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Wang D, Qin L, Jing C, Wang G, Zhou H, Deng P, Zhang S, Wang Y, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Liu Y. Biologically active isoquinoline alkaloids covering 2019-2022. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107252. [PMID: 38437763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Isoquinoline alkaloids are an important class of natural products that are abundant in the plant kingdom and exhibit a wide range of structural diversity and biological activities. With the deepening of research in recent years, more and more isoquinoline alkaloids have been isolated and identified and proved to contain a variety of biological activities and pharmacological effects. In this review, we introduce the research progress of isoquinoline alkaloids from 2019 to 2022, mainly in the part of biological activities, including antitumor, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, analgesic, and other activities. This study provides a clear direction for the rational development and utilization of isoquinoline alkaloids, suggesting that these alkaloids have great potential in the field of drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengtuo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Lulu Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chenxin Jing
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guanghan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Han Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peng Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shaoyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yirong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanyan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhengrong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingqian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Chen T, Jia J, Shen C, Wang S, Li H, Ma Y, Song Z, Lu W, Li A, Li Y. UV-based solvent system screening for high-speed counter-current chromatography fractionation of compounds with similar UV absorption from complex samples followed by preparative HPLC purification: Flavonoids from barley seedlings as sample. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300558. [PMID: 37817348 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes a solvent system screening strategy for compounds with similar UV absorption in complex samples by UV spectrophotometer. There is no need to calculate the partition coefficient value of each compound, only the partition coefficient of the whole sample. The partition coefficient value should be close to 1 in order to obtain as many high-speed counter-current chromatography fractions as possible. Then, preparative HPLC was used to purify the high-speed counter-current chromatography fractions. Based on the above strategy, seven c-glycosyl flavonoids and an amino acid were successfully obtained from barley seedlings through high-speed counter-current chromatography fractionation with ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (8:2:10, v:v:v) system followed by preparative HPLC purification. The research shows that high-speed counter-current chromatography could be well developed as a tool for fractionation before purification, and greatly improves the separation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Characteristic Biology Resources Research Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Jia
- Dongying Center for Industrial Products Inspection and Metrological Verification, Dongying Adminstration for Market Regulation, Dongying, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Characteristic Biology Resources Research Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Characteristic Biology Resources Research Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Characteristic Biology Resources Research Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Ma
- Characteristic Biology Resources Research Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Song
- Characteristic Biology Resources Research Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Weihang Lu
- Characteristic Biology Resources Research Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Aijing Li
- Characteristic Biology Resources Research Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Characteristic Biology Resources Research Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
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Wan D, Bao H, Danzeng Q, Guo X, Li Q. Chloroplast genome of Corydalis impatiens (Pall.) Fisch. ex DC. (Papaveraceae), a Tibetan medical herb. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:1413-1415. [PMID: 35937907 PMCID: PMC9347461 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Corydalis impatiens (Pall.) Fisch. 1821. (Papaveraceae) is a Tibetan medical herb used to reduce pain, treat skin injuries, cure hepatitis, and benefit the circulatory system. In the current study, the chloroplast genome of C. impatiens was sequenced. This complete genome is a circular 197,317 bp sequence consisting of a small single-copy (SSC, 3105 bp) region, a large single-copy (LSC, 89,790 bp) region, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 52,211 bp). This chloroplast genome encodes a total of 127 functional genes, including 81 protein-coding, 38 transfer RNA, and eight ribosomal RNA genes. Furthermore, this chloroplast genome contains six pseudogenes, including a pair of ndhB a pair of ndhD, one ndhC, and one ndhK. The phylogenetic relationship within the genus Corydalis was inferred with the maximum-likelihood method, and the result showed that C. impatiens was most closely related to C. conspersa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digao Wan
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center, Tibetan Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijuan Bao
- College of Ecological Environment and Resources, Qinghai Minzu University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qupei Danzeng
- University Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center, Tibetan Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qien Li
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center, Tibetan Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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An Integrated Chromatographic Strategy for the Large-Scale Extraction of Ergosterol from Tulasnellaceae sp. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9070176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliable chromatographic strategy is crucial for the extraction of target compounds from natural sources as it is related to the preparation efficiency, as well as the purity of the compounds. In this study, medium-pressure normal-phase liquid chromatography and high-pressure reverse-phase liquid chromatography were combined to prepare and purify ergosterol from Tulasnellaceae sp. of Gymnadenia orchidis. First, Tulasnellaceae sp. was extracted three times (2.0 L and 2 h each time) with ethyl acetate, and the 6.0 L of extract solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 2.2 g of crude sample. Then, the crude sample was pretreated utilizing silica gel medium-pressure liquid chromatography to enrich the target ingredient (586.0 mg). Finally, high-pressure reversed-phase liquid chromatography was used to purify the target compound, and the compound was characterized as ergosterol (purity > 95%) using spectral data. Overall, the simple and reproducible integrated chromatographic strategy developed in this study has the potential for the large-scale purification of steroids for laboratory and even industrial research. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first report of ergosterol in Tulasnellaceae sp.
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Screening and Isolation of Potential Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Saxifraga atrata via Affinity Ultrafiltration-HPLC and Multi-Target Molecular Docking Analyses. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122405. [PMID: 35745138 PMCID: PMC9230087 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a 100 g sample of Saxifraga atrata was processed to separate 1.3 g of 11-O-(4′-O-methylgalloyl)-bergenin (Fr1) after 1 cycle of MCI GEL® CHP20P medium pressure liquid chromatography using methanol/water. Subsequently, COX-2 affinity ultrafiltration coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography was successfully used to screen for potential COX-2 ligands in this target fraction (Fr1). After 20 reversed-phase liquid chromatography runs, 74.1 mg of >99% pure 11-O-(4′-O-methylgalloyl)-bergenin (Fr11) was obtained. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of 11-O-(4′-O-methylgalloyl)-bergenin was further validated through molecular docking analyses which suggested it was capable of binding strongly to ALOX15, iNOS, ERBB2, SELE, and NF-κB. As such, the AA metabolism, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways were hypothesized to be the main pathways through which 11-O-(4′-O-methylgalloyl)-bergenin regulates inflammatory responses, potentially functioning by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, blocking pro-inflammatory factor binding to cognate receptors and inhibiting the expression of key proteins. In summary, affinity ultrafiltration-HPLC coupling technology can rapidly screen for multi-target bioactive components and when combined with molecular docking analyses, this approach can further elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms of action for these compounds, providing valuable information to guide the further development of new multi-target drugs derived from natural products.
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Fang Y, Dawa Y, Wang Q, Lv Y, Yu W, Li G, Dang J. Targeted isolation of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors from Saxifraga atrata and their antioxidant activities. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2435-2445. [PMID: 35512260 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Saxifraga atrata is an important traditional Tibetan medicine used to treat cough and pneumonia, and has tremendous medicinal potential. In this study, we devised a technique to separate 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors from a methanol extract of Saxifraga atrata. The material was first processed using MCI GEL® CHP20P medium-pressure liquid chromatography, yielding 1.1 g of the target fraction Fr2. Subsequently, online hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was used to identify prospective 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors, and two 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitor fractions (Fr24 and Fr25) were identified from Fr2. Then, medium-pressure preparation was continued using an XIon column to separate two 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitor fractions (Fr24 and Fr25). The target compound was concentrated in fractions Fr24 and Fr25 using reverse-phase liquid chromatography during further separation procedures. Finally, the purity, structure, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitory activity of the isolated 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors were determined. Two 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors (adenosine with the half maximal inhibitory concentration of 66.87 ± 14.33 μM and (-)-4-O-(E)-Caffeoyl-L-threonic acid with the half maximal inhibitory concentration of 59.06 ± 5.02 μM) were isolated with purities exceeding 95%. The results showed that this technology is effective in the targeted separation of antioxidants from natural products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Yangzom Dawa
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qilan Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810001, P. R. China
| | - Yue Lv
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Qinghai Food Inspection and Testing Institute, Xining, 810000, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810001, P. R. China
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Abstract
The health benefits of Dracocephalum heterophyllum are widely reported in traditional Tibetan medicines, but the reported chemical composition is limited, probably due to difficulties in separating and purifying compounds. In this study, antioxidative phenylethanoids were isolated from an extract of Dracocephalum heterophyllum using medium- and high-pressure liquid chromatography, coupled with on-line HPLC–1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl recognition. Firstly, crude samples (1.3 kg) of Dracocephalum heterophyllum were pretreated via silica gel medium-pressure liquid chromatography to yield 994.0 g of Fr2, of which 10.8 g was then pretreated via MCI GEL®CHP20P medium-pressure liquid chromatography. The resulting Fr23 and Fr25 were further separated and purified using high-pressure liquid chromatography, and yielded 8.08 mg of Fr2391, 9.76 mg of Fr2551, 16.09 mg of Fr2581, and 8.75 mg of Fr2582. Furthermore, analysis of the purity and structures of the phenylethanoids suggested that Fr2391, Fr2551, Fr2581, and Fr2582 corresponded to decaffeoylverbascoside, rosmarinic acid, acteoside, and 2′-O-acetylplantamajoside, respectively, with all being over 95% pure. Finally, the antioxidant potential of the compounds was explored based on their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine, as well as through molecular docking of proteins related to antioxidant pathways. Altogether, our findings revealed that the proposed method is promising for separating pure antioxidative phenylethanoids from other natural compounds.
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Zhang Q, Guo Y, Zhang D. Network Pharmacology Integrated with Molecular Docking Elucidates the Mechanism of Wuwei Yuganzi San for the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221093907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of Wuwei Yuganzi San (WYS) in treating coronary heart disease (CHD) using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Methods: The main active components, related targets, and the target genes related to WYS were investigated by the databases Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and related articles. Information on the target genes of CHD was acquired through the OMIM database and GeneCards database, and the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus DataSets (GSE71226) were used to acquire target genes of CHD. A Venn diagram was used to show the common targets of WYS and CHD. The compound-target-disease network was built up by Cytoscape 3.7.2, and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was acquired through the STRING database. ClusterProfiler and Pathview packages in RStudio software were used to conduct gene ontology enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to reveal the underlying mechanism. Finally, AutoDock Vina software was used to assess the binding affinity of significant ingredients and hub genes. Results: Thirty-four key ingredients of WYS in CHD were screened, which related to 59 targets in CHD. According to the results of enrichment analysis, 59 items in the biological process, 15 items in the molecular function, 10 items in the cellular component, and 52 signaling pathways were associated with efficacy. These processes and pathways were essential for cell survival and were related to several crucial factors of CHD, including a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 (AKR1C2), albumin (ALB), protein kinase B (AKT1), and alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (ADH1C). Based on the outcomes of the PPI network, we selected ADAM17, AKR1C2, ALB, AKT1, ADH1C, and putative ingredients (sennoside D_qt, quercetin, and procyanidin B-5,3'- O-gallate) to perform molecular docking validation. From the molecular docking outcomes, some vital targets of CHD (including ADAM17, AKR1C2, ALB, AKT1, and ADH1C) could be related to form a stable combination with the putative ingredients of WYS. Conclusions: The network pharmacology and molecular docking study elucidated basically the mechanism of WYS in the treatment of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhui Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Xining, China
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Xining, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Xining, China
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Xining, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Dejun Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Yuan C, Dang J, Han Y, Liu C, Yu S, Lv Y, Cui Y, Wang Z, Li G. Preparative isolation of maltol glycoside from Dianthus superbus and its anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5031-5041. [PMID: 35425507 PMCID: PMC8981254 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07273k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dianthus superbus is a traditional Chinese medicine that is commonly utilized as a treatment for inflammation, pain, and immunological conditions. In this study, an anti-inflammatory maltol glycoside derived from Dianthus superbus was isolated for the first time via medium and high-pressure liquid chromatography, and at the same time, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of this maltol glycoside was preliminarily explored. Initially, crude samples of Dianthus superbus were preprocessed via MCI GEL® CHP20P and Spherical C18 medium-pressure chromatography, under the guidance of evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Fr44 was found to be the target fraction, and it was further isolated via two-dimensional reversed-phase/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, yielding > 95% pure and was identified as tunicoside B. MTT assay, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase were used to evaluate the effects of tunicoside B on murine macrophage Raw264.7 by nitric oxide synthase assay kit, molecular docking, and western blotting. The results showed that tunicoside B did not affect the viability of cells and exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. As far as we know, this is the first report of tunicoside B from Dianthus superbus and the first study on the anti-inflammatory activity of tunicoside B. More importantly, the approach established in this study is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the separation and pharmacological activity study of maltol glycosides from other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China +86-535-6902638 +86-535-6902638
| | - Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining 810001 Qinghai China
| | - Yu Han
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China +86-535-6902638 +86-535-6902638
| | - Chuang Liu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining 810001 Qinghai China
| | - Song Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai University Xining 810016 Qinghai China
| | - Yue Lv
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China +86-535-6902638 +86-535-6902638
| | - Yunbin Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University Xining 810016 Qinghai China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China +86-535-6902638 +86-535-6902638
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China +86-535-6902638 +86-535-6902638
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Dang J, Ma J, Dawa Y, Liu C, Ji T, Wang Q. Preparative separation of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors originating from Saxifraga sinomontana employing medium-pressure liquid chromatography in combination with reversed-phase liquid chromatography. RSC Adv 2021; 11:38739-38749. [PMID: 35493204 PMCID: PMC9044138 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05819c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Tibetan medicines elaborately document the health benefits of Saxifraga sinomontana. However, there have been limited reports on its chemical make-up, presumably because of the complicated separation and purification process. In this work, a methanolic extract of Saxifraga sinomontana was utilized for targeted separation of 4 key 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors employing the medium-pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase liquid chromatography in combination with on-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl detection. Pre-treatment of the sample was carried out by employing medium-pressure liquid chromatography using MCI GEL® CHP20P as the stationary phase, furnishing 2.4 g of fraction Fr3 and 3.4 g of fraction Fr4 (the percentage retrieval was 32.7%). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors contained in fractions Fr3 and Fr4 were subjected to additional separation using a C18 (ReproSil-Pur C18 AQ) column and yielded 106.2 mg of Fr3-1, 246.9 mg of Fr3-2, 248.5 mg of Fr4-1 and 41.8 mg of Fr4-2. The degree of purity, structures and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibition activity of the isolated DPPH inhibitors were determined, and four 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors including two new diarylnonanoids (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol-(6'-O-galloyl)-1-O-β-d-glucopyrano side with IC50 of 39.6 μM, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-(6'-O-galloyl)-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside with IC50 of 46.9 μM, saximonsin A with IC50 of 11.4 μM, and saximonsin B with IC50 of 20.6 μM) were isolated with a percentage purity above 95%. The methodology thus evolved has good efficacy for preparatively isolating high-purity 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors from extracts of Saxifraga sinomontana and could be efficiently utilized for rapidly isolating 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors from other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China
| | - Jianbin Ma
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University Xining 810008 China
| | - Yangzom Dawa
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University Xining 810008 China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China
| | - Tengfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Qilan Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China
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Dang J, Wang Q, Wang Q, Yuan C, Li G, Ji T. Preparative isolation of antioxidative gallic acid derivatives from Saxifraga tangutica using a class separation method based on medium-pressure liquid chromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3734-3746. [PMID: 34435450 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Saxifraga tangutica is widely used as a medicinal herb to treat hepatic diseases. Here, we developed a class separation method to separate gallic acid derivatives 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors from the methanol extract of Saxifraga tangutica. Firstly, an MCI GEL CHP20P medium-pressure liquid chromatography was used to pretreat the crude extract from Saxifraga tangutica (500 g) and the target sample (fraction Fr1, 1.7 g) was obtained. Then, an online reversed-phase liquid chromatography-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was employed for recognizing potential 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors and six 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors fractions were recognized from fraction Fr1. Subsequently, the six 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors fractions were isolated via a ReproSil-Pur C18 AQ preparative column. During the separation process, the hydrophilic liquid chromatography was used to enrich the target compounds (Fr1-3-1-1 and Fr1-3-1-2) from the fraction Fr1-3, which were hardly isolated only by one step reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Finally, six gallic acid derivatives were obtained and identified as gallic acid (Fr1-1-1), gallic acid 3-O-β-D-glucoside (Fr1-1-2), protocatechuic acid (Fr1-2), 4-O-galloyl-(-)-shikimic acid (Fr1-3-1-1), 5-O-galloyl-(-)-shikimic acid (Fr1-3-1-2), and 3-O-galloyl-shikimic acid (Fr1-4), respectively. Thus, the present study indicated that this method was highly efficient for the preparative separation of gallic acid derivatives 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Qilan Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yuan
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, P. R. China
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12
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Dang J, Ma J, Du Y, Dawa Y, Wang Q, Chen C, Wang Q, Tao Y, Ji T. Large-scale preparative isolation of bergenin standard substance from Saxifraga atrata using polyamide coupled with MCI GEL® CHP20P as stationary phases in medium pressure chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1170:122617. [PMID: 33713947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, polyamide and MCI GEL® CHP20P were employed as stationary phases in medium pressure chromatography (MPC) for the efficient preparative separation of bergenin from Saxifraga atrata. Ethanol-water, methanol-water, and acetonitrile-water mobile phases all showed good enrichment capacity for bergenin fraction when polyamide was used as a stationary phase. After 5 cycles of polyamide MPC using acetonitrile/water, 1.2 g of bergenin fraction was isolated from 180 g Saxifraga atrata herb. Further purification of this fraction was conducted using MCI GEL® CHP20P styrene-divinylbenzene beads. The bergenin fraction was separated into two fractions, and after three runs of MPC, 714.2 mg of bergenin with purity above 99% was obtained. The results demonstrate that the combination of polyamide and styrene-divinylbenzene MPC can be utilized for preparative isolation of compounds from natural products with high yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - Jianbin Ma
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Yurong Du
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - YangZom Dawa
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, Qinghai, China
| | - Chengbiao Chen
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Qilan Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - Yanduo Tao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, Qinghai, China.
| | - Tengfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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13
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Deng AP, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Kang CZ, Lv CG, Kang LP, Nan TG, Zhan ZL, Guo LP, Huang LQ. Systematic review of the alkaloid constituents in several important medicinal plants of the Genus Corydalis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 183:112644. [PMID: 33429352 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genus Corydalis is a botanical source of various pharmaceutically active components. Its member species have been widely used in traditional medicine systems in Southeast Asia, especially in China for thousands of years. They have been administered to treat the common cold, hypertension, hepatitis, hemorrhage, edema, gastritis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Analgesia is the most important effect of Corydalis products, which are relatively non-addictive and associated with low tolerance compared with other analgesics. Certain Corydalis species are rich in alkaloids, which have strong biological activity, and also contain coumarins, flavonoids, steroids, organic acids and other chemical components. These constituents have pharmacological efficacy against diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems. Numerous investigations have been performed on these plants and their components. Here, we systemically summarized the chemical constituents of important medicinal member species of Corydalis that have been reported since 1962. A total 381 alkaloids were enumerated, including 117 quaternary isoquinoline type, 60 Benzophenanthridine type, 37 aporphine type, 10 protopine type, 59 phthalide isoquinoline type, 52 simple isoquinoline-type, 25 lignin amides and 21 other alkaloids. Thus, we have provided a basis for further explorations into the pharmacologically active constituents of Corydalissp.(Papaveraceae) to develop medicines that exert strong effects, are relatively non-addictive, and result in few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ping Deng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Joint Laboratory of Infinitus Quality Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine and National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Joint Laboratory of Infinitus Quality Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine and National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Chuan-Zhi Kang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Joint Laboratory of Infinitus Quality Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine and National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Chao-Gen Lv
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Joint Laboratory of Infinitus Quality Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine and National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Li-Ping Kang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Tie-Gui Nan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhi-Lai Zhan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Joint Laboratory of Infinitus Quality Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine and National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Lan-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Joint Laboratory of Infinitus Quality Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine and National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Joint Laboratory of Infinitus Quality Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine and National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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14
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Dawa Y, Du Y, Wang Q, Chen C, Zou D, Qi D, Ma J, Dang J. Targeted isolation of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors from Saxifraga atrata using medium- and high- pressure liquid chromatography combined with online high performance liquid chromatography-1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl detection. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461690. [PMID: 33250159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM) is a valuable source of novel therapeutic lead molecules inspired by natural products (NPs). The health benefits of Saxifraga atrata are well documented in TTM, but reports on its chemical composition are limited, most likely due to the complicated purification process. Herein, target separation and identification of 4 main radical scavenging compounds from the methanolic extract of S. atrata was were performed using medium- and high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with online HPLC-DPPH detection. The sample was pretreated using medium pressure liquid chromatography with MCI GELⓇ CHP20P styrene-divinylbenzene beads as a stationary phase, yielding 1.4 g of the target DPPH inhibitors (Fr4, 11.9% recovery). The compounds were further purified and isolated using HPLC on RP-C18 (ReproSil-Pur C18 AQ) followed by HILIC (Click XIon) column separation, resulting in 2.8 mg of fraction Fr4-1-1, 6.8 mg of fraction Fr4-2, 244.9 mg of the Fr4-3-1 sample, and 38.3 mg of Fr4-4-1. The structure and purity of the target compounds were determined, and four compounds (ethyl gallate, 11-O-galloylbergenin, rutin and isoquercitrin) were isolated with >95% purity. The developed methodology is efficient for targeted isolation of high-purity radical scavengers from NP extracts and could be used for rapid identification and isolation of DPPH inhibitors from various NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzom Dawa
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Yurong Du
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Chengbiao Chen
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Denglang Zou
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Desheng Qi
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jianbin Ma
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China.
| | - Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.
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15
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Dang J, Du Y, Wang Q, Dawa Y, Chen C, Wang Q, Ma J, Tao Y. Preparative isolation of arylbutanoid-type phenol [(-)-rhododendrin] with peak tailing on conventional C18 column using middle chromatogram isolated gel column coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3233-3241. [PMID: 32521119 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with middle chromatogram isolated gel column was employed for the efficient preparative separation of the arylbutanoid-type phenol [(-)-rhododendrin] from Saxifraga tangutica. Universal C18 (XTerra C18) and XCharge C18 columns were compared for (-)-rhododendrin fraction analysis and preparation. Although tailing and overloading occurred on the XTerra C18 column, the positively charged reversed-phase C18 column (XCharge C18) overcame these drawbacks, allowing for favorable separation resolution, even when loading at a on a preparative scale (3.69 mg per injection). The general separation process was as follows. First, 365.0 mg of crude (-)-rhododendrin was enriched from 165 g Saxifraga tangutica extract via a middle chromatogram isolated gel column. Second, separation was performed on an XTerra C18 preparative column, from which 73.8 mg of the target fraction was easily obtained. Finally, the 24.0 mg tailing peak of (-)-rhododendrin on XTerra C18 column was selectively purified on the XCharge C18 analytical column. These results demonstrate that the tailing nonalkaloid peaks can be effectively used for preparative isolation on XCharge C18 columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Du
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai, P. R. China
| | - YangZom Dawa
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, P. R. China
| | - Chengbiao Chen
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, P. R. China
| | - Qilan Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Ma
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanduo Tao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, P. R. China
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16
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Wang Q, Chen W, Wang Q, Tao Y, Yu R, Pan G, Dang J. Preparative separation of isoquinoline alkaloids from
Corydalis impatiens
using middle chromatogram isolated gel column coupled with positively charged reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2521-2528. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai ProvinceQinghai Nationalities University Xining Qinghai P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine ResearchNorthwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai P. R. China
| | - Qilan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine ResearchNorthwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai P. R. China
| | - Yanduo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine ResearchNorthwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai P. R. China
| | - Ruitao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine ResearchNorthwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai ProvinceQinghai Nationalities University Xining Qinghai P. R. China
| | - Jun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine ResearchNorthwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai P. R. China
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