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Riboni N, Ribezzi E, Bianchi F, Careri M. Supramolecular Materials as Solid-Phase Microextraction Coatings in Environmental Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:2802. [PMID: 38930867 PMCID: PMC11206577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been widely proposed for the extraction, clean-up, and preconcentration of analytes of environmental concern. Enrichment capabilities, preconcentration efficiency, sample throughput, and selectivity in extracting target compounds greatly depend on the materials used as SPME coatings. Supramolecular materials have emerged as promising porous coatings to be used for the extraction of target compounds due to their unique selectivity, three-dimensional framework, flexible design, and possibility to promote the interaction between the analytes and the coating by means of multiple oriented functional groups. The present review will cover the state of the art of the last 5 years related to SPME coatings based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and supramolecular macrocycles used for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.R.); (M.C.)
| | | | - Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.R.); (M.C.)
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Guo W, Tao H, Tao H, Shuai Q, Huang L. Recent progress of covalent organic frameworks as attractive materials for solid-phase microextraction: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:341953. [PMID: 38182358 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a green, environmentally friendly, and efficient technique for sample pre-treatment. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a class of porous materials formed by covalent bonds, have gained prominence owing to their remarkable attributes, including large specific surface area, tunable pore size, and robust thermal/chemical stability. These characteristics have made COFs highly appealing as potential coatings for SPME fiber over the past decades. In this review, various methods used to prepare SPME coatings based on COFs are presented. These methods encompass physical adhesion, sol-gel processes, in situ growth, and chemical cross-linking strategies. In addition, the applications of COF-based SPME coating fibers for the preconcentration of various targets in environmental, food, and biological samples are summarized. Moreover, not only their advantages but also the challenges they pose in practical applications are highlighted. By shedding light on these aspects, this review aims to contribute to the continued development and utilization of COF materials in the field of sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Haijuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Qin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Lijin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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Xu L, Hu W, Wu F, Zhang J. In situ growth of porous organic framework on iron wire for microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Talanta 2023; 264:124732. [PMID: 37279625 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel spherical metal organic framework (MOF) was first in situ grown on the surface of iron wire (IW), in which IW served as the substrate and metal source for MOF (type NH2-MIL88) growth without adding additional metal salts in the process, while spherical NH2-MIL88 provided more active sites for further construction of multifunctional composites. Subsequently, a covalent organic framework (COF) was covalently bonded to the surface of the NH2-MIL88 to obtain the IW@NH2-MIL88@COF fibers, which were used for headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk samples prior to determination by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Compared with the fiber prepared by physical coating, the IW@NH2-MIL88@COF fiber prepared by in situ growth and covalent bonding exhibits better stability and possesses more uniform layer. The extraction mechanism of the IW@NH2-MIL88@COF fiber for PAHs was discussed, which mainly owed to π-π interactions and hydrophobic interactions. After optimization of the primary extraction conditions, the SPME-GC-FID method was established for five PAHs with a wide linear range (1-200 ng mL-1), good linearity coefficient (0.9935-0.9987) and low detection limits (0.017-0.028 ng mL-1). The relative recoveries for PAHs detection in milk samples ranged from 64.69 to 113.97%. This work not only provides new ideas for the in situ growth of other types of MOF, but also provides new methods for the construction of multifunctional composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Fengshou Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
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Yuan J, Huang W, Tong W, Chen Z, Li H, Chen J, Lin Z. In-situ growth of covalent organic framework on stainless steel needles as solid-phase microextraction probe coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for rapid and sensitive determination of tricyclic antidepressants in biosamples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463955. [PMID: 37004299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) including amitriptyline (AT), doxepin (DOX) and nortriptyline (NT) are the first-line drugs for the clinical treatment of depression; however, monitoring TCA concentrations in biological fluids and tissues is necessary to improve therapeutic effect and determine the cause of death in patients. It is of great significance to develop a rapid and sensitive method for real-time monitoring of TCAs in various biosamples. In this work, we fabricated a novel covalent organic framework (COF) based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probe by an in-situ step-by-step strategy, which was obtained by sequentially modifying 1,3,5-tri (4-aminophenyl) benzene (TPB) and 2, 5-divinylbenzaldehyde (DVA) on the surface of polydopamine layer. The TPB-DVA-COF-SPME probe possessed high specific surface area (1244 m2·g - 1), regular pores (3.23 nm), good hydrophobicity and stability, resulting in efficient enrichment for TCAs. Furthermore, the combination of TPB-DVA-COF-SPME probe and ambient electrospray ionization mass spectrometry system (ESI/MS) was firstly proposed for rapid and sensitive determination of TCAs in biosamples. As a result, the developed method exhibited low limits of detection (LODs) (0.1-0.5 μg∙L - 1), high enrichment factors (39-218), and low relative standard deviations (RSDs) for one probe (1.2-3.8%) and probe-to-probe (2.0-3.7%). Benefiting from these outstanding performance, TPB-DVA-COF-SPME probe was further successfully applied to biosamples (i.e., serum, liver, kidney, and brain) with excellent reusability, indicating the promising applicability of the TPB-DVA-COF-SPME-ESI/MS as a powerful tool for drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Weini Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Heming Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
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Song R, Li Y, Chen Y, Qiu Z, Huang L. Chiral covalent organic framework incorporated organic polymer monolithic capillary column for enantioseparations. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2201039. [PMID: 36750206 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202201039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A chiral covalent organic framework was synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into organic polymer monolithic capillary columns to provide chiral stationary phases for enantioseparations. The prepared monolithic capillary columns were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. To obtain better enantioseparations, the columns' preparation conditions, and enantioseparation conditions were optimized. Baseline resolutions of several chiral compounds were obtained with good reproducibility and stability. Furthermore, the mechanism of chiral recognition was investigated using molecular docking with AutoDock. Docking results showed that the enantioselectivity factor rather than resolution is correlated with the binding free energy difference between enantiomers with the chiral covalent organic framework. And abundant acetoxy and nitrile groups as well as benzene rings in the chiral covalent organic framework are responsible for the enantioseparation ability of the chiral monolithic capillary columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruike Song
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhenli Qiu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lu Huang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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ZHANG W, LIU G, MA W, FANG M, ZHANG L. [Application progress of covalent organic framework materials in extraction of toxic and harmful substances]. Se Pu 2022; 40:600-609. [PMID: 35791598 PMCID: PMC9404040 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic and hazardous substances constitute a category of compounds that are potentially hazardous to humans, other organisms, and the environment. These substances include pesticides (benzoylureas, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids), persistent organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluorinated compounds), plasticizers (phthalate esters, phenolic endocrine disruptors), medicines (sulfonamides, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, tetracyclines, fluoroquinone antibiotics), heterocyclic aromatic amines, algal toxins, and radioactive substances. Discharge of these toxic and harmful substances, as well as their possible persistence and bioaccumulation, pose a major risk to human health, often to the extent of being life-threatening. Therefore, it is important to analyze and detect toxic and hazardous substances in the environment, drinking water, food, and daily commodities. Sample pretreatment is an imperative step in most of the currently used analytical methods, especially in the analysis of trace toxic and harmful substances in complex samples. An efficient and fast sample pretreatment technology not only helps improve the sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and accuracy of analytical methods, but also avoids contamination of the analytical instruments and even damages the performance and working life of instruments. Sample pretreatment techniques widely used in the extraction of toxic and hazardous substances include solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and dispersed solid-phase extraction (DSPE). The adsorbent material plays a key role in these pretreatment techniques, thereby determining their selectivity and efficiency. In recent years, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted increasing attention in sample pretreatment. COFs represent an exciting new class of porous crystalline materials constructed via the strong covalent bonding of organic building units through a reversible condensation reaction. COFs present four advantages: (1) precise control over structure type and pore size by consideration of the target molecular structure based on the connectivity and shape of the building units; (2) post-synthetic modification for chemical optimization of the pore interior toward optimized interaction with the target; (3) straightforward scalable synthesis; (4) feasible formation of composites with magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, etc., which is beneficial to enhance the performance of COFs and meet the requirement of diverse pretreatment technologies. Because of the well-defined crystalline porous structures and tailored functionalities, COFs have excellent potential for use in target extraction. However, some issues need to be addressed for the application of COFs in the extraction of toxic and hazardous substances. (1) For the sample matrix, most of the reported COFs are highly hydrophobic, which limits their dispersibility in water-based samples, leading to poor extraction performance. COFs with good dispersibility in water-based samples are urgently required. (2) Besides, COFs rely on hydrophobic interaction, size repulsion, π-π stacking, and Van der Waals forces to extract target substances, but they are not effective for some polar targets. Thus, it is necessary to develop COFs with high affinity for polar toxic and hazardous substances. (3) Methods for the synthesis of COFs have evolved from solvothermal methods to room-temperature methods, mechanical grinding, microwave-assisted synthesis, ion thermal methods, etc. Most of the existing methods are time-consuming, laborious, and environmentally unfriendly. The starting materials are too expensive to prepare COFs in large quantities. More effort is required to improve the synthesis efficiency and overcome the obstacles in the application of COFs for extraction. This article summarizes and reviews the research progress in COFs toward the extraction of toxic and hazardous substances in recent years. Finally, the application prospects of COFs in this field are summarized, which serves as a reference for further research into pretreatment technologies based on COFs.
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Bagheri AR, Aramesh N, Liu Z, Chen C, Shen W, Tang S. Recent Advances in the Application of Covalent Organic Frameworks in Extraction: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:565-598. [PMID: 35757859 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2089838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of emerging materials that are synthesized based on the covalent bonds between different building blocks. COFs possess unique attributes in terms of high porosity, tunable structure, ordered channels, easy modification, large surface area, and great physical and chemical stability. Due to these features, COFs have been extensively applied as adsorbents in various extraction modes. Enhanced extraction performance could be reached with modified COFs, where COFs are presented as composites with other materials including nanomaterials, carbon and its derivatives, silica, metal-organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers, etc. This review article describes the recent advances, developments, and applications of COF-based materials being utilized as adsorbents in the extraction methods. The COFs, their properties, their synthesis approaches as well as their composite structures are reviewed. Most importantly, suggested mechanisms for the extraction of analyte(s) by COF-based materials are also discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of COF-based materials in extraction methods are summarized and considered in order to provide more insights into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahal Aramesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengbo Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
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Li Y, Ma Z, Guo H, Xu X, Zhang F. Facile synthesis of a novel magnetic covalent organic frameworks for extraction and determination of five fungicides in Chinese herbal medicines. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2344-2355. [PMID: 35475317 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel magnetic covalent organic framework was synthesized via one step coating approach with solvothermal reaction employing 2,4,6-tris(4-aminophen-yl)-1,3,5-triazine and 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol as two building blocks by covalent bonding. The prepared magnetic covalent organic frameworks were properly characterized by different techniques and employed as adsorbent of magnetic solid phase extraction. An analytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of five fungicides in two Chinese herbal medicine samples via magnetic solid phase extraction coupled to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Under optimized magnetic solid phase extraction conditions, the method exhibited satisfactory recoveries (74.0-109.6%) with the relative standard deviations of 0.4-4.6%, low limits of detection (0.003-0.015 μg kg-1 ), and good linearity (R2 > 0.9960). Compared with the traditional extraction method, the proposed method required a lower amount of adsorbent (3 mg) and extraction time (5 min). The adsorbent also had favourable reusability (not less than 8 times). Therefore, the magnetic covalent organic frameworks could be a promising adsorbent for the extraction and quantitation of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.,Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Zhenning Ma
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiuli Xu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100176, China
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Zhang C, Yuan H, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Li G. β
‐ketoenamine‐linked covalent organic framework absorbent for online micro‐solid phase extraction of trace levels bisphenols in plastic samples. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1493-1501. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563000 China
| | - Zeyi Lu
- School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563000 China
| | - Yuhuang Li
- School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563000 China
| | - Lirong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563000 China
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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Su L, Zhang N, Tang J, Zhang L, Wu X. In-situ fabrication of a chlorine-functionalized covalent organic framework coating for solid-phase microextraction of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface water. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1186:339120. [PMID: 34756254 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) identifies significant potential for developing selective coating materials for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Herein, a chlorine-functionalized covalent organic framework (CF-COF) was in-situ synthesized by employing triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and 2,5-dichloro-1,4-phenylenediamine (2,5-DCA) as monomers on an amino-functionalized stainless steel wire. The obtained CF-COF coated fiber exhibited a higher enrichment capacity for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) than commercial fibers and non-chlorinated COF fiber, owing to a more hydrophobic surface, size-matching effect, a large number of micropores and the π-π stacking interactions between COF coating and analytes. As a practical application, the CF-COF coated fiber was applied to the headspace extraction of 17 PCBs prior to their quantification by GC/MS. The established analytical method offered a good linearity in the range of 0.1-1000 ng L-1, low detection limits of 0.0015-0.0088 ng L-1, and satisfactory enhancement factors (EFs) of 699-4281. The repeatability for single fiber and the fiber-to-fiber reproducibility was lower than 9.26% and 9.33%, respectively. The proposed method was verified to be sensitive, selective, and applicable for the analysis of ultra-trace PCBs in environmental surface water samples with the recoveries ranged from 78.7% to 124.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishen Su
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Jingpu Tang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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Kumar S, Kulkarni VV, Jangir R. Covalent‐Organic Framework Composites: A Review Report on Synthesis Methods. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchanath Surat 395 007 Gujarat INDIA
| | - Vihangraj V. Kulkarni
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Silchar Silchar 788010 Assam INDIA
| | - Ritambhara Jangir
- Department of Chemistry Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchanath Surat 395 007 Gujarat, INDIA
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12
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Porphyrin-based covalent organic framework coated stainless steel fiber for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and soil samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Feng J, Feng J, Ji X, Li C, Han S, Sun H, Sun M. Recent advances of covalent organic frameworks for solid-phase microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Nukatsuka I, Satoh R, Kihara S, Kitagawa F. A thin-layer solid-phase extraction-liquid film elution technique used for the enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1989-1997. [PMID: 33605531 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we propose a novel microsolid-phase extraction and elution technique, which we called the thin-layer solid-phase extraction-liquid film elution technique. The thin-layer solid-phase extraction phase is an octadecylsilylated sol gel- coated porous silica thin film prepared on the outer wall of a test tube, which has a larger surface area for the extraction of the target compounds compared to a conventional solid-phase microextraction phase. After optimization of the extraction procedure for five types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the liquid film elution technique was investigated. Liquid film elution is an elution technique wherein the compounds extracted into the thin-layer solid-phase extraction phase are eluted using a small volume of solvent film formed around the extraction phase. The results show that the elution can be carried out using 150 μL of eluent. Enrichment factors between 20 and 34 were obtained for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing more than four aromatic rings in 10 mL aliquots of aqueous samples. Finally, recoveries of 85-112% were obtained for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing more than four aromatic rings from spiked natural water samples using the thin-layer solid-phase extraction-liquid film elution technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isoshi Nukatsuka
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Ryota Satoh
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kihara
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
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15
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Feng J, Feng J, Han S, Ji X, Li C, Sun M. Triazine-based covalent porous organic polymer for the online in-tube solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:462004. [PMID: 33640808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A triazine-based covalent organic porous polymer (COP) was synthesized from the monomers 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene and tricyanogen chloride via the Friedel-Crafts reaction and characterized in detail using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed that the COP had a rough surface and suitable extraction site. It was then employed in in-tube solid-phase microextraction combined with a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. The COP adsorbent was evaluated with different types of analyte, including estrogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and plasticizers. The COP produced its best performance with PAHs. In order to obtain the highest extraction efficiency for PAHs, the main influential factors were optimized. Furthermore, a sensitive analytical method was established with the limits of detection of 0.004-0.010 µg L-1, high enrichment factor of 1110-2763, and wide linear ranges (0.013-20.0 µg L-1, 0.016-20.0 µg L-1 and 0.033-20.0 µg L-1). The relative standard deviation in intra-day and inter-day tests was also controlled to be within 0.3-3.1%. The proposed method was employed in the online detection of trace PAHs in real water samples, with satisfactory results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
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16
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Jarju JJ, Lavender AM, Espiña B, Romero V, Salonen LM. Covalent Organic Framework Composites: Synthesis and Analytical Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E5404. [PMID: 33218211 PMCID: PMC7699276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, composite materials containing covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have raised increasing interest for analytical applications. To date, various synthesis techniques have emerged that allow for the preparation of crystalline and porous COF composites with various materials. Herein, we summarize the most common methods used to gain access to crystalline COF composites with magnetic nanoparticles, other oxide materials, graphene and graphene oxide, and metal nanoparticles. Additionally, some examples of stainless steel, polymer, and metal-organic framework composites are presented. Thereafter, we discuss the use of these composites for chromatographic separation, environmental remediation, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni J. Jarju
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.J.J.); (A.M.L.); (B.E.)
| | - Ana M. Lavender
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.J.J.); (A.M.L.); (B.E.)
| | - Begoña Espiña
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.J.J.); (A.M.L.); (B.E.)
| | - Vanesa Romero
- Department of Food and Analytical Chemistry, Marine Research Center (CIM), University of Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Laura M. Salonen
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.J.J.); (A.M.L.); (B.E.)
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