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Liu R, Lan H, Yan S, Huang L, Pan D, Wu Y. Penicillin binding proteins-based immunoassay for the selective and quantitative determination of beta-lactam antibiotics. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 181:110507. [PMID: 39241682 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
An immunoassay method based on penicillin-binding protein (PBP) was developed for the quantitative determination of 10 kinds of beta-lactam antibiotics (BLAs). First, two kinds of PBPs, which are named PBP1a and PBP2x, were expressed and purified, and they were characterized by SDS-PAGE and western blotting analysis. Then, the binding activity of PBP1a and PBP2x to template BLAs, cefquinome (CEFQ) and ampicillin (AMP), was determined. The effect of the buffer solution system, e.g., pH, ion concentration, and organic solvent, on the immune interaction efficiency between PBPs and BLAs was also evaluated. In the end, the PBP-based immunoassay method was developed and validated for the detection of 10 kinds of BLAs. Under optimal conditions, PBPs exhibited high binding affinity to BLAs. In addition, this method showed a high sensitivity for the detection of 10 kinds of BLAs with the limits of detection from 0.21 to 9.12 ng/mL, which are much lower than their corresponding maximum residual limit of European Union (4-100 ng/mL). Moreover, the developed PBP-immunoassay was employed for BLA detection from milk samples, and satisfactory recoveries (68.9-101.3 %) were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition and College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Hangzhen Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition and College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China.
| | - Song Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition and College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Lu Huang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition and College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yichun Wu
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316012, China
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Electromembrane extraction - capillary zone electrophoresis for the quantitative determination of β-lactam antibiotics in milk samples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1711:464455. [PMID: 37890375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Three penicillin-based β-lactam antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin) were extracted by electromembrane extraction (EME) and determined in the resulting extracts by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with UV-Vis detection. The EME was optimized for the simultaneous clean-up of complex samples and preconcentration of the three antibiotics and employed 1-octanol as the organic phase interface (impregnated in the pores of a hollow fiber), acidified donor solution (pH 3), and phosphate buffer (pH 5.6) as the acceptor solution. The EMEs were carried out for 20 min at 300 V and constant stirring (750 rpm) of the donor solution. At the optimized EME-CZE conditions, the sensitivity of the analytical method was sufficient for the determination of the three β-lactam antibiotics in undiluted cow's milk at concentrations below the EU maximum residue limits (4 μg/L) in foodstuffs. The method was simple, rapid, and convenient and offered extraction recoveries of 13.5 - 87.3 %, enrichment factors of 23.6 - 152.8, repeatability (RSD values) better than 7.6 %, linear analytical response in the 1 - 100 μg/L (3 - 100 μg/L for benzylpenicillin) concentration range with correlation coefficients ≥ 0.9997, and limits of detection from 0.2 to 1.2 μg/L. The proposed analytical concept was used for the rapid control of milk quality (i.e. assessment of excessive use of antibiotics in dairy animals), moreover, it was further extended to the trace determination of β-lactam antibiotics in other complex samples, such as in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, Brno CZ-60200, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, Brno CZ-60200, Czech Republic.
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3
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Micro-electromembrane extraction through volatile free liquid membrane for the determination of β-lactam antibiotics in biological and environmental samples. Talanta 2023; 252:123831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Quantum Dots and Double Surfactant-Co-modified Electromembrane Extraction of Polar Aliphatic Bioamines in Water Samples Followed by Capillary Electrophoresis with Contactless Conductivity Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gawrońska M, Kowalik M, Makowski M. Recent advances in medicinal chemistry of ampicillin: Derivatives, metal complexes, and sensing approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Aptamer labeled nanozyme-based ELISA for ampicillin residue detection in milk. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kubickova V, Racova Z, Strojil J, Santavy P, Urbanek K. Separation of ampicillin on polar-endcapped phase: Development of the HPLC method to achieve its correct dosage in cardiac surgery. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The accurate, simple, and selective reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been established and validated for the determination of an antibiotic ampicillin (AMP) in human blood plasma. The SPE extraction was used for the sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was accomplished by a mobile phase containing 15 mM monopotassium phosphate solution of pH 3.3 and methanol (75:25, v/v) in an isocratic mode at a flow rate of 1.4 mL min−1 at 30 °C. The separation was evaluated on a column with a new polar-endcapped C18 stationary phase Arion® Polar C18 or well-known phase Luna® Omega Polar C18. Excellent linearity (R
2 0.9998) was shown over range 10–300 mg L−1 with mean percentage recovery 90%. Peak shapes were symmetrical in both columns, Arion® Polar C18 and Luna® Omega Polar C18, with asymmetry factor of 1.0 and 1.4, tailing factor of 1.0 and 1.2, and retention factor of 4.6 and 5.6, respectively. The Arion® Polar C18 was almost 1.4-fold more effective than Luna® Omega Polar C18 phase. The LOQ for ampicillin was achieved 10 mg L−1 for Luna® Omega Polar C18 and 5 mg L−1 for Arion® Polar C18 using 20 µL of a solution containing 0.24 mg mL−1 of cephalexin as an internal standard.
A number of articles dealing with the determination of ampicillin is limited, therefore, this study showed the HPLC method suitable for the determination of AMP in human blood plasma from patient who underwent elective cardiac surgical revascularization. In addition, the determination of AMP was also performed for the first time using an Arion® Polar C18 column, which effectively separated AMP from other compounds present in human blood plasma. This new polar-endcapped phase can help in separation of polar antibiotics or other polar compounds, which are unsuccessfully separated on conventional C18 column, and thus can help during method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Kubickova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Racova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Strojil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Santavy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Urbanek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Shirani M, Akbari-adergani B, Shahdadi F, Faraji M, Akbari A. A Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Determination of β-Lactam Antibiotics Residues in Food Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Jiang L, Qu X, Sun W, Zhang M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Leng Y, Liu S, Yu J, Huang J. A three-dimensional dynamic DNA walker-mediated branching hybridization chain reaction for the ultrasensitive fluorescence sensing of ampicillin. Analyst 2021; 146:5413-5420. [PMID: 34346408 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel, rapid and ultrasensitive fluorescence strategy using the three-dimensional (3D) dynamic DNA walker (DW)-induced branched hybridization chain reaction (bHCR) has been proposed for the detection of ampicillin (AMP). The sensing system was composed of an Nt·Bbvcl-powered DNA walker blocked by an AMP aptamer, hairpin-shaped DNA track probe (TP) and four kinds of metastable hairpin probes as the substrates of bHCR, which triggered the formation of the split G-quadruplex as the signal molecule. Due to the reasonable design, the specific binding between AMP and its aptamer activated the DW, and the DW moved on the surface of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with the help of Nt·Bbvcl to produce primer probes (PPs), which induced bHCR. The products of the bHCR gathered two split G-quadruplex sequences together to form one complete G-quadruplex. The formed G-quadruplex emitted a strong fluorescence signal in the presence of thioflavin-T (ThT) to achieve the purpose of detecting AMP. The sensitivity of this method was greatly improved by the use of the 3D DNA walker and bHCR. The split G-quadruplex enhanced the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Under the optimal experimental conditions, a good correlation was obtained between the fluorescence intensity of the sensing system and the concentration of AMP ranging from 5 pM to 500 nM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.68 pM. Simultaneously, the method has been applied to the detection of antibiotics in spiked milk samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jiang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
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Hansen FA, Tirandaz S, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of polar bases with different liquid membranes-Link to analyte properties. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2631-2641. [PMID: 33909952 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present fundamental study, selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of 50 polar basic substances (-6.7 < log P < +1.0) was systematically studied for ten different supported liquid membranes. For each model substance, 23 molecular descriptors were collected and these were investigated as potential parameters for understanding of extraction efficiency and selectivity by means of partial least squares regression. Overall, a highly aromatic deep eutectic solvent composed of coumarin and thymol with addition of 2% ionic carrier (di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) provided the highest extraction efficiency with an average extraction yield of 69% from pure water samples, 55% from plasma, and 62% from urine. With this solvent system, ionic, cation-π, and π-π interactions between the supported liquid membrane and analytes were dominant. Supported liquid membranes without aromaticity, however, operated primarily based on hydrogen-bonding interactions. This is the first time the relationship between analyte properties, solvent composition, and extraction yield has systematically been studied for polar bases in electromembrane extraction. This new knowledge represents a first step toward enabling future development and optimization of electromembrane extraction systems for polar bases based on rational design, rather than trial-and-error approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Tirandaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Wang M, Xue Y, Zhu JH, Wang AJ, Mei LP, Song P. A novel label-free photoelectrochemical aptasensor for the sensitive detection of ampicillin based on carbon-coated Bi 2S 3 nanorods. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prepared Bi2S3@C nanorods with remarkable photoelectrochemical properties served as a PEC sensor platform for the ultrasensitive analysis of ampicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yadong Xue
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ai-Jun Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Li-Ping Mei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Pei Song
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China
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Xue J, Li NN, Zhang DM, Bi CF, Xu CG, Shi NN, Zhang X, Fan YH. One-step synthesis of a carbon dot-based fluorescent probe for colorimetric and ratiometric sensing of tetracycline. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5097-5102. [PMID: 33047756 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01699c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) with blue fluorescence were synthesized using indole-3-butyric acid and l-tryptophan using a one-step hydrothermal method. The CDs were further employed as a fluorescent sensor with high selectivity for colorimetric and ratiometric detection of tetracycline (TC) in water. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.33 μM for TC with R2 = 0.98387. Besides, the CDs could be applied in practical water samples and showed good recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P. R. China.
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Li F, Li X, Zhu N, Li R, Kang H, Zhang Q. An aptasensor for the detection of ampicillin in milk using a personal glucose meter. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3376-3381. [PMID: 32930225 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues in foods have aroused wide public concern because of their potential side-effects. It is imperative to develop a simple, accurate and reliable method for the detection of antibiotic residues in foods. In this paper, we report a novel, facile and sensitive method for the detection of ampicillin in milk using a commercial personal glucose meter (PGM). Magnetic beads (MBs) were employed as the platform, an ampicillin aptamer was used as the recognition element and streptavidin was utilized as the bridge to link invertase and the aptamer. After the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose, the concentration of glucose was quantitatively measured using the PGM. The difference of PGM signals with and without addition of ampicillin exhibits a good linear correlation with the logarithm of ampicillin concentrations in the range of 2.5 × 10-10 mol L-1 to 1.0 × 10-7 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 2.5 × 10-10 mol L-1 (S/N = 3). Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the detection of ampicillin residue in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Food Processing and Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Xixi Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China.
| | - Nanwei Zhu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China.
| | - Ruohan Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China.
| | - Huaibin Kang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Food Processing and Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Qinpu Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China.
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Hajizadeh S, Farhadi K, Molaei R, Forough M. Silver nanoparticles-tragacanth gel as a green membrane for effective extraction and determination of capecitabine. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2666-2674. [PMID: 32275113 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel eco-friendly and effective electromembrane extraction method combining high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was developed for the enrichment and determination of capecitabine. Tragacanth-silver nanoparticles conjugated gel was prepared by dissolving the tragacanth powder in synthesized silver nanoparticles solution and was used as a green membrane in electromembrane extraction. The porosity and presence of silver nanoparticles in the gel were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy. This new electromembrane extraction approach uses neither organic solvent nor carrier agents to extract the target analyte. The best electromembrane extraction efficiency was obtained by using 4.0 mm membrane gel thickness containing 2.5% w/v of tragacanth gum, donor phase pH = 5.0, acceptor phase pH = 3.0, applied voltage 50 V, extraction time 20 min, and agitation rate 500 rpm. During method validation under the optimized conditions, good linearity dynamic range between 1 and 500 ng/mL with the coefficient of determination (R2 ) = 0.998 was obtained. Limit of detection and Limit of quantitation were estimated to be 0.84 and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the applicability of this method in real samples was confirmed by an acceptable performance in extraction and determination of capecitabine in human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahaddin Hajizadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rahim Molaei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Forough
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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