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Liu S, Sun C, Tang H, Peng C, Peng F. Leonurine: a comprehensive review of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1428406. [PMID: 39101131 PMCID: PMC11294146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1428406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Leonurine is an alkaloid unique to the Leonurus genus, which has many biological activities, such as uterine contraction, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, regulation of cell apoptosis, anti-tumor, angiogenesis, anti-platelet aggregation, and inhibition of vasoconstriction. This paper summarizes the extraction methods, synthetic pathways, biosynthetic mechanisms, pharmacokinetic properties, pharmacological effects in various diseases, toxicology, and clinical trials of leonurine. To facilitate a successful transition into clinical application, intensified efforts are required in several key areas: structural modifications of leonurine to optimize its properties, comprehensive pharmacokinetic assessments to understand its behavior within the body, thorough mechanistic studies to elucidate how it works at the molecular level, rigorous safety evaluations and toxicological investigations to ensure patient wellbeing, and meticulously conducted clinical trials to validate its efficacy and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hailin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhu X, Wu Y, Zhang X, Gu W, Ning Z. Stachydrine ameliorates hypoxia reoxygenation injury of cardiomyocyte via enhancing SIRT1-Nrf2 pathway. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:265. [PMID: 37752609 PMCID: PMC10521545 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocyte cell apoptosis is critical in developing myocardial infarction. Stachydrine (STA), an active constituent of Leonurus heterophyllus sweet, could have a protective effect on myocardial H/R injury, which remains unexplored. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of STA on H/R injury of cardiomyocytes. METHODS Rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells underwent H/R (hypoxia for 4 h and reoxygenation for 12 h). Cells were pretreated with STA (50 µM) 2 h before H/R. Cardiomyocyte injury was evaluated by CCK-8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity. Oxidative stress was assessed by lipid oxidation product MDA and a ROS-scavenging enzyme SOD in culture media. Western blot was performed to measure the protein expressions of SIRT1, Nrf2, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). RESULTS STA reversed the decrease in cell viability and increased LDH release in H9c2 cells with the H/R insult. STA significantly suppressed oxidative stress, reduced MDA content, and increased SOD activity in H9c2 cells exposed to H/R. STA reduced apoptosis in H9c2 cells exposed to H/R, as evidenced by the reduced TUNEL positive cells and caspase-3 activity. In addition, STA enhanced SIRT1, Nrf2, and HO-1 protein expression in H/R-stimulated H9c2 cells. SIRT1 and Nrf2 involved the protective effect of STA in H/R-exposed H9c2 cells, as the changes in cell viability and caspase-3 activity by STA can be reversed by SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 or Nrf2 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our data speculated that STA protects H/R injury and inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes by activation of the SIRT1-Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yingbiao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Zhongping Ning
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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French CD, Arnold CD, Taha AY, Engle-Stone R, Schmidt RJ, Hertz-Picciotto I, Slupsky CM. Assessing Repeated Urinary Proline Betaine Measures as a Biomarker of Usual Citrus Intake during Pregnancy: Sources of Within-Person Variation and Correlation with Reported Intake. Metabolites 2023; 13:904. [PMID: 37623848 PMCID: PMC10456298 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline betaine (Pro-B) has been identified as a biomarker of dietary citrus intake, yet gaps remain in its validation as a quantitative predictor of intake during various physiological states. This study quantified sources of within-individual variation (WIV) in urinary Pro-B concentration during pregnancy and assessed its correlation with the reported usual intake of citrus fruit and juice. Pro-B concentrations were determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in spot and 24-h urine specimens (n = 255) collected throughout pregnancy from women participating in the MARBLES cohort study. Adjusted linear or log mixed effects models quantified WIV and tested potential temporal predictors of continuous or elevated Pro-B concentration. Pearson or Spearman correlations assessed the relationship between averaged repeated biomarker measures and usual citrus intake reported by food frequency questionnaires. The proportion of variance in urinary Pro-B attributable to WIV ranged from 0.69 to 0.74 in unadjusted and adjusted models. Citrus season was a significant predictor of Pro-B in most analyses (e.g., adjusted β [95% CI]: 0.52 [0.16, 0.88] for non-normalized Pro-B), while gestational age predicted only non-normalized Pro-B (adjusted β [95% CI]: -0.093 [-0.18, -0.0038]). Moderate correlations (rs of 0.40 to 0.42) were found between reported usual citrus intake and averaged repeated biomarker measurements, which were stronger compared to using a single measurement. Given the high degree of WIV observed in urinary Pro-B, multiple samples per participant are likely needed to assess associations between citrus consumption and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D. French
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.D.F.); (C.D.A.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Charles D. Arnold
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.D.F.); (C.D.A.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ameer Y. Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Reina Engle-Stone
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.D.F.); (C.D.A.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.J.S.); (I.H.-P.)
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.J.S.); (I.H.-P.)
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.D.F.); (C.D.A.); (R.E.-S.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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Sun Y, Xia X, Yuan G, Zhang T, Deng B, Feng X, Wang Q. Stachydrine, a Bioactive Equilibrist for Synephrine, Identified from Four Citrus Chinese Herbs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093813. [PMID: 37175222 PMCID: PMC10180305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Four Chinese herbs from the Citrus genus, namely Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (Zhishi), Aurantii Fructus (Zhiqiao), Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride (Qingpi) and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi), are widely used for treating various cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. Many ingredients have already been identified from these herbs, and their various bioactivities provide some interpretations for the pharmacological functions of these herbs. However, the complex functions of these herbs imply undisclosed cholinergic activity. To discover some ingredients with cholinergic activity and further clarify possible reasons for the complex pharmacological functions presented by these herbs, depending on the extended structure-activity relationships of cholinergic and anti-cholinergic agents, a simple method was established here for quickly discovering possible choline analogs using a specific TLC method, and then stachydrine and choline were first identified from these Citrus herb decoctions based on their NMR and HRMS data. After this, two TLC scanning (TLCS) methods were first established for the quantitative analyses of stachydrine and choline, and the contents of the two ingredients and synephrine in 39 samples were determined using the valid TLCS and HPLC methods, respectively. The results showed that the contents of stachydrine (3.04‱) were 2.4 times greater than those of synephrine (1.25‱) in Zhiqiao and about one-third to two-thirds of those of Zhishi, Qingpi and Chenpi. Simultaneously, the contents of stachydrine, choline and synephrine in these herbs present similar decreasing trends with the delay of harvest time; e.g., those of stachydrine decrease from 5.16‱ (Zhishi) to 3.04‱ (Zhike) and from 1.98‱ (Qingpi) to 1.68‱ (Chenpi). Differently, the contents of synephrine decrease the fastest, while those of stachydrine decrease the slowest. Based on these results, compared with the pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics reported for stachydrine and synephrine, it is indicated that stachydrine can be considered as a bioactive equilibrist for synephrine, especially in the cardio-cerebrovascular protection from these citrus herbs. Additionally, the results confirmed that stachydrine plays an important role in the pharmacological functions of these citrus herbs, especially in dual-directionally regulating the uterus, and in various beneficial effects on the cardio-cerebrovascular system, kidneys and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xuexue Xia
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ganjun Yuan
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tongke Zhang
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Beibei Deng
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xinyu Feng
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Qixuan Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Liao L, Tang Y, Li B, Tang J, Xu H, Zhao K, Zhang X. Stachydrine, a potential drug for the treatment of cardiovascular system and central nervous system diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114489. [PMID: 36940619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally and poses at significant challenge in terms of effective medical treatment. Leonurus japonicus Houtt, a traditional Chinese herb, is widely used in China for the treatment of obstetrical and gynecological disorders, including menstrual disorders, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, blood stasis, postpartum bleeding, and blood-related diseases such as CVD. Stachydrine, the main alkaloid component of Leonurus, has been shown to exhibit a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-coagulant, anti-apoptotic, vasodilator, angiogenic promoter. Additionally, it has been demonstrated to have unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of CVD through regulation of various disease-related signaling pathways and molecular targets. In this comprehensive review, we examine the latest pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of Stachydrine in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Our aim is to solid scientific basis for the development of new CVD drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liao
- Yibin Second People's Hospital - Yibin Hospital of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Yibin 644000, China.
| | - Yan Tang
- Yibin Second People's Hospital - Yibin Hospital of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Bo Li
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Pidu District People's Hospital, Chengdu 611700, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Yibin Second People's Hospital - Yibin Hospital of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Hone Xu
- Yibin Second People's Hospital - Yibin Hospital of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Yibin Second People's Hospital - Yibin Hospital of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Yibin Second People's Hospital - Yibin Hospital of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Yibin 644000, China.
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Liu W, He J, Yan J, Tian Z, Li Q, Wang H, Li C, Wang Y, Yan H. Simultaneous salt recovery and zwitterionic stachydrine purification from saline eluent via two-stage electrodialysis system. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Li Y, Jia Q, Zhang M, Kang L, Li Z, Liu Y, Zhang H, Hu P. Isolation of three glucaric acids from Leonurus japonicus Houtt. by using high-speed countercurrent chromatography combined with semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2140-2147. [PMID: 35396803 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The isomerism of glucaric acids and the complexity of composition of Leonurus. japonicus Houtt. increased the difficulty of the separation of glucaric acids from the herb. In the present study, three glucaric acids were isolated from Leonurus japonicus Houtt. by using high-speed countercurrent chromatography combined with semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Cation exchange resin chromatography was applied to remove the alkaloids and enrich the glucaric acid fractions. Preliminary separation of glucaric acids extract by high-speed countercurrent chromatography was carried out at 45℃ by using an optimized solvent system of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/formic acid/water (1:1:0.01:2, v/v/v/v) with satisfied stationary phase retention and separation factor. The semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography was used for further separation and purification of the target fractions, and three monomeric compounds were obtained with the purities of 90.0%, 91.0%, and 95.3%. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and MS were employed to identify their structures, which were assigned as 2-syringyl glucaric acid, 2,4-disyringyl glucaric acid, and 3,4-disyringyl glucaric acid, respectively, and 2,4-disyringyl glucaric acid was reported for the first time. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiangqiang Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lu Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Yeh CC, Liu HM, Lee MC, Leu YL, Chiang WH, Chang HH, Lee TY. Phytochemical‑rich herbal formula ATG‑125 protects against sucrose‑induced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy by rescuing Akt signaling and improving mitochondrial dysfunction in young adult mice. Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:57. [PMID: 34913071 PMCID: PMC8711025 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant capability of herbal remedies has attracted widespread attention, but their molecular mechanisms in a muscle atrophy model have not been explored. The aim of the present study was to compare the bioactivity of sucrose challenged mice following treatment with ATG‑125. Here, through a combination of transcriptomic and biomedical analysis, herbal formula ATG‑125, a phytochemical‑rich formula, was identified as a protective factor against muscle atrophy in sucrose challenged mice. Gene ontology (GO) identified differentially expressed genes that were primarily enriched in the 'negative regulation of proteolysis', 'cellular amino acid metabolic process', 'lipoprotein particle' and 'cell cycle', all of which were associated with the ATG‑125‑mediated prevention of muscle atrophy, particularly with regard to mitochondrial biogenesis. In skeletal muscle, a set of mitochondrial‑related genes, including angiopoietin‑like 4, nicotinamide riboside kinase 2 (Nmrk2), pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4, Asc‑type amino acid transporter 1 and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (Ucp3) were markedly upregulated following ATG‑125 intervention. An increase in Nmrk2 and Ucp3 expression were noted after ATG‑125 treatment, in parallel with upregulation of the 'nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism' pathway, as determined using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Furthermore, KEGG pathway analysis revealed the downregulation of 'complement and coagulation cascades', 'cholesterol metabolism', 'biosynthesis of amino acids' and 'PPAR signaling pathway', which were associated with the downregulation of serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor clade A member (Serpina)3, Serpina1b, Serpina1d, Serpina1e, apolipoprotein (Apo)a1 and Apoa2, all of which were cardiovascular and diabetes‑associated risk factors and were regulated by ATG‑125. In addition, ATG‑125 treatment resulted in downregulated mRNA expression levels of ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2, troponin‑I1, troponin‑C1 and troponin‑T1 in young adult gastrocnemius muscle compared with the sucrose group. Nuclear factor‑κB‑hypoxia inducible factor‑1α‑TGFβ receptor type‑II‑vascular endothelial growth factor staining indicated that ATG‑125 decreased sucrose‑induced chronic inflammation. ATG‑125 was sufficient to prevent muscle atrophy, and this protective effect may be mediated through upregulation of AKT phosphorylation, upregulating the insulin growth factor‑1R‑insulin receptor substrate‑PI3K‑AKT pathway, which in turn resulted in a forkhead box O‑dependent decrease in protein degradation pathways, including regulation of atrogin1 and E3 ubiquitin‑protein ligase TRIM63. Peroxisome‑proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) was decreased in young adult mice challenged with sucrose. ATG‑125 treatment significantly increased PGC1α and significantly increased UCP‑1,2,3 expression levels, which suggested ATG‑125 poised the mitochondria for uncoupling of respiration. This effect is consistent with the increased SIRT1 levels and may explain an increase in mitochondria biogenesis. Taken together, the present study showed that ATG‑125, as an integrator of protein synthesis and degradative pathways, prevented muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chuan Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsuan-Miao Liu
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Chung Lee
- Brion Research Institute of Taiwan, New Taipei City 23143, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Graduate Institute of Nature Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Han Chiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng‑Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11283, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hen-Hong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzung-Yan Lee
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Ma B, Yang S, Tan T, Li J, Zhang X, Ouyang H, He M, Feng Y. An integrated study of metabolomics and transcriptomics to reveal the anti-primary dysmenorrhea mechanism of Akebiae Fructus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113763. [PMID: 33383110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Akebiae Fructus, a Tujia minority folk medicine and a well-known traditional Chinese medicine for soothing the liver, regulating Qi, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, is widely used in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. However, little is known about its underlying mechanism. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the effect of Akebiae Fructus on primary dysmenorrhea model induced by estradiol benzoate and oxytocin, and to provide better understanding of the mechanism of Akebiae Fructus for primary dysmenorrhea treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary dysmenorrhea mouse model was used in this study. Except for the control group and the normal administration group, the mice of other groups were subcutaneously injected with estradiol benzoate (10 mg/kg/d) for 10 consecutive days. From the 5th day of the ten-day model period, the positive control groups were given 0.075 g/kg ibuprofen and 7.5 g/kg Leonurus granule, the drug groups were given 0.2 g/kg, 0.4 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg Akebiae Fructus extract, the normal administration group was given 0.8 g/kg Akebiae Fructus extract, and the same volume saline was given in the control group. On the tenth day, oxytocin (10 U/kg) was peritoneally injected after estradiol benzoate injected 1 h. After the oxytocin injection, writhing behavior was observed for 30 min. Then the uterine tissue was collected to measure the level of PGF2α and PGE2, and for histological analysis and transcriptomics analysis. Meanwhile, plasma and urine samples were collected for metabolomic analysis. RESULTS Akebiae Fructus inhibited the writhing, decreased the PGF2α level and ameliorated the morphological changes. 32 potential metabolic biomarkers in plasma and 17 in urine were found for primary dysmenorrhea, and after Akebiae Fructus treatment, 25 metabolites in plasma and 14 in urine were restored. These altered metabolites were mainly involved in lipid, amino acid and organic acid metabolism. For the transcriptomic study, a total of 2244 differentially expressed genes (1346 up-regulated and 898 down-regulated) were obtained between the control and model group, and 148 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found related with Akebiae Fructus treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Correlation analysis was carried out based on the transcriptomic and metabolomic data. 5 differentially expressed genes (Plpp3, Sgpp2, Arg1, Adcy8, Ak5) were found related with the enrichment metabolic pathways. The mechanism by which Akebiae Fructus ameliorates primary dysmenorrhea may account for the regulation of the gene expression to control the key enzymes in the sphingolipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and purine metabolism, inhibiting the abnormal secretion of PGF2α, alleviating the uterine contraction and reducing inflammation and pain. CONCLUSIONS Akebiae Fructus could effectively alleviate the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea, regulate metabolic disorders, and control the related gene expression in primary dysmenorrhea. The study may provide clues for further study of Akebiae Fructus treatment on primary dysmenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolian Ma
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330006, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Shilin Yang
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330006, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Ting Tan
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Junmao Li
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hui Ouyang
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Mingzhen He
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Yulin Feng
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Jiangxi, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Gu S, Yin Z, Shi Z, Wang P, Xu C. The Current Application of LC-MS/MS in Pharmacokinetics of Traditional Chinese Medicines (Recent Three Years): A Systematic Review. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:969-978. [PMID: 33038908 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201009142418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With significant clinical effects, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been attracting increasing interest of the world's scientific community. However, TCM contains immense amounts of chemical components. It is a great challenge to objectively evaluate the correlation between the in vivo process and the therapeutic effect of TCM. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the recent investigation (from 2017 to 2019) on preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) of TCM via liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS We reviewed the published articles regarding the PK of TCM by LC-MS/MS. In addition, we summarized information on PK parameter of bioactive components, single herb and traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. RESULTS The vast majority of literature on preclinical PK of TCM uses single oral administration, the biological matrix is mostly rat plasma, and the main PK parameters include AUC, Cmax, Tmax and T1/2, etc. Conclusion: Although LC-MS/MS can be used for high-throughput analysis, the characterization of in vivo processes of TCM still has a long way. With the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity and simple operation, the increasingly mature LC-MS/MS technology will play an important role in the PK study of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuang Gu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Zhaorui Yin
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Changhua Xu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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11
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Li N, Dong X, Ma F, Tian X, Bu R, Li C, Gao P, Lu Y, Xue P, Guo X, Tu P. Pharmacokinetics study of 16 active ingredients from Tabson-2 decoction in normal and d-galactose induced osteoporosis rats by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3702-3713. [PMID: 32671897 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tabson-2 decoction is the traditional Mongolian formula for anti-osteoporosis, and the ambiguous of active ingredient is an important factor in restricting its modernization and globalization. Although pharmacokinetic profiles research is a viable approach to find the components being responsible for formula efficacy, the pharmacokinetics study of Tabson-2 decoction has not been elucidated yet. Owing to the existence of isomers, low bioavailability of some small molecule and interference of endogenous, the pharmacokinetics study of Tabson-2 decoction are more difficult than that of chemical drugs. In our experiment, a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 16 active ingredients in Tabson-2 decoction, which could fulfill the requirements of multi-compounds pharmacokinetic study of Tabson-2 decoction. Additionally, the ingredients with significant distributions in rats were gentianic acid, chlorogenic acid, and aucubin, which could be the main potential active components in Tabson-2 decoction. The components with a significant bioavailability difference between normal and d-galactose induced osteoporosis rats were achieved as well. These data offer useful information for screening the active ingredients in Tabson-2 decoction, and assessing the bioavailability of these active ingredients in different physiological status, which might provide a possible mechanism of anti-osteoporosis efficacy of Tabson-2 decoction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Feixiang Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xianting Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Ren Bu
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yingyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peifeng Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
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12
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Luo S, Xu S, Liu J, Ma F, Zhu YZ. Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112469. [PMID: 32485530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SCM-198 (Leonurine) has attracted great attention due to its cardioprotective effects in myocardial infarction (MI). However, no systematic modifications and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies could be traced so far. In this study, 35 analogs of SCM-198 were designed, synthesized and their cardioprotective effects were evaluated. The cell viability assay on cardiomyocyte cell line H9c2 challenged with H2O2 showed that several analogs exhibited more potent cytoprotective effects than SCM-198 at 1 μM and 10 μM concentrations. LDH release level in cells treated with 1 μM 14o was comparable with cells treated with 10 μM SCM-198. Results of Bcl-2 expression and caspase-3 activation accordingly indicated higher protective activity of 14o than SCM-198. Moreover, in a mouse model of MI, the mice pretreated with 14o had much lower infarct size compared with that of SCM-198. The mechanism study suggested that 14o improved cardiac morphology and reduced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in the border zone of infarction, as proved by H&E and TUNEL staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China; Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Junkai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Fenfen Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, PR China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
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13
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Cheng F, Zhou Y, Wang M, Guo C, Cao Z, Zhang R, Peng C. A review of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of stachydrine. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104755. [PMID: 32173585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stachydrine is extracted from the leaves of Leonurus japonicus Houtt (or Motherwort, "Yi Mu Cao" in Traditional Chinese Medicine) and is the major bioactive ingredient. So far, stachydrine has demonstrated various bioactivities for the treatment of fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, uterine diseases, brain injuries, and inflammation. The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of stachydrine up to 2019 have been comprehensively searched and summarized. This review provides an updated summary of recent studies on the pharmacological activities of stachydrine. Many studies have demonstrated that stachydrine has strong anti-fibrotic properties (on various types of fibrosis) by inhibiting ECM deposition and decreasing inflammatory and oxidative stress through multiple molecular mechanisms (including TGF-β, ERS-mediated apoptosis, MMPs/TIMPs, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT). The cardioprotective and vasoprotective activities of stachydrine are related to its inhibition of β-MHC, excessive autophagy, SIRT1, eNOS uncoupling and TF, promotion of SERCA, and angiogenesis. In addition to its anticancer action, regulation of the uterus, neuroprotective effects, etc. the pharmacokinetic properties of stachydrine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China; Library, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoqi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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