Optimization of an ultrasound‐assisted alcohol‐based deep eutectic solvent dispersive liquid‐phase microextraction for separation and preconcentration of quercetin in wine and food samples with response surface methodology

Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction and Preconcentration of Organic and Inorganic Species in Water and Food Samples: A Review

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been developed as green solvents and these are capable as alternatives to conventional solvents used for the extraction of organic and inorganic species from food and water samples. The continuous generation of contaminated waste and increasing concern for the human health and environment have compelled the scientific community to investigate more ecological schemes. In this concern, the use of DESs have developed in one of the chief approach in the field of chemistry. These solvents have appeared as a capable substitute to conventional hazardous solvents and ionic liquids. The DESs has distinctive properties, easy preparation and components availability. It is not only used in scienctific fields but also used in quotidian life. There are many advantages of DESs in analytical chemistry, they are largely used for extraction and determination of inorganic and organic compounds from different samples. In previous a few years, several advanced researches have been focused on the separation and preconcentration of low level of pollutants using DESs as the extractants. This review summarizes the use of DESs in the separation and preconcentration of organic and inorganic species from water and food samples using various microextraction processes.

Optimization of extraction process of 15 bioactive compounds from Qing Fei Yi Huo tablets using response surface methodology

Qing Fei Yi Huo tablets (QFYHT) can relieve the clinical symptoms of acute bronchitis, and is widely prescribed in China. However, the quality standard of QFTHT lacks quantitative assessment. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an effective method for the extraction and analyses of its bioactive components.This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of QFYHT and establish a method for the simultaneous quantification of 15 components. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) experiment was employed with three factors (solvent volume, extraction time and ultrasonic power) to optimize the extraction conditions, and the total content of 15 components was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method. The total extracted content of 15 components was the highest when 100% methanol was used as the solvent, and the solvent volume was 22 mL, extraction time was 30 min and ultrasonic power was 350 w. The 15 components showed a good linear relationship (r ≥ 0.9998) within a concentration range. The precision, stability and repeatability of this method were satisfactory, and the average recovery rates ranged from 98.08% ∼ 102.87%. These findings demonstrate that optimization of extraction conditions by RSM can significantly improve the ultrasonic extraction rate of the 15 bioactive components of QFYHT. The quantification method is simple, accurate, reliable and practical, and can provide reference for improving the quality control of QFYHT.

Chemometric approach for the spectrophotometric determination of chloramphenicol in various food matrices: Using natural deep eutectic solvents

A novel, simple and green temperature controlled-natural deep eutectic solvent emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction (TC-NADES-LLME) coupled with UV-vis spectrophotometry was optimized for preconcentration and measurement of chloramphenicol (CAP) in eggs, milks honeys and chicken meat. Four different NADES were prepared and investigated for the efficient extraction of CAP. The important parameters (pH, NADES-3 vol, Fe(III) amount and extraction temperature) affecting the extraction efficiency of the TC-NADES-LLME procedure were investigated and optimized using a chemometric approach. In this study, Fe(III), NADES-3 and extraction temperature were used as complexing agent, extraction solvent and emulator accelerator, respectively. Using optimized values, the linear range of the TC-NADES-LLME procedure was in the range of 0.1-300 µg L^-1 with a coefficient of determination of 0.9991. The detection limit and enhancement factor were 0.03 µg L^-1 and 285, respectively. The precision of the method has been confirmed in repeatability and reproducibility studies. Relative standard deviation of these studieswas<4.2 %. The matrix effect was investigated by adding three different CAP concentrations to the selected samples, and the results indicated the low matrix effect of the method. The TC-NADES-LLME procedure was successfully applied to determine and extract CAP in the selected samples.

Antimicrobial and antiviral activity of selenium sulphide nanoparticles synthesised in extracts from spices in natural deep eutectic solvents (NDES)

Selenium sulphide is a well-known bioactive chemical, but its preparation in nanometric form stabilised in water has not been widely reported. In the article, extracts of cinnamon, curcumin, and pepper obtained using natural deep eutectic solvents (NDES) were used to obtain stable selenium sulphide nanoparticles. The analysis confirmed that selenium sulphide nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 28–44 nm and a particle size of approximately 500 nm were successfully synthesised. The use of NDES stabilised the SeS₂ nanoparticles and increased their bioactivity towards microorganisms. The obtained systems revealed high biocidal and antiviral activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans strains, Human influenza virus A/H1N1, and Betacoronavirus 1 (Human coronavirus HCoV-OC43). The SeS₂ nanoparticles obtained in the NDES extract of curcuma strongly inhibited the growth of pathogenic fungi and bacteria with minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) values of 117.2, 117.2, 117.2, and 468.8 mg/dm³ against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and C. albicans, respectively. The suspensions containing selenium sulphide nanoparticles stabilised by spice extracts were also highly active against influenza viruses and B-coronavirus, showing a reduction of over 99%.

The Potential of Microextraction Techniques for the Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Food

For a long time, the importance of sample preparation and extraction in the analytical performance of the most diverse methodologies have been neglected. Cumbersome techniques, involving high sample and solvent volumes have been gradually miniaturized from solid-phase and liquid-liquid extractions formats and microextractions approaches are becoming the standard in different fields of research. In this context, this review is devoted to the analysis of bioactive compounds in foods using different microextraction approaches reported in the literature since 2015. But microextraction also represents an opportunity to mitigate the environmental impact of organic solvents usage, as well as lab equipment. For this reason, in the recent literature, phenolics and alkaloids extraction from fruits, medicinal herbs, juices, and coffee using different miniaturized formats of solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid microextraction are the most popular applications. However, more ambitious analytical limits are continuously being reported and emergent sorbents based on carbon nanotubes and magnetic nanoparticles will certainly contribute to this trend. Additionally, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents constitute already the most recent forefront of innovation, substituting organic solvents and further improving the current microextraction approaches.

Sugaring-out induced homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction as an alternative mode for biological sample preparation: A comparative study

Miniaturization of liquid-liquid extraction is a growing field of sample preparation to reduce solvent consumption, protect the environment, and preserve operators' health. In this work, four different modes of liquid-liquid microextraction have been compared including dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, binary and ternary salting-out, and sugaring-out induced liquid-liquid microextraction. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by the enrichment factors of 14 different drugs from three pharmacological classes. Compared with the other modes, sugaring-out induced liquid-liquid microextraction was found to be the most efficient and, thus, it was applied for sample preparation of the antivirals in human plasma. Method optimization was performed using response surface methodology for the sugar type and amount (in mg), the sample pH, the equilibration time (in min), and the extractant volume (in µL). The method was then validated and found linear in the concentration range of 0.10-10 µg/mL for daclatasvir, 0.05-10 µg/mL for velpatasvir, and 0.20-10 µg/mL for ledipasvir, with correlation coefficients in the range 0.996-0.999. These results shows that sugaring-out induced liquid-liquid microextraction could be a more efficient microextraction mode for preparation of biological samples. Compared with other types of microextraction, sugaring-out induced liquid-liquid microextraction is greener, simpler, and cost-effective, with less tendency to affect the sample pH.

In-syringe ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with HPLC for the determination of trans,trans-muconic acid in human urine sample

trans,trans-Muconic acid has been widely used as a biomarker in biological monitoring of benzene-exposed workers during routine occupational health services. In the present study, a novel microextraction technique, in-syringe ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, was implemented for preconcentration of trans,trans-muconic acid followed by analytical determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Moreover, the important variables affecting the performance of applied microextraction technique including needle diameter, volume of the spiked sample, volume of the ionic liquid, salt addition, rotation speed of centrifugation, centrifuge time, and ultrasonic time were optimized by experimental design. A good linear relationship was observed at the range of 0.032-10 μg/mL between the peak area and the concentration levels (R²  = 0.9997). The limit of detection and extraction recovery for trans,trans-muconic acid were 0.011 μg/mL and >96.2%, respectively. This method provided easy and rapid analysis of low amounts of trans,trans-muconic acid in human urine with simple equipment.