1
|
Smolkova D, Moravcova D, Lavicka J. Evaluation of solid-phase extraction sorbents for purification of oligosaccharides and glycans derivatized by positively charged labels followed by capillary electrophoretic analysis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300705. [PMID: 38095448 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The sample preparation including labeling and clean-up represents a key analytical step in the analysis of oligosaccharides and glycans by either chromatographic or electrophoretic separation methods. Although the majority of labeling has been performed by neutral and/or negatively charged tags, the introduction of a positive charge into the saccharide molecule can significantly improve the analysis, especially with mass spectrometry detection. In this work, we present the evaluation of five solid-phase extraction sorbents differing in extraction chemistry for the clean-up and concentration of positively labeled maltooligosaccharides from the reaction mixtures. Maltooligosaccharides containing four to seven glucose units were labeled by cationic tags (2-aminoethyl)trimethylammonium chloride and (carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium chloride hydrazide and the extraction conditions were optimized followed by electrophoretic analysis with conductivity detection. The effects of the solid-phase extraction sorbent chemistry, extraction conditions, and sample composition are discussed. All tested sorbents were capable of cleaning up maltooligosaccharides from the reaction mixtures to some extent after optimization of the solid-phase extraction procedure (51.9%-98.9% recovery). The best-rated amide-based sorbent was used to process the sample of N-linked glycans enzymatically released from ribonuclease B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Smolkova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Moravcova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Lavicka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu M, Huang S, Tan L, Pan J, Xie S, Zuilhof H, Chen B, Ma M. A simple and low-energy strategy for the separation of water and acetonitrile. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300426. [PMID: 37582650 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
As acetonitrile is a widely used solvent for the chemical industry, the recovery of acetonitrile from acetonitrile wastewater is significant for both industrial cost reduction and environmental protection. In this article, a simple, low-energy, and low-cost strategy is proposed for the effective separation of acetonitrile from high-concentration acetonitrile wastewater. The approach is based on a sequential combination of two steps: salt-induced phase separation and hydrophobic filtration. The acetonitrile wastewater was first induced to split into two phases by salt, that is, the acetonitrile-rich phase and the water-rich phase, then the above two phases were poured into the hydrophobic filter paper funnel for the separation. It was shown that NaCl is a suitable salting-out reagent, and that hydrophobic filter papers-obtained from modification by butyltrichlorosilane and octyltrichlorosilane were the optimal choice for hydrophobic filtration. The salt-induced phase separation process is able to increase the volume fraction of acetonitrile in the acetonitrile-rich phase up to 92%. The acetonitrile-rich phase can pass through the hydrophobic filter paper, whereas the water-rich phase was intercepted. The hydrophobic filter paper retained strong hydrophobicity and high acetonitrile-separating capacity after 3 months storage, or upon immersion in acetonitrile-water mixtures for 12 h, or applied for 25 consecutive separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mincong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Si Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linli Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang H, Liu X, Tu M, Xu X, Yang S, Chen D. Current Sample Preparation Methods and Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Synthetic Antioxidants in Edible Oils. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3874-3886. [PMID: 35984364 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants play a critical role in the storage and process of edible oil due to that they can retard lipid oxidation, maintain the quality of oils, and prolong the shelf life. However, a series of studies have proved the potential risks of synthetic antioxidants for human health when consumed in excess, and many countries have established the permitted amounts of synthetic antioxidants in oils. Thus, the accurate quantification of synthetic antioxidants in edible oils is necessary, and there have developed various analytical methods involved in chromatographical, electrochemical, and spectroscopic methods. Owing to the complex matrix and the incompatibility between the oil sample and the detection instrument, sample preparation is usually adopted prior to the instrument detection to improve the detection effectiveness. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recently developed sample preparation methods and analytical techniques applied to determine synthetic antioxidants in edible oils from 2010 to present, with emphasis on the sample preparation methods combined with separation-based analytical techniques such CE and LC with various detectors. The advantages and limitations of some typical analytical methods are discussed and some insights in the future perspectives are also provided in this review. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Menglin Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xia Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tripodi A, Conte F, Robbiano A, Ramis G, Rossetti I. Solid–Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of the System Water, Acetonitrile, and Ammonium Bicarbonate in Multiphase Reacting Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tripodi
- Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
- CNR-ISTM and INSTM Unit Milano-Università, via C. Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Conte
- Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Robbiano
- DICCA, Università degli Studi di Genova and INSTM Unit-Genova, via all’Opera Pia 15A, Genoa 16100, Italy
| | - Gianguido Ramis
- DICCA, Università degli Studi di Genova and INSTM Unit-Genova, via all’Opera Pia 15A, Genoa 16100, Italy
| | - Ilenia Rossetti
- Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
- CNR-ISTM and INSTM Unit Milano-Università, via C. Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hammad SF, Abdallah IA, Bedair A, Mansour FR. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction as an alternative sample preparation technique for biomedical analysis. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:185-209. [PMID: 34472701 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid extraction is a widely used technique of sample preparation in biomedical analysis. In spite of the high pre-concentration capacities of liquid-liquid extraction, it suffers from a number of limitations including time and effort consumption, large organic solvent utilization, and poor performance in highly polar analytes. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is an alternative sample preparation technique that overcomes some drawbacks of conventional liquid-liquid extraction, and allows employing greener organic solvents in sample treatment. In homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction, a homogeneous phase is formed between the aqueous sample and the water-miscible extractant, followed by chemically or physically induced phase separation. To form the homogeneous phase, aqueous samples are mixed with water-miscible organic solvents, water-immiscible solvents/cosolvents, surfactants, or smart polymers. Then, phase separation is induced chemically (adding salt, sugar, or buffer) or physically (changing temperature or pH). This mode is rapid, sustainable, and cost-effective in comparison with other sample preparation techniques. Moreover, homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is more suitable for the extraction of delicate macromolecules such as enzymes, hormones, and proteins and it is more compatible with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, which is a vital technique in metabolomics and proteomics. In this review, the principle, types, applications, automation, and technical aspects of homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Alaa Bedair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdallah IA, Hammad SF, Bedair A, Mansour FR. Sugaring-out induced homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction as an alternative mode for biological sample preparation: A comparative study. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3117-3125. [PMID: 34101992 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of liquid-liquid extraction is a growing field of sample preparation to reduce solvent consumption, protect the environment, and preserve operators' health. In this work, four different modes of liquid-liquid microextraction have been compared including dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, binary and ternary salting-out, and sugaring-out induced liquid-liquid microextraction. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by the enrichment factors of 14 different drugs from three pharmacological classes. Compared with the other modes, sugaring-out induced liquid-liquid microextraction was found to be the most efficient and, thus, it was applied for sample preparation of the antivirals in human plasma. Method optimization was performed using response surface methodology for the sugar type and amount (in mg), the sample pH, the equilibration time (in min), and the extractant volume (in µL). The method was then validated and found linear in the concentration range of 0.10-10 µg/mL for daclatasvir, 0.05-10 µg/mL for velpatasvir, and 0.20-10 µg/mL for ledipasvir, with correlation coefficients in the range 0.996-0.999. These results shows that sugaring-out induced liquid-liquid microextraction could be a more efficient microextraction mode for preparation of biological samples. Compared with other types of microextraction, sugaring-out induced liquid-liquid microextraction is greener, simpler, and cost-effective, with less tendency to affect the sample pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Alaa Bedair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|