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Amin Z, Sheikh PA, Jan I, Summuna B, Mohiddin FA. Assessment of flusilazole residues on apples: Detection, quantification and health risk implications. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5836. [PMID: 38308120 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Apple, a major fruit of temperate Himalayas, is sprayed with chemical pesticides around 12 times during the cropping season. Various systemic and contact fungicides are applied for the management of major diseases. In order to manage disease, flusilazole 40 EC is frequently used. However, excessive chemical application has been found to be detrimental for consumer safety. Keeping in view consumer safety, risk assessment, the half-life and waiting period for flusilazole 40 EC were evaluated on the Red Velox variety of apple. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method and high-performance liquid chromatography were adapted for sample processing and analysis, respectively. The recovery percentages of flusilazole at three fortification levels (0.04, 0.09 and 0.50 mg kg-1) were 98.85, 99.83 and 98.98%, respectively. Flusilazole at the recommended dose (80 g a.i. ha-1) left an initial deposit of 0.733 mg kg-1, which dissipated by 93.45% in 60 days and was non-detectable beyond this period. Meanwhile flusilazole at double the recommended dose (160 g a.i. ha-1) left an initial deposit of 0.913 mg kg-1, which dissipated by 93.43% in 70 days and was non-detectable beyond this period. Based on the maximum residue limit of 0.3 mg kg-1 as prescribed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, a waiting period of 28.74 and 46.03 days was recorded for single and double doses, respectively. Moreover, in order to assess the consumer risk, theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRCs) were derived using flusilazole residues (average and maximum) recorded at various time intervals and compared with the maximum permissible intake, which was found to be 0.42 mg per person per day. Based on the average per capita daily consumption of 6.76 g apple in India, the TMRC values were computed. Although the values of TMRC decreased below maximum permissible intake at the first day after application, indicating minimal consumer health risks, fruits sprayed with a double dose of flusilazole carried the risk even up to the tenth day after flusilazole application. The results of the present study will be valuable for safe and timely use of flusilazole on apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Amin
- Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Sopore, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Parveez Ahmad Sheikh
- Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Sopore, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ishrat Jan
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Baby Summuna
- Directorate of Research, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Fayaz Ahmad Mohiddin
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Anantnag, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Modern Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides in Grapes: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111623. [PMID: 35681373 PMCID: PMC9180315 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, research on the determination of pesticides in food products is very popular. Information obtained from research conducted so far mainly concerns the development of a methodology to determine the content of pesticides in food products. However, they do not describe the content of the pesticide used in viticulture in the resulting product. Over the past decade, this study has examined analytical methodologies for assessing pesticide residues in grapes. Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Springer databases were searched for relevant publications. The phrases “pesticides” and “grapes” and their combinations were used to search for articles. The titles and annotations of the extracted articles have been read and studied to ensure that they meet the review criteria. The selected articles were used to compile a systematic review based on scientific research and reliable sources. The need to study the detection of pesticide residues in grapes using advanced analytical methods is confirmed by our systematic review. This review also highlights modern methods of sample preparation, such as QuEChERS, SPME, PLE, dLLME, and ADLL-ME, as well as the most used methods of separation and identification of pesticides in grapes. An overview of the countries where residual grape pesticide amounts are most studied is presented, along with the data on commonly used pesticides to control pests and diseases in grape cultivation. Finally, future possibilities and trends in the analysis of pesticide residues in grapes are discussed by various analytical methods.
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Simultaneous determination of fungicides and carbamates in tobacco by ultra performance convergence chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with modified QuEChERS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A Novel Method for the Determination of Fungicide Residues in Tobacco by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Combined with Pass-Through Solid-Phase Extraction. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gava A, Emer CD, Ficagna E, Fernandes de Andrade S, Fuentefria AM. Occurrence and impact of fungicides residues on fermentation during wine production- A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:943-961. [PMID: 33784228 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1894357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous fungicide spraying is required to eliminate fungal pathogens on grapes. However, this practice is associated with several risks, including contamination and environmental imbalance, as well as toxicity to operators and the induction of resistance in pathogens. In addition, a strong correlation has been reported between the presence of fungicides and the occurrence of issues during alcoholic fermentation, resulting in negative impacts on the sensory quality of the final products. Numerous studies have evaluated residue concentrations of phytosanitary products in grapes, juices, and wines, and a significant number of studies have assessed the impact of different agrochemicals on bioprocesses. However, a review compiling the key results of these studies is currently lacking. This review incorporates results obtained in the last decade from research on the presence of fungicide residues, including azoxystrobin, boscalid, captan, copper, fenhexamid, folpet, pyraclostrobin, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole, and their effects on fermentation kinetics. Practical solutions to mitigate these problems, both in vineyards and industry, are also presented and discussed. This review highlights the constant high fungicidal agent concentrations (greater than 1 or 2 mg L-1) used throughout the winemaking process, with the impact of residues being of particular concern, especially with regard to their effect on yeast activity and the fermentation process. Thus, the adoption of methodologies that allow winemakers to control and trace these residues is an important step in avoiding or reducing fermentation problems throughout the winemaking process.[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Gava
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cassandro Davi Emer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Evandro Ficagna
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), Campus Bento Gonçalves, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | - Saulo Fernandes de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Dikmen Y, Güleryüz A, Metin B, Bodur S, Öner M, Bakırdere S. A novel and rapid extraction protocol for sensitive and accurate determination of prochloraz in orange juice samples: Vortex-assisted spraying-based fine droplet formation liquid-phase microextraction before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4622. [PMID: 33210452 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel, ecofriendly, and easy extraction and preconcentration method named as vortex-assisted spraying-based fine droplet formation liquid-phase microextraction was proposed for the determination of prochloraz at trace levels in orange juice samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this novel system, extraction solvent is dispersed by the help of spraying apparatus instead of dispersive solvent. Various parameters of the method were carefully optimized to increase signal-to-noise ratio of the analyte. Under the optimum chromatographic and extraction conditions, limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated as 3.2 and 10.8 μg/kg, respectively. Moreover, enhancement in quantification power for the GC-MS system was determined as 372 folds based on LOQ comparison. Relative recovery results for orange juice samples were found to be between 95.0-107.7% by utilizing matrix matching calibration. Furthermore, the developed method may be used to efficiently and simply extract other organic compounds for their determinations in several matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaren Dikmen
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Aybüke Güleryüz
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Berfin Metin
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Miray Öner
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Piyade Street, No: 27, Çankaya, Ankara, 06690, Turkey
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