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Wang YN, Zhang YP, You WL, Qu L, Chen DL, Chen Y, Chen J. Modified stainless steel wires with superwettability for highly efficient in-tube solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1697:463988. [PMID: 37071965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Construction of different surface wettability is meaningful for the interaction between the sorbent surface and target components. In the current study, four kinds of stainless-steel wires (SSWs) with different hydrophobic/hydrophilic property were prepared and used as the absorbents to enrich the target compounds with different polarity. Comparative extraction of six non-polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and six polar estrogens was carried out by in-tube solid phase microextraction (IT-SPME). The results showed that two SSWs with the superhydrophobic surfaces exhibited high extraction capacity to the non-polar PAHs with the superior enrichment factor (EF) in the range of 29-672 and 57-744, respectively. In contrast, the superhydrophilic SSWs demonstrated higher enrichment efficiency for the polar estrogens than other hydrophobic SSWs. On the basis of optimized conditions, a validated analysis method was established using six PAHs as model analytes for IT-SPME-HPLC. Acceptable linear ranges (0.5-10 μg L-1) and low detection limits (0.0056-0.32 μg L-1) were achieved using the superhydrophobic wire modified by perfluorooctyl trichlorosilane (FOTS). The relative recoveries spiked at 2, 5 and 10 μg L-1 in the lake water samples were in the range of 81.5%-113.7%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of intraday (≤0.8%, n = 3) and interday (≤5.3%, n = 3) tests demonstrated the good extraction repeatability for the same extraction tube. Satisfactory repeatability for the preparation of extraction tubes (n = 3) was also obtained with the RSD values in the range of 3.6%-8.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ning Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China.
| | - Wan-Li You
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, China
| | - LingBo Qu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - De-Liang Chen
- Changde Zhengyang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changde, 415000, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Changde Zhengyang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changde, 415000, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China
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2
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Souza ID, Oliveira IGC, Queiroz MEC. Innovative extraction materials for fiber-in-tube solid phase microextraction: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1165:238110. [PMID: 33975700 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction (fiber-in-tube SPME) with short capillary longitudinally packed with fine fibers as extraction device allows direct coupling to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems to determine weakly volatile or thermally labile compounds. This technique associates the advantages of miniaturized and analytical on-line systems. Major achievements include the use of different capillaries (fused-silica, copper, stainless steel, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)) that are packed with neat fibers (Zylon®, silk, or Kevlar 29®) or fibers (stainless steel, basalt, or carbon) functionalized with selective coatings (aerogels, ionic liquids (ILs), polymeric ionic liquids (PILs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), or conducting polymer). This review outlines the fundamental theory and the innovative extraction materials for fiber-in-tube SPME-HPLC systems and highlights their main applications in environmental and bioanalyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel D Souza
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor G C Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia C Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Darabi J, Ghiasvand A, Haddad PR. Biomass-derived carbon nanospheres decorated by manganese oxide nanosheets, intercalated into polypyrrole, as an inside-needle capillary adsorption trap sorbent for the analysis of linear alkylbenzenes. Talanta 2021; 233:122583. [PMID: 34215075 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanospheres (CNSs) were derived hydrothermally from biomass (orange peels) and decorated by manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets. The MnO2/CNSs nanocomposite was intercalated into polypyrrole (PPy) during flow-through in-situ electropolymerization of pyrrole on the surface of the inner wall of a stainless-steel needle to prepare an inside-needle capillary adsorption trap (INCAT) device. The surface morphology, thermogravimetric behavior, sorption characteristics, and structure of the MnO2/CNSs@PPy nanocomposite were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), nitrogen physisorption by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, dynamic light scattering (DLS) size distribution, and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The INCAT device was coupled with GC-FID and applied for dynamic headspace analysis of linear alkyl benzenes (LABs) in wastewater samples. The effective experimental variables on the extraction efficiency was optimized using a central composite design (CCD) based on response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.5-1.0 ng mL-1. The calibration plots were linear over the range of 0.01-10 μg mL-1. The relative standard deviations (RSDs%) for intra-day, inter-day, and inter-INCAT precision were calculated 5.3-8.3%, 9.4-13.5%, and 13.6-16.9%, respectively. The developed technique was employed successfully for the analysis of LABs in water and wastewater samples with average recovery values ranging from 92 to 109%. A single INCAT device was used more than 90 times without significant change in its extraction capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Darabi
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran; Standard Research Institute of Iran, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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4
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Koreshkova AN, Gupta V, Peristyy A, Hasan CK, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Recent advances and applications of synthetic diamonds in solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1640:461936. [PMID: 33548824 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of diamond-based adsorbents in the late 1960s, the interest in their use for solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has steadily increased. This is primarily due to their unique properties, such as extreme chemical and thermal stability, high mechanical strength and biocompatibility, and complex mixed-mode retention mechanisms. Currently, the most commonly used synthetic diamonds in SPE and HPLC are detonation nanodiamonds (DND), high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) diamonds, and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamonds. These diamonds have been either used as individual particles (in both modified and unmodified forms), or for surface modification, or entrapped within composites and core-shell particles to develop new diamond-based adsorbents. These diamond-based adsorbents have been used for a variety of applications, including streamlined proteome analysis; extraction of anions, cations, actinides, uranium, lanthanides, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and post-transition metals; and development of reversed-phase, normal phase, hydrophilic interaction, ion chromatography, and mixed-mode liquid chromatography columns, to name but a few. These varied applications of different types of diamonds are typically governed by their specific properties. This review discusses the various surface and bulk properties of DND, HPHT diamonds, and CVD diamonds that facilitate or limit their use in different SPE and HPLC based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra N Koreshkova
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Anton Peristyy
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Chowdhury K Hasan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; School of Environment and Life Sciences, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pavel N Nesterenko
- Chemistry Department, Physical Chemistry Division, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
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5
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Kataoka H. In-tube solid-phase microextraction: Current trends and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461787. [PMID: 33359971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) was developed about 24 years ago as an effective sample preparation technique using an open tubular capillary column as an extraction device. IT-SPME is useful for micro-concentration, automated sample cleanup, and rapid online analysis, and can be used to determine the analytes in complex matrices simple sample processing methods such as direct sample injection or filtration. IT-SPME is usually performed in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography using an online column switching technology, in which the entire process from sample preparation to separation to data analysis is automated using the autosampler. Furthermore, IT-SPME minimizes the use of harmful organic solvents and is simple and labor-saving, making it a sustainable and environmentally friendly green analytical technique. Various operating systems and new sorbent materials have been developed to improve its extraction efficiency by, for example, enhancing its sorption capacity and selectivity. In addition, IT-SPME methods have been widely applied in environmental analysis, food analysis and bioanalysis. This review describes the present state of IT-SPME technology and summarizes its current trends and future perspectives, including method development and strategies to improve extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
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6
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Sun M, Bu Y, Feng J, Li C, Han S, Ji X, Fan J. A melamine–formaldehyde-resorcinol aerogel as the sorbent of in-tube solid-phase microextraction. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Jagirani MS, Soylak M. A review: Recent advances in solid phase microextraction of toxic pollutants using nanotechnology scenario. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Loussala HM, Feng J, Han S, Sun M, Ji X, Li C, Fan J, Pei M. Carbon nanotubes functionalized mesoporous silica for in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3275-3284. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Maloko Loussala
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine ResearchHubei University of Medicine Shiyan P. R. China
| | - Meishan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
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9
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Ji X, Sun M, Li C, Han S, Guo W, Feng J. Carbonized silk fibers for in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3535-3543. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
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Ji X, Sun M, Li C, Han S, Wang X, Tian Y, Feng J. Bare polyprolylene hollow fiber as extractive phase for in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction to determine estrogens in water samples. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2398-2406. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiuqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
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Si T, Liu L, Liang X, Duo H, Wang L, Wang S. Solid-phase extraction of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides in complex samples with a zirconium(IV)-based metal-organic framework. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2148-2154. [PMID: 30997954 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A zirconium(IV)-based metal-organic framework material (MOF-808) has been synthesized in a simple way and used for the extraction of phenoxyacetic acids in complex samples. The material has good thermal and chemical stability, large specific surface area (905.36 m²/g), and high pore size (22.18 Å). Besides, it contains a large amount of Zr-O groups, easy-to-form Zr-O-H bond with carboxyl groups of phenoxyacetic acids, and possesses biphenyl skeleton structure, easy to interact with compounds through π-π and hydrophobic interactions. These characteristics make the material very suitable for the extraction of certain compounds with a high extraction efficiency and excellent selectivity. The extraction conditions were optimized, and then an analytical method was successfully established and applied for analysis of actual samples. The solid-phase extraction method based on prepared material had a wide linear range of 0.2-250 μg/L and a low detection limit of 0.1-0.5 μg/L for four phenoxyacetic acid compounds including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and dicamba. The relative standard deviations of intra- and interday precision were 1.8-3.8 and 4.3-6.9%, and the recoveries after spiking were between 77.1 and 109.3%. The results showed that the material is a desired substituent for the extraction of compounds with benzene ring structure containing carboxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Lanzhou, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Exploration and Development Research Institute, Changqing Oilfield, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huixiao Duo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Lanzhou, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Licheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Yang Y, Mai W, Gao J, Hu Z, Xu J, Zou S. An in‐needle solid‐phase microextraction device packed with etched steel wires for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons enrichment in water samples. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1750-1756. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation CenterSchool of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai P. R. China
| | - Weimei Mai
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation CenterSchool of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Gao
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation CenterSchool of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai P. R. China
| | - Zhe Hu
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation CenterSchool of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai P. R. China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- School of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Shichun Zou
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation CenterSchool of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai P. R. China
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