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Bo S, Chang SK, Chen Y, Sheng Z, Jiang Y, Yang B. The structure characteristics, biosynthesis and health benefits of naturally occurring rare flavonoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2490-2512. [PMID: 36123801 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rare flavonoids, a special subclass of naturally occurring flavonoids with diverse structures including pterocarpans, aurones, neoflavonoids, homoisoflavones, diphenylpropanes, rotenoids and 2-phenylethyl-chromones. They are mainly found in legumes with numerous health benefits. Rare flavonoids are regarded as minor flavonoids due to their very limited abundance in nature. This review gives an overview of the natural occurrences of rare flavonoids from previous literatures. Recent findings on the biosynthesis of rare flavonoids have been updated by describing their structural characteristics and classifications. Recent findings on the health benefits of rare flavonoids have also been compiled and discussed. Natural rare flavonoids with various characteristics from different subclasses from plant-based food sources are stated. They show a wide range of health benefits, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis and antiviral activities. Studies reviewed suggest that rare flavonoids possessing different skeletons demonstrate different characteristic bioactivities by discussing their mechanism of actions and structure-activity relationships. Besides, recent advances on the biosynthesis of rare flavonoids, such as pterocarpans, rotenoids and aurones are well-known, while the biosynthesis of other subclasses remain unknown. The perspectives and further applications of rare flavonoids using metabolic engineering strategies also be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Bo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul, Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Yipeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Sheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li S, Liu H, Zhang C, An D, Zhao X, Liu W, Cheng X, Qu H, Zhou H, Yang T, Wang C. Serum Pharmacochemistry and Pharmacokinetics of Major Components after Oral Administration Luhong Recipe in Rats by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5497. [PMID: 36049042 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Luhong recipe (LHR) is an empirical prescription for the treatment of chronic heart failure for a long time, with safety, reliability and significant efficacy. However, its pharmacokinetics have not been studied. This study was to establish a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, psoralen, isopsoralen in rat plasma, and apply it to the pharmacokinetic study of LHR after oral administration. These six analytes were ionized by electrospray positive ionization (ESI+ ). The MS/MS transitions used for monitoring is successively converted to m/z 839.3→369.1, m/z 809.2→369.1, m/z 823.3→369.1, m/z 677.2→205.2, m/z 187.1→115.2 and m/z 230→120.9. The linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, matrix effect and recovery of the established method were within the acceptable range. It was suitable for the determination of six analytes after oral administration LHR. The pharmacokinetic results showed the time to reach the peak concentration (Tmax ) was 0.17-13.5h, the peak concentration (Cmax ) was 109.23-980 ng/mL, the area under the concentration time curve (AUC(0-t) ) was 65.48-8846.08 ng·h/mL, and the apparent distribution volume (Vd) was 24772-896132 mL/kg. These results provided a meaningful basis for formulating the clinical dose regimen of LHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanze Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingbang An
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyan Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Aquilaria Species (Thymelaeaceae) Distribution, Volatile and Non-Volatile Phytochemicals, Pharmacological Uses, Agarwood Grading System, and Induction Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247708. [PMID: 34946790 PMCID: PMC8703820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Agarwood is a highly valuable fragrant wood of Aquilaria spp. (Thymelaeaceae) which has been widely utilized in traditional medicine, religious rites, and cultural activities. This study summarizes a review on the identification of Aquilaria cultivars, volatile and non-volatile phytochemicals, pharmacological uses, and agarwood grading system to determine its quality, and different agarwood induction methods. Due to the highly demanding and depleted natural resources, the research on agarwood is still insufficient, and it has broad research and development prospects in many industries. However, due to the significant scientific nature of agarwood application, developing high-quality products and drugs from agarwood have become highly important, while no one has discussed in detail the phytochemicals uses and provided a summary until now. The main phytochemicals of agarwood include terpenoids, dominated by sesquiterpenes. For centuries, terpenoids have been used in traditional Chinese medicine and have been shown to possess various pharmacological properties, including bacteriostatic, antibacterial, sedation, analgesia, anti-inflammation, anti-asthmatic, hypoglycemic, antidepressant, and many others. Alongside biological activity screening, phytochemical advances and pharmacological research have also made certain progress. Therefore, this review discusses the research progress of agarwood in recent years and provides a reference basis for further study of Aquilaria plants and agarwood.
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Xie B, Jiang SQ, Shen XL, Wu HQ, Hu YJ. Pharmacokinetics, plasma protein binding, and metabolism of a potential natural chemosensitizer from Marsdenia tenacissima in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114544. [PMID: 34419608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn is a medicinal plant mainly distributed in southwest China. It is used in folk medicine for the treatment of tumors and is synergistic with chemotherapies. In our previous study, 11α-O-2-methybutyryl-12β-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin B (MT2), a main steroid aglycone isolated from the total aglycones of M. tenacissima, significantly enhanced the in vivo antitumor effect of paclitaxel in mice bearing human tumor xenografts, showing its potential as a chemosensitizer. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics, plasma protein binding rate, and metabolic profile of MT2 remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the pharmacokinetic characteristics, plasma protein binding rate, and metabolic profile of MT2 in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS MT2 in rat plasma and phosphate-buffered saline was quantified using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method, while the MT2 metabolites in rat liver microsomes were analyzed using UPLC-triple time-of-flight MS/MS. RESULTS For intravenously administered MT2, the maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve indicated dose dependency, while the elimination half-life time, the mean residence time, apparent volume of distribution and total apparent clearance values remained relatively unchanged in both the 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg groups. For orally administered MT2, the bioavailability was 1.08-1.11%. In rat plasma, MT2 exhibited a protein binding rate of 93.84-94.96%. In rat liver microsomes, MT2 was metabolized by oxidation alone or in combination with demethylation, and five MT2 metabolites were identified. CONCLUSION MT2 has low oral bioavailability and a high plasma protein binding rate in rats. After administration, MT2 is transformed into oxidative metabolites in the liver. To achieve a high blood concentration of MT2, it should be administered intravenously. These findings would serve as a reference for further MT2-based pharmacological study and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, Guangdong, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Qi Jiang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Shen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Qin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ying-Jie Hu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
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