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Redox reactions of tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(III) complex with thiourea and N-methylthiourea in an aqueous acidic medium: Kinetics and mechanism. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang W, Luo H, Li F, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Feng N, Liu Y. Electrooxidation of Formamidine Disulfide Simultaneously Investigated by On-Line High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Cyclic Voltammetry. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1074-1080. [PMID: 34676686 PMCID: PMC8532009 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The electro-oxidation of formamidine disulfide, an important sulfur-containing compound, was simultaneously investigated with on-line high-performance liquid chromatography and cyclic voltammetry. Using a home-made microporous sampler located at the electrode interface, the solution on the electrode surface was in situ sampled and analyzed. The electrochemical scanning was synchronously performed, which allowed the electro-oxidation products to be detected at a given potential. The main products on the surface of platinum electrode were found to be thiourea, formamidine sulfinic acid, cyanamide, and elemental sulfur. Forced convection arising from the sampling played an important role in the electrochemical oxidation. The extraction of electrode surface solution promoted the renewal of reactant and its intermediates, which induced the change of cyclic voltammetry curve. The forced convection also contributed to the redox peak current of the species on the cyclic voltammetry curves through the change of concentration of reactant and its intermediates. This technique can help to explore the reaction mechanism of complex electrochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceZaozhuang UniversityZaozhuangChina
| | - Hainan Luo
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceZaozhuang UniversityZaozhuangChina
| | - Fengli Li
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceZaozhuang UniversityZaozhuangChina
| | - Baoying Zhang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceZaozhuang UniversityZaozhuangChina
| | - Yuyan Zhao
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceZaozhuang UniversityZaozhuangChina
| | - Na Feng
- College of Chemical EngineeringYangzhou Polytechnic InstituteYangzhouChina
| | - Yang Liu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceZaozhuang UniversityZaozhuangChina
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Hu Y, Li W, Wang G, Pan C, Ji C, Gao Q. Kinetics on the Oxidation of Aminoiminomethanesulfonic Acid by Hypochlorous Acid: A Novel Product in the Chlorination of Aminoiminomethanesulfonic Acid. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu province P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 2221111, Jiangsu province P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 2221111, Jiangsu province P. R. China
| | - Guichang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and the Tianjin Key Lab and Molecule-based Material Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Changwei Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 2221111, Jiangsu province P. R. China
| | - Chen Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 2221111, Jiangsu province P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 2221111, Jiangsu province P. R. China
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Hu Y, Xie G, Stanbury DM. Oxidations at Sulfur Centers by Aqueous Hypochlorous Acid and Hypochlorite: Cl + Versus O Atom Transfer. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4047-4056. [PMID: 28290673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing compounds are known to be susceptible to oxidation by aqueous HOCl, but the factors affecting the rates of these reactions are not well-established. Here we report on the kinetics of oxidation of thiosulfate, thiourea, thioglycolate, (methylthio)acetate, tetrathionate, dithiodiglycolate, and dithiodipropionate at 25 °C and 0.4 M ionic strength. These reactions obey the general rate law -d[OCl-]/dt = (kOCl-[OCl-] + kHOCl[HOCl])[substrate] with some exceptions: tetrathionate and the two disulfides undergo rate-limiting hydrolysis at high pH, and dithiodiglycolate has an additional term in the rate law that is second order in [substrate]. The reactions of HOCl are believed to have a Cl+ transfer mechanism, and in the case of thiosulfate the rate of hydrolysis of the ClS2O3- intermediate was determined. In the case of thiourea evidence was obtained for thiourea monoxide as a long-lived product. It is shown that sulfite and species with terminal sulfur atoms have kHOCl values in the vicinity of 1 × 109 M-1 s-1, while SCN- and thioethers react somewhat more slowly; tetrathionate, trithionate, and disulfides react much more slowly. Comparison of the rate constants with those for oxidation of these sulfur substrates by H2O2 and [Pt(CN)4Cl2]2- shows that HOCl reacts a few orders of magnitude more rapidly than [Pt(CN)4Cl2]2- and ∼9 orders of magnitude more rapidly than H2O2. Many of the kHOCl values are leveled by the high electrophilicity of HOCl. It is proposed that the kOCl- values correspond to oxygen-atom transfer mechanisms, as supported by LFERS (linear free energy relationships) relating these rate constants to those for reactions of H2O2 and [Pt(CN)4Cl2]2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou 221116, People's Republic of China.,Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Guangyuan Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - David M Stanbury
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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Hu Y, Horváth AK, Duan S, Csekő G, Makarov SV, Gao Q. Mechanism Involving Hydrogen Sulfite Ions, Chlorite Ions, and Hypochlorous Acid as Key Intermediates of the Autocatalytic Chlorine Dioxide–Thiourea Dioxide Reaction. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 2221111, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China, http://www.cumt.edu.cn
| | - Attila K. Horváth
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary, http://www.pte.hu
| | - Sasa Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 2221111, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China, http://www.cumt.edu.cn
| | - György Csekő
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary, http://www.pte.hu
| | - Sergei V. Makarov
- State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevsky str. 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Qingyu Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 2221111, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China, http://www.cumt.edu.cn
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Csekő G, Hu Y, Song Y, Kégl TR, Gao Q, Makarov SV, Horváth AK. Kinetic Evidence of Tautomerism of Thiourea Dioxide in Aqueous Acidic Solutions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Martincigh BS, Mhike M, Morakinyo K, Adigun RA, Simoyi RH. Oxyhalogen–Sulfur Chemistry: Oxidation of a Thiourea Dimer, Formamidine Disulfide, by Chlorine Dioxide. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of formamidine disulfide, FDS, the dimer of thiourea, by aqueous chlorine dioxide has been studied in highly acidic and mildly acidic media. FDS is one of the possible oxidation intermediates formed in the oxidation of thiourea by oxyhalogens to urea and sulfate. The reaction is exceedingly slow, giving urea and sulfate with a stoichiometric ratio of 5 : 14 FDS to chlorine dioxide after an incubation period of up to 72 h and only in highly acidic media which discourages the disproportionation of chlorine dioxide to the oxidatively inert chlorate. Mass spectrometric data suggest that the oxidative pathway proceeds predominantly through the sulfinic acid, proceeding next to the products sulfate and urea, while by-passing the sulfonic acid. Transient formation of the unstable sulfenic acid was also not observed.
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Sahu S, Rani Sahoo P, Patel S, Mishra BK. Oxidation of thiourea and substituted thioureas: a review. J Sulphur Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2010.550294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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DU YR, WANG S, LIN JJ, HUANG SM, ZHOU H. Nonlinear Oxidation of Thiourea in an Unbuffered Medium. CHINESE J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200890320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gao Q, Wang G, Sun Y, Epstein IR. Simultaneous Tracking of Sulfur Species in the Oxidation of Thiourea by Hydrogen Peroxide. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5771-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8003932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Volen Center for Complex Systems, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Guangping Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Volen Center for Complex Systems, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Yanyan Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Volen Center for Complex Systems, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Irving R. Epstein
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Volen Center for Complex Systems, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
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Yang W, Zhou W, Peng K. Structure and stability of thioureate anions with water, DFT calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effect of cationic micelles of cetytrimethylammonium bromide on the oxidation of thiourea by permanganate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Francisco V, Garcia-Rio L, António Moreira J, Stedman G. Kinetic study of an autocatalytic reaction: nitrosation of formamidine disulfide. NEW J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b810761k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fang GY, Xu LN, Li XH, Wang S, Lin JJ, Zhu WH. Theoretical analysis on the structure and properties of thiourea dioxide crystal. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020701504145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Khan SA, Kumar P, Saleem K, Khan Z. A kinetic study of water-soluble colloidal MnO2 formed by the reduction of permanganate by thiourea. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang S, Gao Q, Wang J. Thermodynamic analysis of decomposition of thiourea and thiourea oxides. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:17281-9. [PMID: 16853206 DOI: 10.1021/jp051620v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thiourea has exhibited extremely rich dynamical behavior when being oxidized either through a chemical approach or via an electrochemical method. In this study, thermodynamic properties of thiourea and its oxides are investigated by measuring their thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) simultaneously. Online FT-IR measurements show that products of the thermal decomposition vary significantly with the reaction temperature. In addition to the determination of their apparent activation energy (E), preexponential factor (A), and entropy (DeltaS++), enthalpy (DeltaH++), and Gibbs energy (DeltaG++) of thermal decomposition, our investigation further illustrates that the decomposition kinetics of thiourea and thiourea oxides follows the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami Equation, f (alpha) = n(1 - alpha)[-ln(1 - alpha)](1-1/n) and G(alpha) = [-ln(1 - alpha)](1/n) with n equal to 2, 3.43, and 3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221008
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Olagunju O, Siegel PD, Olojo R, Simoyi RH. Oxyhalogen−Sulfur Chemistry: Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of N-Acetylthiourea by Chlorite and Chlorine Dioxide. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2396-410. [PMID: 16480299 DOI: 10.1021/jp055805d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation reactions of N-acetylthiourea (ACTU) by chlorite and chlorine dioxide were studied in slightly acidic media. The ACTU-ClO(2)(-) reaction has a complex dependence on acid with acid catalysis in pH > 2 followed by acid retardation in higher acid conditions. In excess chlorite conditions the reaction is characterized by a very short induction period followed by a sudden and rapid formation of chlorine dioxide and sulfate. In some ratios of oxidant to reductant mixtures, oligo-oscillatory formation of chlorine dioxide is observed. The stoichiometry of the reaction is 2:1, with a complete desulfurization of the ACTU thiocarbamide to produce the corresponding urea product: 2ClO(2)(-) + CH(3)CONH(NH(2))C=S + H(2)O --> CH(3)CONH(NH(2))C=O + SO(4)(2-) + 2Cl(-) + 2H(+) (A). The reaction of chlorine dioxide and ACTU is extremely rapid and autocatalytic. The stoichiometry of this reaction is 8ClO(2)(aq) + 5CH(3)CONH(NH(2))C=S + 9H(2)O --> 5CH(3)CONH(NH(2))C=O + 5SO(4)(2-) + 8Cl(-) + 18H(+) (B). The ACTU-ClO(2)(-) reaction shows a much stronger HOCl autocatalysis than that which has been observed with other oxychlorine-thiocarbamide reactions. The reaction of chlorine dioxide with ACTU involves the initial formation of an adduct which hydrolyses to eliminate an unstable oxychlorine intermediate HClO(2)(-) which then combines with another ClO(2) molecule to produce and accumulate ClO(2)(-). The oxidation of ACTU involves the successive oxidation of the sulfur center through the sulfenic and sulfinic acids. Oxidation of the sulfinic acid by chlorine dioxide proceeds directly to sulfate bypassing the sulfonic acid. Sulfonic acids are inert to further oxidation and are only oxidized to sulfate via an initial hydrolysis reaction to yield bisulfite, which is then rapidly oxidized. Chlorine dioxide production after the induction period is due to the reaction of the intermediate HOCl species with ClO(2)(-). Oligo-oscillatory behavior arises from the fact that reactions that form ClO(2) are comparable in magnitude to those that consume ClO(2), and hence the assertion of each set of reactions is based on availability of reagents that fuel them. A computer simulation study involving 30 elementary and composite reactions gave a good fit to the induction period observed in the formation of chlorine dioxide and in the autocatalytic consumption of ACTU in its oxidation by ClO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunke Olagunju
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, USA
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Wang WF, Schuchmann MN, Schuchmann HP, Knolle W, von Sonntag J, von Sonntag C. Radical Cations in the OH-Radical-Induced Oxidation of Thiourea and Tetramethylthiourea in Aqueous Solution. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja983275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-feng Wang
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Shanghai Institute for Nuclear Research, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Man Nien Schuchmann
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Shanghai Institute for Nuclear Research, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Heinz-Peter Schuchmann
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Shanghai Institute for Nuclear Research, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Shanghai Institute for Nuclear Research, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Justus von Sonntag
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Shanghai Institute for Nuclear Research, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Clemens von Sonntag
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Shanghai Institute for Nuclear Research, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
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Doona CJ, Stanbury DM. Equilibrium and Redox Kinetics of Copper(II)-Thiourea Complexes. Inorg Chem 1996; 35:3210-3216. [PMID: 11666519 DOI: 10.1021/ic9502077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stopped-flow spectrophotometric measurements identify and determine equilibrium data for thiourea (tu) complexes of copper(II) formed in aqueous solution. In excess Cu(II), the complex ion [Cu(tu)](2+) has a stability constant beta(1) = 2.3 +/- 0.1 M(-)(1) and molar absorptivity at 340 nm of epsilon(1) = (4.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(3) M(-)(1) cm(-)(1) at 25.0 degrees C, 2.48 mM HClO(4), and &mgr; = 464 mM (NaClO(4)). The fast reduction of Cu(II) by excess tu obeys the rate law -d[Cu(II)]/dt = k'[Cu(II)](2)[tu](7) with a value for the ninth-order rate constant k' = (1.60 +/- 0.18) x 10(14) M(-)(8) s(-)(1), which derives from a rate-determining step involving the bimolecular decomposition of two complexed Cu(II) species. Copper(II) catalyzes the reduction of hexachloroiridate(IV) by tu according to the rate law -d[IrCl(6)(2)(-)]/dt = (k(2,unc)[tu](2) + k(1,cat) [tu](5)[Cu(II)])[IrCl(6)(2)(-)]. Least-squares analysis yields values of k(2,unc) and k(1,cat) equaling 385 +/- 4 M(-)(2) s(-)(1) and (3.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(13) M(-)(6) s(-)(1), respectively, at &mgr; = 115 mM (NaClO(4)). The corresponding mechanism has a rate-determining step that involves the oxidation of [Cu(II)(tu)(5)](2+) by [IrCl(6)](2)(-) rather than the bimolecular reaction of two cupric-tu complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Doona
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312
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