1
|
Zheng L, Wang M, Li Y, Xiong Y, Wu C. Recycling and Degradation of Polyamides. Molecules 2024; 29:1742. [PMID: 38675560 PMCID: PMC11052090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the five major engineering plastics, polyamide brings many benefits to humans in the fields of transportation, clothing, entertainment, health, and more. However, as the production of polyamide increases year by year, the pollution problems it causes are becoming increasingly severe. This article reviews the current recycling and treatment processes of polyamide, such as chemical, mechanical, and energy recovery, and degradation methods such as thermal oxidation, photooxidation, enzyme degradation, etc. Starting from the synthesis mechanism of polyamide, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment methods of polyamide to obtain more environmentally friendly and economical treatment schemes. Finding enzymes that can degrade high-molecular-weight polyamides, exploring the recovery of polyamides under mild conditions, synthesizing environmentally degradable polyamides through copolymerization or molecular design, and finally preparing degradable bio-based polyamides may be the destination of polyamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Mengjin Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaoqin Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Xiong
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Chonggang Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang B, Song W, Xing R, Liu S, Yu H, Li P. The source, activity influencing factors and biological activities for future development of chitin deacetylase. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121335. [PMID: 37739548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA), a prominent member of the carbohydrate esterase enzyme family 4 (CE4), is found ubiquitously in bacteria, fungi, insects, and crustaceans. This metalloenzyme plays a pivotal role in recognizing and selectively removing acetyl groups from chitin, thus offering an environmentally friendly and biologically-driven preparation method for chitosan with immense industrial potential. Due to its diverse origins, CDAs sourced from different organisms exhibit unique functions, optimal pH ranges, and temperature preferences. Furthermore, certain organic reagents can induce structural changes in CDAs, influencing their catalytic activity. Leveraging CDA's capabilities extends beyond chitosan biocatalysis, as it demonstrates promising application value in agricultural pest control. In this paper, the source, reaction mechanism, influencing factors, the fermentation methods and applications of CDA are reviewed, which provides theoretical help for the research and application of CDA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Liang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Wen Song
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Novikov VY, Derkach SR, Konovalova IN, Dolgopyatova NV, Kuchina YA. Mechanism of Heterogeneous Alkaline Deacetylation of Chitin: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071729. [PMID: 37050343 PMCID: PMC10097213 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an analysis of experimental results on the study of alkaline heterogeneous deacetylation of chitin obtained by the authors and also published in the literature. A detailed analysis of the reaction kinetics was carried out considering the influence of numerous factors: reaction reversibility, crystallinity and porosity of chitin, changes in chitin morphology during washing, alkali concentration, diffusion of hydroxide ions, and hydration of reacting particles. A mechanism for the chitin deacetylation reaction is proposed, taking into account its kinetic features in which the decisive role is assigned to the effects of hydration. It has been shown that the rate of chitin deacetylation increases with a decrease in the degree of hydration of hydroxide ions in a concentrated alkali solution. When the alkali concentration is less than the limit of complete hydration, the reaction practically does not occur. Hypotheses have been put forward to explain the decrease in the rate of the reaction in the second flat portion of the kinetic curve. The first hypothesis is the formation of “free” water, leading to the hydration of chitin molecules and a decrease in the reaction rate. The second hypothesis postulates the formation of a stable amide anion of chitosan, which prevents the nucleophilic attack of the chitin macromolecule by hydroxide ions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Akizuki M, Oshima Y. Kinetics of N-Substituted Amide Hydrolysis in Hot Compressed Water Using ZrO2 Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Akizuki
- Department of
Environment Systems, Graduate
School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
| | - Yoshito Oshima
- Department of
Environment Systems, Graduate
School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan MN. Can a Typical Protein Assist the Rate of its Own Aqueous Cleavage? PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2010. [DOI: 10.3184/146867810x12700573609126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A recent finding of a large rate enhancement in the intramolecular secondary amide group-assisted cleavage of an adjacent tertiary amide bond predicts the possibility of the cleavage of the peptide bond of a protein through a similar reaction mechanism. Based upon enzymatic partial model reactions, the usual proton-switch mechanism has been suggested for the acylation step of the chymotrypsin–catalysed cleavage of the peptide bond which does not favour a His57-shift mechanism - an essential component of the classical charge relay mechanism. Also, the proton-switch mechanism does not necessarily require the two proton-transfer of the classical charge relay mechanism. The unique structural feature of the imidazole moiety of His57 is concluded to be essential in decreasing the rate of collapse of the proposed reactive tetrahedral intermediate back to the reactants. The proposed intramolecular intimate ion-pair formation between anionic Asp102 and cationic His57 is attributed to the energetically preferred location of the proton at Nδ1 of the imidazole moiety of His57. Thus, the analysis described in this review does not favour the necessary requirements of a two proton-transfer and His57-shift as proposed in the classical charge relay mechanism as well as the relatively recently proposed His57-flip mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Niyaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Faculty of Science, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sim YL, Khan MN. Kinetics and mechanism of tertiary amine-catalyzed cleavage of N′-morpholino- N-(2′-methoxyphenyl)phthalamide: Kinetic evidence for the presence of a reactive intermediate on the reaction path. INT J CHEM KINET 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|