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Hao Y, Pei F, Huang J, Li G, Zhong C. Application of deep eutectic solvents on extraction of flavonoids. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300925. [PMID: 38726740 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as a new type of eco-friendly solvent, have attracted increasing attention on the extraction and separation of flavonoid compounds from various samples, owing to their excellent properties such as biodegradability and ease of handling with very low toxicity. This article provides a status review of the applications of DESs in the extraction of flavonoids, including the introduction of flavonoid compounds, the properties and superiority of DESs, and extraction methods (ultrasonic-assisted extraction, heating reflux extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, and solid-phase extraction). Finally, prospects and challenges in the application of DESs on extraction and separation are extensively elucidated and critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Fengxia Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Guizhen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Chenglin Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
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2
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Li B, Jiao P, Tang C. Deep eutectic solvent extraction combined with magnetic bead ligand fishing for identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors from Pueraria lobata. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300672. [PMID: 38135874 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction combined with a magnetic bead ligand affinity analytical method was developed and used for α-glucosidase inhibitor identification from Pueraria lobata. Several critical parameters affecting the analysis performance, including the type of DES, molar ratio, water amount, pH, salt concentration, and volume of DES, were investigated. The selected analytical sample preparation conditions were as follows. The composition of DES is choline chloride-1,4-butanediol (1:3), the water content is 40%, pH is 7.0 and the volume of extraction solution is 2 mL. The obtained sample extraction solution was analyzed directly using α-glucosidase immobilized magnetic beads (GMBs). Three α-glucosidase inhibitors in Pueraria lobata, including puerarin, daidzin, and daidzein, were identified. Luteolin was used as a positive control to evaluate the method's selectivity. Results showed it could selectively bond to the GMBs in the DES. As the affinity analysis was performed directly in a DES, the solution-removing process could be avoided. The intra-day and inter-day precisions of the method are 5.21% and 6.38%, respectively. The solvent amount was 1/50-1/2000 of that used in traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Pan Jiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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3
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Efficient, green extraction of two biflavonoids from Selaginella uncinata with deep eutectic solvents. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Plastiras OE, Samanidou V. Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Sample Preparation and Extraction of Organic Molecules. Molecules 2022; 27:7699. [PMID: 36431799 PMCID: PMC9693881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) is on the rise worldwide because of the astounding properties they offer, such as simplicity of synthesis and utilization, low-cost, and environmental friendliness, which can, without a doubt, replace conventional solvents used in heaps. In this review, the focus will be on the usage of DES in extracting a substantial variety of organic compounds from different sample matrices, which not only exhibit great results but surpass the analytical performance of conventional solvents. Moreover, the properties of the most commonly used DES will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Wang SW, Chang CC, Hsuan CF, Chang TH, Chen YL, Wang YY, Yu TH, Wu CC, Houng JY. Neuroprotective Effect of Abelmoschus manihot Flower Extracts against the H 2O 2-Induced Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in PC12 Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100596. [PMID: 36290563 PMCID: PMC9598102 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of neurodegenerative diseases is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Abelmoschus manihot L. flower (AMf) has been shown to possess excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the protective effect of ethanolic extract (AME), water extract (AMW) and supercritical extract (AMS) of AMf on PC12 neuronal cells under hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation. This study also explored the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effect of AME, which was the best among the three extracts. The experimental results showed that even at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, neither AME nor AMW showed toxic effects on PC12 cells, while AMS caused about 10% cell death. AME has the most protective effect on apoptosis of PC12 cells stimulated with 0.5 mM H2O2. This is evident by the finding when PC12 cells were treated with 500 μg/mL AME; the viability was restored from 58.7% to 80.6% in the Treatment mode (p < 0.001) and from 59.1% to 98.1% in the Prevention mode (p < 0.001). Under the stimulation of H2O2, AME significantly up-regulated the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase; promoted the production of the intracellular antioxidant; reduced glutathione; and reduced ROS generation in PC12 cells. When the acute inflammation was induced under the H2O2 stimulation, AME significantly down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS). AME pretreatment could also greatly promote the production of nucleotide excision repair (NER)-related proteins, which were down-regulated by H2O2. This finding indicates that AME could repair DNA damage caused by oxidative stress. Results from this study demonstrate that AME has the potential to delay the onset and progression of oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Chang
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Feng Hsuan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Dachang Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsien Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ya Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Hung Yu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Dachang Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ching Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Dachang Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yiing Houng
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7915)
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Li Z, Li Q. Ultrasonic-Assisted Efficient Extraction of Coumarins from Peucedanum decursivum (Miq.) Maxim Using Deep Eutectic Solvents Combined with an Enzyme Pretreatment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175715. [PMID: 36080482 PMCID: PMC9458171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total coumarins from Peucedanum decursivum (Miq.) Maxim (P. decursivum) via the combination of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with cellulase pretreatment was carried out. Among the 15 kinds of DESs with choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptors, the DES system of choline chloride/1,4-butanediol with a molar ratio of 1:4 showed the best extraction effect. First, single-factor experiments were performed using the following factors: liquid–solid ratio, pH, enzyme dosage and ultrasonic temperature. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize the extraction conditions and obtain the following optimal parameter values for the extraction of coumarins from P. decursivum: liquid–solid ratio 14:1 mL/g, pH 5.0, enzyme dosage 0.2%, ultrasonic temperature 60 °C and ultrasonic time 50 min. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of total coumarins from P. decursivum could reach 2.65%, which was close to the predicted extraction yield of 2.68%. Furthermore, the contents of six coumarins, namely, umbelliferone, nodakenin, xanthotoxin, bergapten, imperatorin and decursin were determined to be 0.707 mg·g−1, 0.085 mg·g−1, 1.651 mg·g−1, 2.806 mg·g−1, 0.570 mg·g−1 and 0.449 mg·g−1, respectively, using HPLC-MS after the optimization. In addition, the cell fragmentation of P. decursivum powder obtained using ultrasonic-assisted DES extraction with enzyme pretreatment was found to be the most comprehensive using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which indicated the highest extraction efficiency for P. decursivum. Finally, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated via radical scavenging with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), which showed that ultrasonic-assisted DES extraction with enzyme pretreatment exhibited significant antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging of up to 97.90%. This work developed a new and efficient extraction method for coumarins.
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Zhang J, Yin J, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Ran H, Jiang W, Li H, Li H, Zhang M. Insights into the formation mechanism of aliphatic acid-choline chloride deep eutectic solvents by theoretical and experimental research. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang L, Hu G, Huang Y, Wang C, Liu X, Lu C, Chen H, Zhang J, Ma G. Simple and sensitive determination of sulfites in Chinese herbal teas by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2849-2856. [PMID: 35815800 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00759b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfites are used widely in food and beverage production to prevent browning or oxidation. However, the overingestion of sulfites is harmful to human health and may cause medical complications. Chinese herbal teas have been widely consumed for centuries. However, sulfite levels in Chinese herbal teas are rarely investigated and reported. Here, we present a simple, sensitive, and quantitative method to determine sulfites in Chinese herbal teas using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) coupled with dispersive solid phase extraction. The method utilized a SeQuant ZIC-HILIC column for separation, and the optimal gradient eluents consisted of acetonitrile and aqueous solution with 0.1% acetic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate. Porous chitosan/partially reduced graphene oxide/diatomite (CS/prGO/DM) composites were used as efficient dispersive solid phase extraction adsorbents for sample preparation. Several parameters were investigated during the extraction process, including sample-to-extraction solvent volume ratios, the extraction procedure and dosage of the adsorbent. Under the optimum conditions, the developed method gave a good determination coefficient (r2 > 0.99), low detection limits (0.51-12.1 μg kg-1) and high recoveries in the range of 83.8-102.7% at different spiked levels. The method has the great advantages of being time saving, good reproducibility and much lower detection limits when compared to titration methods. The method was further applied to analyze real herbal tea samples collected from the local market, demonstrating that our developed method is robust and useful for determining sulfites in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiwenxuan Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gaohua Hu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety and Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety and Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety and Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Jianyang Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Guicen Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety and Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
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Pérez-López LA, Cavazos-Rocha N, Delgado-Montemayor C, Waksman-Minsky N, Hernández-Salazar M, Portillo-Castillo OJ. A simple HPLC-DAD method for analysis of phenolic acids: Addition effect of a hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent to the mobile phase. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2022.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The analysis of phenolic acids (PAs) is of great importance, because they are frequently present in natural products and their derivatives, and these compounds also have multiple beneficial effects to human health. This work is focusing on the separation of seven PAs (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, and syringic acid), in a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) isocratic method using a hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a mobile phase additive. The analysis was carried out with a diode array detector. The used DES was composed by choline chloride and glycerol, and it was characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The combination of choline chloride:glycerol (1:4) added at 0.25% to mobile phase composed of 0.15% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol (80:20), showed the best separation for target analytes. The new proposed method was validated, and results indicated that the proposed method is linear, selective for almost all analytes, provided high sensitivity with limit of detection ranges from 0.009 to 0.023 mg mL−1, and has satisfactory precision and accuracy, with values of relative standard deviation of 0.24–2.65% and recoveries of 97.97–109%, respectively. Additionally, this method was successfully applied to simultaneous determination of phenolic acids in three kinds of samples of powder to prepare lemon flavour drink enriched with black tea extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alejandro Pérez-López
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Norma Cavazos-Rocha
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Cecilia Delgado-Montemayor
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Noemí Waksman-Minsky
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Marcelo Hernández-Salazar
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Omar J. Portillo-Castillo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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Guo H, Feng C, Hu L, Zhao X, Tang X, Huang Y, Luo J, Xu M, Xie W. Exploration of a ternary deep eutectic solvent for the efficient extraction of plantamajoside, acteoside, quercetin and kaempferol from Plantago asiatica L. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:94-104. [PMID: 34137102 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the present study, ternary deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction was developed for the efficient extraction of plantamajoside, acteoside, quercetin and kaempferol from Plantago asiatica L. METHODOLOGY Six kinds of choline chloride-based ternary deep eutectic solvents (TDESs) were prepared as potential extraction solutions. In order to obtain optimal extraction efficiency, a series of extraction conditions were investigated by single-factor test and orthogonal test. RESULTS The extraction efficiency of choline chloride/lactic acid/ethylene glycol (ChCl-LA-EG) was much higher than that of other TDESs. ChCl-LA-EG-11 synthesised with choline chloride, lactic acid and ethylene glycol (1:4:2) was considered to have a higher extraction efficiency. The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were as follows: water content in ChCl-LA-EG-11, 50%; extraction temperature, 70°C; ratio of solid/liquid, 20 mg/mL; ultrasonic power, 60 W; extraction time, 35 min; pH of the solution, 8. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the extraction efficiencies of plantamajoside, acteoside, quercetin and kaempferol were 3.83 ± 0.41, 4.23 ± 0.45, 0.56 ± 0.15 and 0.19 ± 0.08 mg/g, respectively. The extraction efficiency of the total target components was 9.21 ± 0.63 mg/g, which was much higher than that of conventional solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, 50% methanol, 50% ethanol). The target components were isolated efficiently from the TDES solution by an AB-8 macroporous resin column with a recovery rate of 95.6%. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that TDESs possessed excellent physical and chemical properties and had enormous potential for active component extraction of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhua Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lvjiang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Tang
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330002, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330002, P.R. China
| | - Jiangnan Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Mengtian Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, P.R. China
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Zuo J, Ma P, Geng S, Kong Y, Li X, Fan Z, Zhang Y, Dong A, Zhou Q. Optimization of the extraction process of flavonoids from Trollius ledebouri with natural deep eutectic solvents. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:717-727. [PMID: 34845820 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, natural deep eutectic solvents have been favored greatly due to their environment friendly, mild biological toxicity and simple biodegradability. Natural deep eutectic solvents gradually applied for the extracting bioactive compounds from natural products efficiently. In this study, 20 natural deep eutectic solvents were prepared and their physical and chemical properties were tested. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was used to extract flavonoids from Trollius ledebouri and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet was applied to examine two main bioactive flavonoids (orientin and vitexin). Compared with traditional solvents (water and 60% ethanol solution), natural deep eutectic solvents composed of L(-)-proline and levulinic acid (molar ratio 1:2) show a super extraction efficiency. On this basis, the response surface method was used to optimize the extraction temperature, extraction time, water contents, and solid-liquid ratio. As a consequence, the extraction temperature 60℃, extraction time 18 min, water content 14% (v/v), and the solid-liquid ratio 48 mL·g-1 were chosen as the best extraction process. This study shows that natural deep eutectic solvents can effectively extract flavonoids from T. ledebouri, laying a foundation for the further application of natural deep eutectic solvents to extract bioactive compounds from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zuo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Peirong Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Shuqin Geng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Yangzhi Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Zhaosheng Fan
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Beijing Cigarette Factory Co., Ltd., Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Alideertu Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Liu S, Quan T, Yang L, Deng L, Kang X, Gao M, Xia Z, Li X, Gao D. N,Cl-Codoped Carbon Dots from Impatiens balsamina L. Stems and a Deep Eutectic Solvent and Their Applications for Gram-Positive Bacteria Identification, Antibacterial Activity, Cell Imaging, and ClO - Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29022-29036. [PMID: 34746591 PMCID: PMC8567351 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we first synthesized metal-free N,Cl-doped carbon dots (N,Cl-CDs) using Impatiens balsamina L. stems as green precursors in a deep eutectic solvent (DES). The obtained N,Cl-CDs were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. In addition to the common features of carbon dots (CDs), such as high light stability, small size, low toxicity, good aqueous solubility, and favorable biocompatibility, these N,Cl-CDs exhibited excellent recognition and selectivity for Gram-positive bacteria by doping with N and Cl elements using DES. The N,Cl-CDs with positive charge cannot only differentiate Gram-positive bacteria by selective fluorescence imaging but also have antibacterial effects on Gram-positive bacteria. Through potential, ROS, and morphological analyses of bacteria before and after treatment with N,Cl-CDs, the antibacterial mechanisms of bacteriostasis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella were explored. In addition, N,Cl-CDs demonstrated low cytotoxicity and good cell imaging ability in cancer and normal cells. Moreover, they can be used as a fluorescence sensor for the detection of ClO- with a detection range from 100 nM to 40 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 30 nM. In summary, the prepared N,Cl-CDs could be applied as environmentally friendly Gram-positive bacterial identification and antibacterial agents. Additionally, their cell imaging and ClO- detection abilities were outstanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochi Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Tian Quan
- School
of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- School
of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Linlin Deng
- School
of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xun Kang
- School
of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Manjie Gao
- School
of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhining Xia
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School
of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Die Gao
- School
of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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13
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Zuo J, Geng S, Kong Y, Ma P, Fan Z, Zhang Y, Dong A. Current Progress in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Active Components from Plants. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:177-198. [PMID: 34324395 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1946659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have gained more and more attention due to their green, convenient preparation, low toxicity and biodegradability. It is widely used in various fields, especially in the extraction of active components from plants, formed by the combination of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) at a certain condition. In this article, six preparation methods of NADESs were summarized and the interactions that occur in the eutectic behavior of NADES including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction and van der Waals force were also reviewed. What is more, its significant extraction capacity on flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids and plant pigments endows its extensive applications in the extraction of active components from medicinal plants. Extraction factors including solvents properties (viscosity, carbon chain length, number of hydroxyl groups), extraction condition (water content, extraction temperature, extraction time, solid-liquid ratio), extraction method and recycling method were discussed. In addition, NADESs can also be combined with other technologies, like molecular imprinting, monolithic column, to achieve efficient and specific extraction of active ingredients. Further systematic studies on the biodegradability and biotoxicity are put forward to be urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zuo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuqin Geng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yangzhi Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, China
| | - Peirong Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhaosheng Fan
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Beijing Cigarette Factory Co.,Ltd, Tongzhou Dis, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, China
| | - Alideertu Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Engineering Research Center of Dairy Products Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot, China
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14
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Wang M, Kang X, Deng L, Wang M, Xia Z, Gao D. Deep eutectic solvent assisted synthesis of carbon dots using Sophora flavescens Aiton modified with polyethyleneimine: Application in myricetin sensing and cell imaging. Food Chem 2020; 345:128817. [PMID: 33307432 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, an efficient method for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) was developed. To investigate the influence of different DESs on the quantum yield of CDs, different hydrogen-bonding acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen-bonding donors (HBDs) were used to synthesize the DES and prepare CDs. Using Sophora flavescens Aiton as precursor, CDs were prepared using choline chloride (ChCl)/urea based DES as reaction media and doping agent in the presence of water. The CDs showed strong blue fluorescence and were further modified with polyethyleneimine (CDs@PEI). The fluorescence intensity of CDs@PEI was selectively quenched by myricetin with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 nM. Furthermore, CDs@PEI was used to analyze myricetin in the extracts that were fluorescent by DES with satisfactory performance of Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus flowers, vine teas and blueberries. Finally, the bio-imaging application of CDs@PEI was tested and the results confirmed its potential application in bio-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xun Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Linlin Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhining Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Die Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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15
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Ivanović M, Islamčević Razboršek M, Kolar M. Innovative Extraction Techniques Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Analytical Methods for the Isolation and Characterization of Natural Bioactive Compounds from Plant Material. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1428. [PMID: 33114332 PMCID: PMC7690858 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest of the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries in naturally occurring bioactive compounds or secondary plant metabolites also leads to a growing demand for the development of new and more effective analysis and isolation techniques. The extraction of bioactive compounds from plant material has always been a challenge, accompanied by increasingly strict control requirements for the final products and a growing interest in environmental protection. However, great efforts have been made in this direction and today a considerable number of innovative extraction techniques have been developed using green, environmentally friendly solvents. These solvents include the deep eutectic solvents (DES) and their natural equivalents, the natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Due to their adjustable physical-chemical properties and their green character, it is expected that DES/NADES could be the most widely used solvents in the future, not only in extraction processes but also in other research areas such as catalysis, electrochemistry or organic synthesis. Consequently, this review provided an up-to-date systematic overview of the use of DES/NADES in combination with innovative extraction techniques for the isolation of bioactive compounds from various plant materials. The topicality of the field was confirmed by a detailed search on the platform WoS (Web of Science), which resulted in more than 100 original research papers on DES/NADES for bioactive compounds in the last three years. Besides the isolation of bioactive compounds from plants, different analytical methods are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ivanović
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Maša Islamčević Razboršek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Mitja Kolar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Luan F, Wu Q, Yang Y, Lv H, Liu D, Gan Z, Zeng N. Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, Biological Properties, Clinical Settings, and Toxicities of Abelmoschus manihot L.: A Comprehensive Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1068. [PMID: 32973492 PMCID: PMC7482509 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abelmoschus manihot, an annual herbal flowering plant, is widely distributed throughout eastern Europe and in temperate and subtropical regions of Asia. Its flowers have been traditionally used for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in China. Currently, more than 128 phytochemical ingredients have been obtained and identified from the flowers, seeds, stems, and leaves of A. manihot. The primary components are flavonoids, amino acids, nucleosides, polysaccharides, organic acids, steroids, and volatile oils. A. manihot and its bioactive constituents possess a plethora of biological properties, including antidiabetic nephropathy, antioxidant, antiadipogenic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antiviral, antitumor, cardioprotective, antiplatelet, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective activities, and have effects on cerebral infarction, bone loss, etc. However, insufficient utilization and excessive waste have already led to a rapid reduction of resources, meaning that a study on the sustainable use of A. manihot is urgent and necessary. Moreover, the major biologically active constituents and the mechanisms of action of the flowers have yet to be elucidated. The present paper provides an early and comprehensive review of the traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and pharmaceutical, quality control, toxicological, and clinical settings to emphasize the benefits of this plant and lays a solid foundation for further development of A. manihot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianhong Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Haizhen Lv
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi'an, China
| | - Daoheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhaoping Gan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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17
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Wang H, Tong M, Gong Y. Green and enhanced extraction of coumarins from Cortex Fraxini by ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3441-3448. [PMID: 32579249 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Green and enhanced extraction of bioactive ingredients from medicinal plants has become a hot research field, and deep eutectic solvents have been considered as a novel kind of sustainable solvents in the extraction process. In this study, hydrogen bond acceptor (choline chloride, etc.) and hydrogen bond donor (l-malic acid, etc.) were used to prepare different kinds of deep eutectic solvents to extract coumarins from Cortex Fraxini. The extraction conditions, including the composition and moisture content of deep eutectic solvents, extraction time, and liquid-solid ratio, were systematically optimized basing on the extraction yield of coumarins. To further investigate the extraction mechanism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed, and the microstructures of Cortex Fraxini powders were observed before and after extraction using scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the novel ultrasound-assisted extraction with conditions of deep eutectic solvent containing betaine/glycerin (1:3), aqueous solution (20%), solid-liquid ratio (15 mg/mL), and extraction time (30 min) exhibited the best extraction yields for the four target coumarins and much better extraction efficiency than with conventional solvent extractions. This suggests that the new ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction could be used as a green and high-efficient approach for extraction of the main coumarins from Cortex Fraxini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Jiangsu Province, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Youhui Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Jiangsu Province, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Jiangsu Province, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Tong
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Jiangsu Province, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yinhan Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Jiangsu Province, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
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18
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Lück M, Bergs F, Jupke A. Solvent accessibility limitation by plant matrix compounds in extraction of rutin from
Solanum lycopersicum. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lück
- Chair of Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
| | - Frederik Bergs
- Chair of Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
| | - Andreas Jupke
- Chair of Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT)RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
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19
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Sani TH, Hadjmohammadi M, Fatemi MH. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in fruit juices and vegetables using Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 magnetic nanoparticles modified with mixed hemi/ad-micelle cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and high performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1224-1231. [PMID: 31916681 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extraction and determination of three flavonoids (morin, quercetin, and kaempferol) were performed by dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction based on mixed hemi/ad-micelles and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The Fe3 O4 /SiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Fe3 O4 /SiO2 nanoparticles coated with mixed hemi/ad-micelles cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide was applied as a sorbent and used for extraction of flavonoids. Effective parameters on the extraction recovery such as amount of magnetic nano particles, volume of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide solution with specific concentration, pH of sample solution, adsorption equilibrium time, volume of desorption solvent, and desorption times were evaluated and optimized using fractional factorial design and central composite design. Under the optimum condition limit of detection and linearity were 0.83, 2.7-500.0 for morin, 0.18, 0.7-500.0 for quercetin and, 0.37, 1.3-500.0 µg/L for kaempferol. The extraction recovery with relative standard deviation were 97.88, 1.94 for morin, 95.77, 0.80 for quercetin, and 93.35, 1.45 for kaempferol. The proposed method was applied for simultaneous extraction and determination of flavonoids in several fruit juices and vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Harsij Sani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayii Boulevard, 47416-95447, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hadjmohammadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayii Boulevard, 47416-95447, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayii Boulevard, 47416-95447, Babolsar, Iran
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