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Kim TE, Lee MH, Kim BK, Lee JH, Chun YG, Jang HW. Optimization of the QuEChERS-UPLC-APCI-MS/MS method for the analysis of vitamins D and K nanoencapsulated in yogurt. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1734:465275. [PMID: 39181095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
A novel approach was developed to simultaneously determine the contents of vitamins D2, D3, K1, and K2 in yogurt fortified with nanoencapsulated vitamins D and K. This method combines QuEChERS extraction with UPLC-APCI-MS/MS analysis. Optimization of the QuEChERS process included fine-tuning the addition of salts using response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design. Under the optimized conditions, the developed method exhibited an excellent linearity (R2 > 0.999) across concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 500 µg/L. The limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were found to be 0.01-0.04 µg/L and 0.04-0.11 µg/L, respectively, with precision, accuracy, and recovery rates exceeding 94.88 %, and accompanied by acceptable relative standard deviations. Comparative analysis with traditional methodologies revealed the significant advantages of the proposed approach. Previous techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction combined with saponification are time-consuming and require high sample quantities. In addition, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction requires a long analysis time and exhibits a poor sensitivity, particularly in terms of its LOD and LOQ values. In contrast, our method offers a straightforward, efficient, and reliable sample preparation technique suitable for detecting vitamins D2, D3, K1, and K2 in a yogurt matrix. This study not only demonstrates the feasibility of applying the QuEChERS method for stable vitamin quantification in yogurt, but it also represents an innovative contribution to enhancing the detection sensitivity and efficiency in food analysis. By emphasizing these methodological advancements and comparative benefits, this research underscores the significance of adopting advanced analytical approaches in food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Eun Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyeock Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Keun Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yong Gi Chun
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungshin Women's University, 55, 76 ga-gil, Dobong-ro, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea.
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Yoo G, Kim T, Lee MH, Kim B, Jang HW. Determination of vitamin K encapsulated into lipid nanocarriers by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 11:688-695. [PMID: 36789061 PMCID: PMC9922116 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was used in conjunction with liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate vitamins K1 and K2 in vitamin-fortified emulsions, and vital microextraction parameters were optimized using response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design. Under optimal microextraction conditions, highly linear (R 2 > .999) calibration curves were obtained for both vitamins in a broad concentration range (1-1000 μg/L), and vitamin recoveries exceeded 90%. The detection and quantitation limits equaled 1.89 and 5.72 μg/L for vitamin K1, respectively, and 5.00 and 15.15 μg/L for vitamin K2, respectively. When applied to vitamin-K-loaded nanoemulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles, the developed method achieved excellent results, outperforming the currently employed Korean Food Code method, and therefore holding great promise for the quantitation of vitamin K in vitamin-fortified food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijae Yoo
- Research Group of Food ProcessingKorea Food Research InstituteWanjuKorea
| | - Tae‐Eun Kim
- Research Group of Food ProcessingKorea Food Research InstituteWanjuKorea
| | - Min Hyeock Lee
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginKorea
| | - Bum‐Keun Kim
- Research Group of Food ProcessingKorea Food Research InstituteWanjuKorea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologySungshin Women's UniversitySeoulKorea
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Novel QuEChERS-ultra-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin D and vitamin K in vitamin-fortified nanoemulsions. Food Chem 2022; 389:133009. [PMID: 35490514 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsion is a new vehicle for food fortification. In this study, a simple and reliable method for the simultaneous analysis of vitamins D2, D3, K1, and K2 in vitamin-fortified nanoemulsions was developed using QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction parameters. The method was validated for the vitamins in terms of LOD (0.03-0.25 μg/L), LOQ (0.10-0.77 μg/L), intra-day (≤4.50%), inter-day precisions (≤6.43%), and accuracy (98.5%-108.0%). The recoveries of the vitamin-fortified nanoemulsion and yogurt were in the ranges of 104.0%-109.2% and 73.3%-85.2%, respectively. The solvent consumption and analysis time were reduced by 5.6 and 3.3 folds, respectively, rendering it superior to the traditional extraction methods established by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.
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Li X, Liu J, Zuo TT, Hu Y, Li Z, Wang HD, Xu XY, Yang WZ, Guo DA. Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:875-909. [PMID: 35128553 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to the end of 2020Panax species (Araliaceae), particularly P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, have a long history of medicinal use because of their remarkable tonifying effects, and currently serve as crucial sources for various healthcare products, functional foods, and cosmetics, aside from their vast clinical preparations. The huge market demand on a global scale prompts the continuous prosperity in ginseng research concerning the discovery of new compounds, precise quality control, ADME (absorption/disposition/metabolism/excretion), and biosynthesis pathways. Benefitting from the ongoing rapid development of analytical technologies, e.g. multi-dimensional chromatography (MDC), personalized mass spectrometry (MS) scan strategies, and multi-omics, highly recognized progress has been made in driving ginseng analysis towards "systematicness, integrity, personalization, and intelligentization". Herein, we review the advances in the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis pathway of ginseng over the past decade (2011-2020), with 410 citations. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of new compounds isolated (saponins and polysaccharides), and the emerging novel analytical technologies and analytical strategies that favor ginseng's authentic use and global consumption. Perspectives on the challenges and future trends in ginseng analysis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Gou L, Zeng X, Du H, Li L, Tian Y, Hou X, Wu L. Sensitive detection of trace 4-methylimidazole utilizing a derivatization reaction-based ratiometric surface-enhanced Raman scattering platform. Talanta 2022; 237:122925. [PMID: 34736662 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a facile and fast surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method with ratiometric strategy was developed for detection of 4-methylimidazole (4-MI). Via a chemical derivatization reaction with 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (AMTA) diazonium salts, 4-MI could be converted to SERS-sensitive species. The SERS intensity ratio between the peaks at 1243 cm-1 and 1110 cm-1 (I1243/I1110) was used for the quantification of 4-MI. In addition, the method sensitivity was further improved by the aggregation of beta-cyclodextrin-modified Ag nanoparticles (beta-CD-AgNPs). Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for 4-MI were 1.7 nM (S/N = 3) and 5.7 nM (S/N = 10), respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 0.5 μM 4-MI was 8.2% (n = 20). This method was successfully used for the determination of 4-MI in cola samples with recoveries ranging from 92% to 106%. The present method is convenient, sensitive, selective, reliable and may have a promising application in determination of the compounds with an imidazole ring containing active hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Gou
- Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zeng
- State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Huan Du
- Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Ling Li
- Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Li Wu
- Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
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Rapid quantification and screening of nitrogen-containing rocket fuel transformation products by vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography – high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A Review of the Analytical Methods for the Determination of 4(5)-Methylimidazole in Food Matrices. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4(5)-Methylimidazole (4(5)MEI) is a product of the Maillard reaction between sugars and amino acids, which occurs during the thermal processing of foods. This compound is also found in foods with caramel colorants additives. Due to its prevalence in foods and beverages and its potent carcinogenicity, 4(5)MEI has received federal and state regulatory agency attention. The aim of this review is to present the extraction procedures of 4(5)MEI from food matrices and the analytical methods for its determination. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are the techniques most commonly employed to detect 4(5)MEI in food matrices. However, the analysis of 4(5)MEI is challenging due to the high polarity, water solubility, and the absence of chromophores. To overcome this, specialized sample pretreatment and extraction methods have been developed, such as solid-phase extraction and derivatization procedures, increasing the cost and the preparation time of samples. Other analytical methods for the determination of 4(5)MEI, include capillary electrophoresis, paper spray mass spectrometry, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance cation exchange chromatography, fluorescence-based immunochromatographic assay, and a fluorescent probe.
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Teich M, Schmidtpott M, van Pinxteren D, Chen J, Herrmann H. Separation and quantification of imidazoles in atmospheric particles using LC-Orbitrap-MS. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:577-589. [PMID: 31697033 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer was developed to identify and quantify imidazoles in aqueous extracts of aerosol particles. The aqueous particle extract was used without further enrichment or sample clean-up. Five columns were tested for efficient separation of ten imidazoles and the Acquity HSS T3 column was chosen for further optimization. Low limits of detection (<25 nM) and good intraday and interday repeatability (<1.6 and <6%, respectively) were achieved. Investigation of matrix effects showed that external calibration is applicable when the loading of organic carbon in the sample is below 10 µg m-3 . The developed method was applied to ten real samples, and six out of the ten test imidazoles were successfully quantified, while six further imidazoles were qualitatively identified, among them 4-imidazolecarboxaldehyde and 4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxaldehyde. Advantages of the method are the minimal sample preparation, the short run time for each sample, and the low detection limits. These allow for a fast and reliable quantification of imidazoles even in a large number of aqueous particle extract samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Mechthild Schmidtpott
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik van Pinxteren
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Altunay N, Gürkan R. Ion pair vortex assisted-ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for selective separation and preconcentration of 4-methylimidazole from caramel colour drinks and foodstuffs prior to its spectrophotometric determination. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zhang L, Li C. Simultaneous analysis of 2-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural potentially formed in fermented soy sauce by "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe" purification and UHPLC with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:501-508. [PMID: 30370990 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
2-Methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural are harmful by-products potentially formed via Maillard reaction in fermented soy sauce. The present study proposed a new method based on "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe" purification and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous analysis of 2-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in fermented soy sauce. The sample was dissolved in water after addition of internal standard 4-methylimidazole-d6 and extracted with acetonitrile. After dehydration, it was centrifuged and the supernatant was subsequently purified using two sorbents namely primary-secondary amine and multi-walled carbon nanotube. Three target analytes were separated by gradient elution and determined under multiple reactions monitoring mode. The limit of detection, matrix effect, recovery and precision of the developed method were investigated. Results found that three target analytes displayed excellent linearity in concentration range of 1-250 μg/L. Limit of detection was in the range of 0.3-1 μg/kg for three target analytes. The mean recoveries for fermented soy sauce samples at three spiked concentrations were in the range of 91.2-112.5%, and the intra- and interday precision were in the ranges of 3.6-9.2 and 7.1-10.8%, respectively. This validated method was successfully applied to determine 2-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural concentrations in fermented soy sauce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Technology Research Center for Lingnan Characteristic Fruits & Vegetables Processing and Application Engineering of Guangdong Province, Food Science Innovation Team of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, P. R. China.,College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chunhai Li
- Technology Research Center for Lingnan Characteristic Fruits & Vegetables Processing and Application Engineering of Guangdong Province, Food Science Innovation Team of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, P. R. China.,College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, P. R. China
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