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Kiani A, Arabameri M, Shariatifar N, Mehraie A, Tooryan F, Ghanbariasad A, Shahsavari S. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in dairy products by modified QuEChERS/GC-QqQ-MS/MS method: A risk assessment study. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2895-2906. [PMID: 37324912 PMCID: PMC10261810 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are harmful chemicals that are persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain. The purpose of the present research was to assess non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) in some dairy products (yogurt, doogh, and kashk) using modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) technique and gas chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) method and risk assessment study. The LOQs (limit of quantifications), LODs (limit of detections), recovery, and RSD for the PCB analytes were 0.180-0.360, 0.06-0.12 ng/g fat, 97.45-102.63%, and 6.33-8.86%, respectively. The results revealed that the mean concentrations of Ʃ6-NDL-PCBs in samples were 15.17 ± 3.44 ng/g fat, which was lower than the standard level established by European Union (EU, 40 ng/g fat). The maximum mean level was PCB 180 (9.98 ± 2.04 ng/g fat) and the minimum mean level of PCBs in samples was PCB 28 (0.09 ± 0.06 ng/g fat). Also, results showed that kashk samples had a maximum mean level of 6-NDL-PCBs (18.66 ± 2.42 ng/g fat) and doogh samples had a minimum mean level of 6-NDL-PCBs (12.21 ± 2.22 ng/g fat). The mean level of 6-NDL-PCBs in yogurt samples was 14.65 ± 2.02 ng/g fat. The heat map results showed the correlation between the spectral indices of 6-NDL-PCBs in different dairy products. According to the Monte Carlo method, risk assessment was done using calculating the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR). The EDI values of 6 NDL-PCBs based on the 95th percentile in yogurt, doogh, and kashk were 14.3, 1.49, and 0.5 ng/kg.day, respectively. Considering that the contaminant level in the samples is lower than the EU limit, it can be concluded that dietary exposure to 6 NDL-PCBs may not pose a risk to the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kiani
- Department of Public Health, School of Public HealthFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research CenterFood and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education Tehran Islamic Republic of IranTehranIran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abbas Mehraie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Fahimeh Tooryan
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAmol University of Special Modern TechnologiesAmolIran
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Graduate Group, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisUSA
| | - Ali Ghanbariasad
- Department of Medical BiotechnologiesFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Saeed Shahsavari
- Health Products Safety Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Gutierrez AM, Dziubla TD, Hilt JZ. The Impact of Solution Ionic Strength, Hardness, and pH on the Sorption Efficiency of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Magnetic Nanocomposite Microparticle (MNM) Gels. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040344. [PMID: 37102956 PMCID: PMC10137716 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions of groundwater and surface water greatly vary as a function of location. Factors such as ionic strength, water hardness, and solution pH can change the physical and chemical properties of the nanocomposites used in remediation and the pollutants of interest. In this work, magnetic nanocomposite microparticle (MNM) gels are used as sorbents for remediation of PCB 126 as model organic contaminant. Three MNM systems are used: curcumin multiacrylate MNMs (CMA MNMs), quercetin multiacrylate MNMs (QMA MNMs), and polyethylene glycol-400-dimethacrylate MNMs (PEG MNMs). The effect of ionic strength, water hardness, and pH were studied on the sorption efficiency of the MNMs for PCB 126 by performing equilibrium binding studies. It is seen that the ionic strength and water hardness have a minimal effect on the MNM gel system sorption of PCB 126. However, a decrease in binding was observed when the pH increased from 6.5 to 8.5, attributed to anion-π interactions between the buffer ions in solution and the PCB molecules as well as with the aromatic rings of the MNM gel systems. Overall, the results indicate that the developed MNM gels can be used as magnetic sorbents for polychlorinated biphenyls in groundwater and surface water remediation, provided that the solution pH is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Gutierrez
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Thomas D Dziubla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - J Zach Hilt
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Azari A, Abtahi M, Saeedi R, Yari AR, Vaziri MH, Mohammadi G. Integrated ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction for efficient determination and pre-concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3139-3149. [PMID: 35789060 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, an ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry hybrid system was developed for extraction/determination of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran using magnetite graphene oxide adsorbent. The magnetite graphene oxide was characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating-sample magnetometer techniques. The highest extraction recovery (73.05 to 95.56%) and enrichment factor (90.65 to 106.38) were obtained at adsorbent mass: 10 mg, adsorption time: 30 min, salt addition: sodium chloride 10% w/v, desorption time: 20 min, eluent type: hexane: acetone (1:1, v/v), and desorption solvent volumes: 200 μL. Under optimum conditions, the linearity range for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination was 0.2-200 ng mL-1 with coefficient of determination> 0.993, limit of detection = 0.09-0.21 ng mL-1 , limit of quantitation = 0.3-0.7 ng mL-1 , and relative standard deviation < 8.1%, respectively. Relative recoveries in spiked real samples ranged from 94.67 to 109.45 % with standard deviation < 6.05%. The proposed method is effective, sensitive, reusable and it is promising for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons residues in environmental samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azari
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Abtahi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Yari
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Vaziri
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zeng H, Zhang X, Zhen Q, He Y, Wang H, Zhu Y, Sun Q, Ding M. Dual-Template Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Simultaneous Determination of Spot Urine Metanephrines and 3-Methoxytyramine for the Diagnosis of Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113520. [PMID: 35684457 PMCID: PMC9182035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel dual-template magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) was synthesized to extract normetanephrine (NMN), metanephrine (MN) and 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) from spot urine samples. As the adsorbent of dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE), the MMIP was prepared using dopamine and MN as dual templates, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinking reagent and magnetic nanoparticles as the magnetic core. NMN, MN, 3-MT and creatinine (Cr) in spot urine samples were selectively enriched by d-SPE and detected by HPLC-fluorescence detection/ultraviolet detection. The peak area (A) ratios of NMN, MN and 3-MT to Cr were used for the diagnosis of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs). The results showed that the adsorption efficiencies of MMIP for target analytes were all higher than 89.0%, and the coefficient variation precisions of intra-assay and inter-assay for the analytes were within 4.9% and 6.3%, respectively. The recoveries of the analytes were from 93.2% to 112.8%. The MMIP was still functional within 14 days and could be reused at least seven times. The d-SPE and recommended solid-phase extraction (SPE) were both used to pretreat spot urine samples from 18 PPGLs patients and 22 healthy controls. The correlation coefficients of ANMN/ACr and AMN/ACr between d-SPE and SPE were both higher than 0.95. In addition, the areas under the receiver operator curves for spot urine ANMN/ACr, AMN/ACr and plasma free NMN and MN were 0.975, 0.773 and 0.990, 0.821, respectively, indicating the two methods had the similar performances. The d-SPE method took only 20 min, which was effective in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qianna Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yifan He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Haoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Min Ding
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (Q.S.)
- Correspondence:
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