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Gray B, Lubbock K, Love C, Ryder E, Hudson S, Scarth J. Analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control from 2018 to 2023. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 39010718 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The analytical approaches taken by laboratories to implement robust and efficient regulation of horseracing medication and doping control are complex and constantly evolving. Each laboratory's approach will be dictated by differences in regulatory, economic and scientific drivers specific to their local environment. However, in general, laboratories will all be undertaking developments and improvements to their screening strategies in order to meet new and emerging threats as well as provide improved service to their customers. In this paper, the published analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control since the 22nd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians will be reviewed. Due to the unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide economy, the normal 2-year period of this review was extended to over 5 years. As such, there was considerable ground to cover, resulting in an increase in the number of relevant publications included from 107 to 307. Major trends in publications will be summarised and possible future directions highlighted. This will cover developments in the detection of 'small' and 'large' molecule drugs, sample preparation procedures and the use of alternative matrices, instrumental advances/applications, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the detection and prevalence of 'endogenous' compounds and biomarker and OMICs approaches. Particular emphasis will be given to research into the potential threat of gene doping, which is a significant area of new and continued research for many laboratories. Furthermore, developments in analytical instrumentation relevant to equine medication and doping control will be discussed.
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Ţuchiu BM, Stefan-van Staden RI, van Staden JKF. Recent Trends in Ibuprofen and Ketoprofen Electrochemical Quantification - A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:61-72. [PMID: 35286214 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2050348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are intensively manufactured, used, and regulated. However, these compounds incur toxic effects on gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal systems when administered in high doses for extended periods. Additionally, once these drugs reach the ecosystems through various pathways, they become environmental contaminants and raise ecological concerns. Traditional detection methods proposed for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs detection encompass certain limitations. In this context, the need for simple, cost-effective, sensitive, and selective detection methods that could improve the quality of analysis led the attention of the scientific community toward electrochemical sensors. The lowest limit of detection of ibuprofen (33.33 × 10-12 μmol L-1) was recorded for a sensor based on ibuprofen specific aptamer bound with nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and gold nanoparticles nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode using differential pulse voltammetry, while the lowest limit of detection reported for ketoprofen was 0.11 μmol L-1 when differential pulse voltammetry was used. This review focuses on the construction, analytical performances, and applicability of electrochemical sensors developed for ibuprofen and ketoprofen determination. This work covers 24 articles published between 2016 and 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca-Maria Ţuchiu
- National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania - Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania - Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jacobus Koos Frederick van Staden
- National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania - Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, Bucharest, Romania
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Sharma M, Sharma AK, Shukla SK. Potentiometric sensing of ibuprofen over ferric oxide doped chitosan grafted polypyrrole-based electrode. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131598. [PMID: 38621570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates the correlation between structure, properties, and self-sensing protocols of in situ prepared ferric oxide doped grafted copolymer composite, comprised of ferric oxide, chitosan, and polypyrrole (α-Fe2O3-en-CHIT-g-PPy) for residual ibuprofen present in natural and artificial samples. The chemical structure, morphology, functionality, and physio-mechanical properties of the composite were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Two probe method, and standard ASTM techniques to explore sensing nature. The results confirm the evolution of axially aligned structure against 110 planes of α-Fe2O3 and chemically functionalized expanded polymer matrix during in-situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole, with better porosity, interactivity, and improved electrical conductivity i.e. 7.32 × 10-3 S cm-1. Further, a thin film of prepared composite coated on an ITO glass plate was explored for potentiometric sensing of ibuprofen (IBU) present in artificial and natural samples without the use of any additional energy sources. The observed sensing parameters are the sensing ranging 0.5 μM to 100.0 μM, sensitivity 2.5081 mV μM-1 cm-2, response time 50 s, recovery time 10 s, and stability for 60 days. The sensing mechanism of the IBU sensor and effective charge transfer in the electrode was also discussed based on changes in IR spectra of the electrode recorded before and after sensing due to surface oxidation of IBU due to the presence of iron and doping effect of iron oxide in the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sharma
- Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India; Department of Polymer Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi 110075, India
| | - Ashok K Sharma
- Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India.
| | - Saroj Kr Shukla
- Department of Polymer Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi 110075, India.
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Piechocka J, Matwiej N, Gaweł M, Matyjaszczyk M, Głowacki R, Chwatko G. Application of the HPLC-ELSD technique for the determination of major metabolites of ibuprofen and creatinine in human urine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20268. [PMID: 37985716 PMCID: PMC10662266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The report presents robust and high throughput methods, based on liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD), for the simultaneous determination of major metabolites of ibuprofen (IBU), namely 2-hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen (method A) as well as creatinine (Crn) (method B) in human urine. The assays primarily involve straightforward sample purification. For both methods, the chromatographic separation of the analytes is achieved within 8 min at room temperature on Poroshell 120 SB-C18 (75 × 4.6 mm, 2.7 µm) column using gradient elution. The eluents consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (method A) or water and methanol (method B) delivered at a flow rate of 1 or 0.5 mL/min, respectively. In relation to metabolites of IBU, the assay linearity was observed within 0.06-0.5 g/L in urine, while the Crn assay linearity was demonstrated within 0.5-30 mmol/L in urine. The limit of quantification for IBU metabolites was determined to be 0.06 g/L, and 0.5 mmol/L for Crn. These methods were successfully applied to urine samples delivered by ten apparently healthy donors showing that the HPLC-ELSD assays are suitable for human urine screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piechocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Natalia Matwiej
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Gaweł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Matyjaszczyk
- Department of Family Medicine, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-131, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chwatko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
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Ţuchiu BM, Stefan-van Staden RI, Bădulescu M, van Staden JF. Disposable stochastic sensors for fast analysis of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and flurbiprofen in their topical pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 215:114758. [PMID: 35421777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Three disposable stochastic sensors based on maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent = 4-7) and nanostructures (copper monolayer, carbon monolayer and carbon-copper composite layer) deposited using cold plasma on copy paper were proposed for the fast analysis of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and flurbiprofen in pharmaceutical formulation samples. The widest linear concentration ranges recorded were: for ibuprofen 1 fmol/L - 1 mmol/L when the disposable stochastic sensor based on carbon monolayer was used, for ketoprofen 1 fmol/L - 1 mmol/L when the disposable stochastic sensors based on copper monolayer and carbon-copper composite layer were used, and for flurbiprofen 1 fmol/L - 10 mmol/L when the disposable stochastic sensor based on carbon-copper composite layer was used. The lowest limit of detection recorded for each non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug was 1 fmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca-Maria Ţuchiu
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., Bucharest-6 060021, Romania; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., Bucharest-6 060021, Romania; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marius Bădulescu
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics (NILPRP), 409 Atomistilor St., Magurele 077125, Romania.
| | - Jacobus Frederick van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., Bucharest-6 060021, Romania
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do Prado AA, Ribeiro MMAC, Richter EM. Ultra-rapid capillary zone electrophoresis method for simultaneous determination of arginine and ibuprofen. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2596-2601. [PMID: 33884758 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combination of arginine and ibuprofen is widely used for pain relief with a faster onset of action than conventional ibuprofen. Therefore, the determination of both compounds in a single run is highly desirable for rapid quality control applications. This paper reports an ultra-fast method (100 injections/h) for simultaneous determination of arginine and ibuprofen using capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. The separation of arginine as cation and ibuprofen as anion was achieved using a background electrolyte composed by an equimolar mixture of 10 mmol/L of 2-(cyclohexylamino) ethanesulfonic acid and boric acid with pH adjusted to 8.4 using potassium hydroxide. The limits of detections were 5.3 and 10.0 μmol/L for arginine and ibuprofen, respectively. The proposed method is simple, fast (one analysis every 35 s), environmentally friendly (minimal waste generation) and accurate (recovery values between 95 and 98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliceana Almeida do Prado
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Av. João Naves de Avila, 2121, Uberlandia, MG, 13400-970, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Mathias Richter
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Av. João Naves de Avila, 2121, Uberlandia, MG, 13400-970, Brazil
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Hu K, Shi Y, Zhu W, Cai J, Zhao W, Zeng H, Zhang Z, Zhang S. Facile synthesis of magnetic sulfonated covalent organic framework composites for simultaneous dispersive solid-phase extraction and determination of β-agonists and fluoroquinolones in food samples. Food Chem 2020; 339:128079. [PMID: 33152872 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an efficient method for the determination of β-agonists and fluoroquinolones was established, based on a mixed-mode sorbent of magnetic sulfonated covalent organic framework composites. By coupling with HPLC-MS/MS, the main factors that affect the extraction procedure were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully utilized for the extraction of β-agonists and fluoroquinolones in milk and pork meat samples. The method showed good linearities (R2 ≥ 0.9916), and low LOQs of 0.1-0.2 ng g-1 for β-agonists and fluoroquinolones. The adsorption mechanism was investigated with the assistance of quantum chemistry calculation method, and it is worth noting that the sorbent relied mainly on the multiple adsorption mechanisms, including π-π stacking, hydrophobic, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen-bonding interactions. This work not only provides a simple method for the preparation of a mixed-mode sorbent, but also a routine analysis strategy for monitoring the illegal use of β-agonists and fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yanmei Shi
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Weixia Zhu
- Zhengzhou Customs District, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Junlan Cai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Huahui Zeng
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Computational Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Animal Urine Samples by Ultrasound Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Ion Trap-Mass Spectrometry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A low solvent consumption method for the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in animal urine samples is studied. The NSAIDs were extracted with CH2Cl2 by the ultrasound vortex assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (USVA-DLLME) method from urine samples, previously treated with β-glucuronidase/acrylsulfatase. After centrifugation, the bottom phase of the chlorinated solvent was separated from the liquid matrix, dried with Na2SO4, and derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) + trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) (99 + 1). After cooling at room temperature, the solution was concentrated under nitrogen flow, and 1 µL of solution was analyzed in gas chromatography/ion trap-mass spectrometry (GC-IT-MS). The enrichment factor was about 300–450 times and recoveries ranged from 94.1 to 101.2% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤4.1%. The USVA-DLLME process efficiency was not influenced by the characteristics of the real urine matrix; therefore, the analytical method characteristics were evaluated in the range 1–100 ng mL−1 (R2 ≥ 0.9950). The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 0.1 and 0.2 ng mL−1 with RSD ≤4.5% and between 4.1 and 4.7 ng mL−1 with RSD ≤3.5%, respectively, whereas inter- and intra-day precision was 3.8% and 4.5%, respectively. The proposed analytical method is reproducible, sensitive, and simple.
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Yuvali D, Narin I, Soylak M, Yilmaz E. Green synthesis of magnetic carbon nanodot/graphene oxide hybrid material (Fe3O4@C-nanodot@GO) for magnetic solid phase extraction of ibuprofen in human blood samples prior to HPLC-DAD determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 179:113001. [PMID: 31785930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a green production method was used to obtain magnetic carbon nanodot/graphene oxide hybrid material (Fe3O4@C-nanodot@GO) for the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of ibuprofen (IBU) in human plasma prior to HPLC-DAD determination. For the first time in the literature, Fe3O4@C-nanodot@GO hybrid material was synthesized and used as an adsorbent. C-nanodots were produced from pasteurized cow milk by using a simple and cheap hydrothermal method. After production of the C-nanodots and GO, Fe3O4@C-nanodot@GO hybrid material was fabricated in green solvent medium by using an one-step hydrothermal method. The method was based on the simple separation, preconcentration and analysis of ibuprofen by using MSPE-HPLC-DAD combination. The concentration changes of ibuprofen in human bloods against time were successfully monitored by using this combined method. For this purpose, blood samples were taken from volunteers at certain intervals after the administration of a certain dose of ibuprofen, and the MSPE method was used to monitor the concentration changes of ibuprofen in the blood samples. Experimental variables affecting the extraction efficiency of IBU such as sample solution pH, amount of adsorbent, extraction time, eluent type and volume were studied and optimized in the details. The characterization studies for the Fe3O4@C-nanodot@GO were carried out by X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), Raman spectrometry (Raman), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was 8.0 ng mL-1 and the recoveries at three spiked levels in human plasma were ranged from 91.0% to 95.0% with the relative standard deviation (RSD %) less than 4.0 % (n = 6). The results show that together use of MSPE with HPLC-DAD provides a simple and rapid analysis of ibuprofen in human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dönay Yuvali
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kayseri, Turkey; ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Narin
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Erciyes University, Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kayseri, Turkey; ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Erciyes University, Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Byliński H, Aszyk J, Kubica P, Szopińska M, Fudala-Książek S, Namieśnik J. Differences between selected volatile aromatic compound concentrations in sludge samples in various steps of wastewater treatment plant operations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 249:109426. [PMID: 31450196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge, one of the main wastes generated during wastewater treatment, constitutes an important source of emissions of volatile chemical compounds such as volatile aromatic compounds These substances may undergo various changes as a result of operations and unit processes, which affects their concentrations in sewage sludge. An important factor determining the potential hazardousness of volatile organic compounds is the quality of wastewater delivered to wastewater treatment plants and the technical and equipment solutions applied to wastewater. In this study, a rapid and sensitive headspace gas chromatography method, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using the standard addition method, was developed for the determination of selected volatile aromatic compounds in sewage sludge samples collected at different stages from three wastewater treatment plants located in Poland. This study attempted to assess the relationship between differences in the emissions of representative VACs and the given stage of the technological process within three analysed wastewater treatment plants. Toluene was detected with the highest frequency in analysed samples, at concentrations varying from 0.234 ± 0.035 ng/g of sludge to 28.3*102±3.2*102 ng/g of sludge. The highest concentration levels were determined for p-cresol, with concentrations ranging from 44.0*101±5.6*101 ng/g of sludge (sludge from aerobic chamber, wastewater treatment plant no.2) to 47.7*102±6.9*102 ng/g of sludge (sludge from aerobic chamber, wastewater treatment plant no.1), while the lowest concentration levels were observed for chlorobenzene, with concentrations ranging from 0.1300 ± 0.0030 ng/g of sludge (sludge from anaerobic chamber, wastewater treatment plant no.2), to 0.2606 ± 0.0046 ng/g of sludge (primary sludge, wastewater treatment plant no.1). The repeatability of the method was better than 10%, with accuracy levels in the ranges 89%-108%.Wastewater treatment technologies and residual sludge management in the selected wastewater treatment plantsinfluenced volatile aromatic compounds emission. Furthermore, the diversity of the wastewater quality, depending on the catchment area, is also an important factor determining the differentiation in volatile aromatic compounds emission. The microbial composition of raw wastewater highly influenced not only the treatment effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants but also the production of intermediate products, such as volatile aromatic compounds, which may contribute to odour emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Byliński
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Justyna Aszyk
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kubica
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szopińska
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Water and Waste-Water Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Fudala-Książek
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Waraksa E, Woźniak MK, Banaszkiewicz L, Kłodzińska E, Ozimek M, Wrzesień R, Bobrowska-Korczak B, Namieśnik J. Quantification of unconjugated and total ibuprofen and its metabolites in equine urine samples by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the excretion study. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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