon-adsorption measurements did not reveal significant differences in intraparticle volume between particle batches sampled before and after pressure stress testing. As particles at the column outlet fracture (but not collapse) at high pressure operation, a void was formed at the column inlet. The degradation of the separation performance appeared to be the result of a decrease in interparticle pore volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle De Vos
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gino V Baron
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mary J Wirth
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, Purdue, United States
| | - Herman Terryn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erwin R Kaal
- DSM Biotechnology Center, part of DSM Food specialties b.v., Delft, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Carillo S, Jakes C, Bones J. In-depth analysis of monoclonal antibodies using microfluidic capillary electrophoresis and native mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Müller E, Sevilla M, Endres P. Evaluation of hydrophobic-interaction chromatography resins for purification of antibody-drug conjugates using a mimetic model with adjustable hydrophobicity. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2255-2263. [PMID: 32160397 PMCID: PMC7318155 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates are cytotoxic pharmaceuticals, designed to destroy malignant cells. A cytotoxic molecule is attached to an antibody that binds specific to a cancer‐cell surface. Given the high toxicity of the drugs, strict safety standards have to be kept. For this reason, an antibody drug conjugates model was developed with fluorescein 5‐isothiocyanate as the nontoxic payload surrogate. Due to the similar hydrophobicity, this model is used to establish a suitable purification process and characterization method for antibody drug conjugates. Because of the pH dependent solubility of fluorescein, the hydrophobicity of conjugates can be modulated by the pH value. Based on the complex heterogeneity and hydrophobicity of the conjugates a chromatographic purification is challenging. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography is used for analytical as well as for preparative separation. Because of the increased hydrophobicity of the conjugates compared to native antibody, hydrophobic interaction chromatography often suffer from resolution and recovery problems. Conjugates were separated differing on the number of payloads attached to the antibody. For this matter, the drug–antibody ratio is determined and used as a quantitative term. The conjugates are purified at high recoveries and resolution by step gradients using suitable resins, allowing the separation of the target drug–antibody ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert Müller
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, Griesheim, 64347, Germany
| | - Manuela Sevilla
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, Griesheim, 64347, Germany
| | - Patrick Endres
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, Griesheim, 64347, Germany
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29
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Carillo S, Pérez-Robles R, Jakes C, Ribeiro da Silva M, Millán Martín S, Farrell A, Navas N, Bones J. Comparing different domains of analysis for the characterisation of N-glycans on monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:23-34. [PMID: 32123597 PMCID: PMC7037591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the size of the biopharmaceutical market exponentially increasing, there is an aligned growth in the importance of data-rich analyses, not only to assess drug product safety but also to assist drug development driven by the deeper understanding of structure/function relationships. In monoclonal antibodies, many functions are regulated by N-glycans present in the constant region of the heavy chains and their mechanisms of action are not completely known. The importance of their function focuses analytical research efforts on the development of robust, accurate and fast methods to support drug development and quality control. Released N-glycan analysis is considered as the gold standard for glycosylation characterisation; however, it is not the only method for quantitative analysis of glycoform heterogeneity. In this study, ten different analytical workflows for N-glycan analysis were compared using four monoclonal antibodies. While observing good comparability between the quantitative results generated, it was possible to appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of each technique and to summarise all the observations to guide the choice of the most appropriate analytical workflow according to application and the desired depth of data generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carillo
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Raquel Pérez-Robles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biohealth Research Institute (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Craig Jakes
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Meire Ribeiro da Silva
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Silvia Millán Martín
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Amy Farrell
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Natalia Navas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biohealth Research Institute (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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30
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Abstract
Background:
Biopharmaceuticals are biological drugs consisting of a complex compound
that can be produced by a living organism or derive from it. Biopharmaceuticals are very complicated
compounds from structural point of view and for this reason, they cannot be fully characterized in
terms of their structure with current analytical methods as it happens instead of low molecular weight
chemicals drugs.
Introduction:
The regulatory guidelines require the characterization of the primary or higher sequence
of these molecules and the characterization of any post-translational modifications. The use
of biopharmaceuticals has really grown in the last few years: in 2016, the number of biopharmaceuticals
approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA)
for use in humans’ diseases was 1357. From 2013 to 2016, 73 of these compounds were approved for
the treatment of cancer, inflammation, immune disorders, infections, anemia and cardiovascular diseases.
Aim/Conclusion:
The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of recent approaches for
the characterization of biopharmaceutical products in HPLC that have been presented in the literature
in the last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Tartaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Victoria Samanidou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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31
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Swiner DJ, Jackson S, Burris BJ, Badu-Tawiah AK. Applications of Mass Spectrometry for Clinical Diagnostics: The Influence of Turnaround Time. Anal Chem 2020; 92:183-202. [PMID: 31671262 PMCID: PMC7896279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This critical review discusses how the need for reduced clinical turnaround times has influenced chemical instrumentation. We focus on the development of modern mass spectrometry (MS) and its application in clinical diagnosis. With increased functionality that takes advantage of novel front-end modifications and computational capabilities, MS can now be used for non-traditional clinical analyses, including applications in clinical microbiology for bacteria differentiation and in surgical operation rooms. We summarize here recent developments in the field that have enabled such capabilities, which include miniaturization for point-of-care testing, direct complex mixture analysis via ambient ionization, chemical imaging and profiling, and systems integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin J. Swiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Sierra Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Benjamin J. Burris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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32
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Fernández-Pumarega A, Dores-Sousa JL, Eeltink S. A comprehensive investigation of the peak capacity for the reversed-phase gradient liquid-chromatographic analysis of intact proteins using a polymer-monolithic capillary column. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Schadt S, Hauri S, Lopes F, Edelmann MR, Staack RF, Villaseñor R, Kettenberger H, Roth AB, Schuler F, Richter WF, Funk C. Are Biotransformation Studies of Therapeutic Proteins Needed? Scientific Considerations and Technical Challenges. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1443-1456. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Chabrol E, Stojko J, Nicolas A, Botzanowski T, Fould B, Antoine M, Cianférani S, Ferry G, Boutin JA. VHH characterization.Recombinant VHHs: Production, characterization and affinity. Anal Biochem 2019; 589:113491. [PMID: 31676284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the biological approaches to therapeutics, are the cells, such as CAR-T cells engineered or not, the antibodies armed or not, and the smaller protein scaffolds that can be modified to render them specific of other proteins, à la façon of antibodies. For several years, we explored ways to substitute antibodies by nanobodies (also known as VHHs), the smallest recognizing part of camelids' heavy-chain antibodies: production of those small proteins in host microorganisms, minute analyses, characterization, and qualification of their affinity towards designed targets. Here, we present three standard VHHs described in the literature: anti-albumin, anti-EGF receptor and anti-HER2, a typical cancer cell surface -associated protein. Because they differ slightly in global structure, they are good models to assess our body of analytical methodologies. The VHHs were expressed in several bacteria strains in order to identify and overcome the bottlenecks to obtain homogeneous preparations of this protein. A large panel of biophysical tools, ranging from spectroscopy to mass spectrometry, was here combined to assess VHH structural features and the impact of the disulfide bond. The routes are now ready to move to more complex VHHs raised against specific targets in numerous areas including oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chabrol
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Johann Stojko
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Fould
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mathias Antoine
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Jean A Boutin
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France; Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 50 rue Carnot, 92284, Suresnes Cedex, France.
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35
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Le-Minh V, Tran N, Makky A, Rosilio V, Taverna M, Smadja C. Capillary zone electrophoresis-native mass spectrometry for the quality control of intact therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:375-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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36
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Murisier A, Lauber M, Shiner SJ, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Practical considerations on the particle size and permeability of ion-exchange columns applied to biopharmaceutical separations. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1604:460487. [PMID: 31488296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to better understand the possibilities and limitations of modern cation exchange chromatography (CEX) columns for the separation of protein biopharmaceuticals (typically mAbs and related products). Several commercial and research columns consisting of a non-porous polymeric core particle with a thin hydrophilic coating and grafted ion-exchanger sulfonate groups, were compared. The impact of particle size, porosity and packing pressure on the separation of therapeutic proteins was evaluated in a systematic way. First, it was shown that the porosity of modern CEX columns depends on the applied conditions, and lower apparent porosity as well as increased column pressures were observed when using low ionic strength mobile phase (less than 0.01 M NaCl), due to swelling. Column pressure seemed to be dependent on the 1/dp3 to 1/dp5 relationships with particle size, depending on whether 0.3 M NaCl or pure water was used as mobile phase, respectively. Using 5 cm long columns packed with 2 or 2.5 µm particles could easily result in higher than 1000 bar pressure drops when the mobile phase ionic strength is low. Therefore, it is recommended that particle size not be decreased to below 2.5 µm so that technologies can remain compatible with the current state of ultra-high pressure (UHPLC) instrumentation. This recommendation is underscored by the fact that a decrease in particle size does not produce improved separations, since the particles are non-porous (no intra-particle diffusion nor resistance to mass transfer) and that large solutes follow an on-off (bind and elute) type retention mechanism. The only advantage of CEX columns packed with small particles is that they can provide more specific surface area per unit length of column, and thus facilitate higher throughput methods. In conclusion, it appears that there is no need to further decrease the particle size in CEX since decreasing their particle size may result in more drawbacks than benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet, 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, USA
| | - Stephen J Shiner
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet, 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet, 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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37
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Brown KA, Rajendran S, Dowd J, Wilson DJ. Rapid characterization of structural and functional similarity for a candidate bevacizumab (Avastin) biosimilar using a multipronged mass‐spectrometry‐based approach. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1207-1217. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerene A. Brown
- Chemistry DepartmentYork University Toronto ON Canada
- The Centre for Research in Mass SpectrometryYork University Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Jason Dowd
- Apobiologix (division of Apotex Inc.) Toronto ON Canada
| | - Derek J. Wilson
- Chemistry DepartmentYork University Toronto ON Canada
- The Centre for Research in Mass SpectrometryYork University Toronto ON Canada
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38
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Kristl A, Lokošek P, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Effect of pressure on the retention of macromolecules in ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:89-99. [PMID: 30926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Shorter analysis times and greater resolving power are contributing factors for transfer of separation methods from an HPLC to a UHPLC system when performing analysis in biopharmaceutical or clinical research. The effect of pressure on separations in reversed phase chromatography is well described, however such investigations on ion exchange columns were previously not conducted. In this study we describe the effect of pressure on retention properties of proteins, oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA in ion exchange chromatography. Different column inlet pressures were obtained by coupling restriction capillaries with column outlet and performing separations at a constant temperature and mobile phase flow rate. Macromolecules were separated in isocratic mode as well as with various linear gradients of salt concentration at a constant pH value. The measured retention time increase was up to 80% for isocratic and 20% for gradient separations for a 500 bar increase in pressure. The effect of pressure was validated on a separate instrument after few months from initial experiments. The influence of pressure on retention properties seems to be dependent on the size, shape and flexibility of the macromolecule and causes different retention shifts when separating a sample with diverse analytes. Such changes in retention time can sometimes exceed the criteria set by European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) for the allowable method adjustment and are thus considered to be a result of a different separation method. Therefore, the pressure effect that follows method transfer from HPLC to UHPLC conditions should not be neglected even for gradient separations in ion exchange chromatography, as the resulting retention change may cause revalidation of the separation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Lokošek
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia.
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39
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Källsten M, Pijnappel M, Hartmann R, Lehmann F, Kovac L, Lind SB, Bergquist J. Application of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the characterization of antibody-drug conjugates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2569-2576. [PMID: 30848315 PMCID: PMC6470114 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are an inherently heterogeneous class of biotherapeutics, the development of which requires extensive characterization throughout. During the earliest phases of preclinical development, when synthetic routes towards the desired conjugate are being assessed, the main interest lies in the determination of the average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of a given batch as well as information about different conjugation species. There has been a trend in mass spectrometry (MS)–based characterization of ADCs towards the use of high-resolving mass spectrometry for many of these analyses. Considering the high cost for such an instrument, the evaluation of cheaper and more accessible alternatives is highly motivated. We have therefore tested the applicability of a quadrupole mass analyzer for the aforementioned characterizations. Eight ADCs consisting of trastuzumab and varying stoichiometries of Mc-Val-Cit-PABC-monomethyl auristatin E conjugated to native cysteines were synthesized and served as test analytes. The average DAR value and molecular weights (Mw) of all detected chains from the quadrupole mass analyzer showed surprisingly high agreement with results obtained from a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)–derived values for all investigated ADC batches. Acquired Mw were within 80 ppm of TOF-derived values, and DAR was on average within 0.32 DAR units of HIC-derived values. Quadrupole mass spectrometers therefore represent a viable alternative for the characterization of ADC in early-stage development. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Källsten
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, Virdings allé 32b, 754 50, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Rafael Hartmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lehmann
- Oncopeptides AB, Luntmakargatan 46, SE-111 37, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucia Kovac
- Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, Virdings allé 32b, 754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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40
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Bults P, Spanov B, Olaleye O, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Intact protein bioanalysis by liquid chromatography – High-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Ikegami T. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biopharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic peptides: A review based on the separation characteristics of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:130-213. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical (Bio-) Analysis; Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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42
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Stiving AQ, VanAernum ZL, Busch F, Harvey SR, Sarni SH, Wysocki VH. Surface-Induced Dissociation: An Effective Method for Characterization of Protein Quaternary Structure. Anal Chem 2019; 91:190-209. [PMID: 30412666 PMCID: PMC6571034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Q. Stiving
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Zachary L. VanAernum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Florian Busch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sophie R. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Samantha H. Sarni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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43
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King C, Patel R, Ponniah G, Nowak C, Neill A, Gu Z, Liu H. Characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody variants detected by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:96-103. [PMID: 29649755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In-depth characterization of the commonly observed variants is critical to the successful development of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Multiple peaks of a recombinant monoclonal antibody were observed when analyzed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing. The potential modification causing the heterogeneity was localized to F(ab')2 region by analyzing the antibody after IdeS digestion using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. LC-MS analysis identified asparagine deamidation as the root cause of the observed multiple variants. While the isoelectric focusing method is expected to separate deamidated species, the similar profile observed in hydrophobic interaction chromatography indicates that the single site deamidation caused differences in hydrophobicity. Forced degradation demonstrated that the susceptible asparagine residue is highly exposed, which is expected as it is located in the light chain complementarity determining region. Deamidation of this single site decreased the mAb binding affinity to its specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory King
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Rekha Patel
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States.
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