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Chibiryaev AM. Structure-guided insights into non-catalytic (α-hydroxy)alkylation of olefins with alcohols. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New experimental data on the mutual reactivity of alcohols and olefins were obtained at 350 °C and a surrogate for olefins was suggested in return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey M. Chibiryaev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lavrentiev Avenue 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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2
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Bolshchikov BD, Tsvetkov VB, Serbin AV. Practical procedure for a theoretical investigation of thermodynamics and kinetics aspects of different-scale radical reactions from addition and cyclization to cyclocopolymerization involving maleic anhydride and divinyl ether. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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3
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. Global and local reactivity indices for electrophilic/nucleophilic free radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4350-8. [PMID: 23685829 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of five DFT reactivity indices, namely, the global electrophilicity ω° and nucleophilicity N° indices, the radical Parr function P, and the local electrophilicity ω and nucleophilicity N indices, for the study of free radicals (FRs) are proposed. Global indices have been tested for a series of 32 FRs having electrophilic and/or nucleophilic activations. As expected, no correlation between the proposed global electrophilicity ω° and global nucleophilicity N° has been found. Analysis of the local electrophilicity ω and nucleophilicity N indices for FRs, together with analysis of the local electrophilicity ωk and nucleophilicity Nk indices for alkenes, allows for an explanation of the regio- and chemoselectivity in radical additions of FRs to alkenes. Finally, an ELF bonding analysis for the C-C bond formation along the nucleophilic addition of 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl FR 28 to methyl acrylate 35 evidences that the new C-C bond is formed by C-to-C coupling of two radical centres, which are properly characterized through the use of the Parr functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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De Vleeschouwer F, Jaque P, Geerlings P, Toro-Labbé A, De Proft F. Regioselectivity of Radical Additions to Substituted Alkenes: Insight from Conceptual Density Functional Theory. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4964-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Av. Republica 275, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Poutsma ML. Comparison of mechanistic models for correlation of activation energies of liquid-phase addition of carbon-centered radicals to terminal olefins. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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6
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De Vleeschouwer F, Van Speybroeck V, Waroquier M, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Electrophilicity and Nucleophilicity Index for Radicals. Org Lett 2007; 9:2721-4. [PMID: 17559221 DOI: 10.1021/ol071038k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radicals can be regarded as electrophilic/nucleophilic, depending on their tendency to attack sites of relatively higher/lower electron density. In this paper, an electrophilicity scale, global as well as local, and a nucleophilicity scale for 35 radicals is reported. The global electrophilicity scale correlates well with the nucleophilicity scale, suggesting that these concepts are inversely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Cieplak P, Kaim A. Theoretical study of the free-radical copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate: Comparative study to the styrene-acrylonitrile monomer system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Cieplak P, Megiel E, Kaim A. Penultimate unit effects in the free-radical copolymerization of styrene with acrylonitrile according to theoretical thermochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Filley J, McKinnon JT, Wu DT, Ko GH. Theoretical Study of Ethylene−Vinyl Acetate Free-Radical Copolymerization: Reactivity Ratios, Penultimate Effects, and Relative Rates of Chain Transfer to Polymer. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011805+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Fischer H, Radom L. Factors Controlling the Addition of Carbon‐Centered Radicals to Alkenes—An Experimental and Theoretical Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1340::aid-anie1340>3.0.co;2-%23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Fischer
- Physikalisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich (Switzerland) Fax: (+41) 1‐6356856
| | - Leo Radom
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200 (Australia)
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Fischer H, Radom L. Was steuert die Additionen kohlenstoffzentrierter Radikale an Alkene? - Antworten auf experimenteller und theoretischer Grundlage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010417)113:8<1380::aid-ange1380>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Fischer H, Radom L. Factors Controlling the Addition of Carbon-Centered Radicals to Alkenes-An Experimental and Theoretical Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:1340-1371. [PMID: 11317286 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1340::aid-anie1340>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The successful exploitation of syntheses involving the generation of new carbon-carbon bonds by radical reactions rests on some prior knowledge of the rate constants for the addition of carbon-centered radicals to alkenes and other unsaturated molecules, and of the factors controlling them. Two former classical reviews in Angewandte Chemie by Tedder (1982) and by Giese (1983) provided mechanistic insight and led to various qualitative rules on the complex interplay of enthalpic, polar, and steric effects. In the meantime, the field has experienced very rapid progress: many more experimental absolute rate constants have become available, and there have been major advances in the efficiency and reliability of quantum-chemical methods for the accurate calculation of transition structures, reaction barriers, and reaction enthalpies. Herein we review this progress, recommend suitable experimental and theoretical procedures, and display representative data series for radical additions to alkenes. On this basis, and guided by the pictorial tool of the state-correlation diagram for radical additions, we then offer a new and more stringent quantification of the controlling factors. Our analysis leads to a partial revision of the previous qualitative rules, and it more clearly exhibits the interplay of the reaction enthalpy effects, polar charge-transfer contributions, and steric substituent effects on the reaction energy barrier. The various contributions are cast into the form of new, simple, and physically meaningful but non-linear, predictive equations for the preestimation of rate constants. These equations prove successful in several tests but call for additional theoretical and experimental foundation. The kinetics of related reactions such as polymer propagation, copolymerization, and the addition of radicals to alkynes and aromatic compounds is shown to follow the same principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Fischer
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
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H�berger K, Lopata A, J�szber�nyi JC. Separation of polar and enthalpy effects in radical addition reactions using polar (?) and radical (?�) sigma scales. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1395(200003)13:3<151::aid-poc226>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Arnaud R, Bugaud N, Vetere V, Barone V. Role of Polar and Enthalpic Effects in the Addition of Methyl Radical to Substituted Alkenes: A Density Functional Study Including Solvent Effects. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973896p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Arnaud
- Contribution from the Laboratoire d'Etudes Dynamiques et Structurales de la Sélectivité (LEDSS), UMR CNRS 5616, Université Joseph Fourier, 301 Avenue de la Chimie, BP 53X, F-38041 Grenoble, France, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Federico II, via Mezzocanone 4, I-80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicolas Bugaud
- Contribution from the Laboratoire d'Etudes Dynamiques et Structurales de la Sélectivité (LEDSS), UMR CNRS 5616, Université Joseph Fourier, 301 Avenue de la Chimie, BP 53X, F-38041 Grenoble, France, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Federico II, via Mezzocanone 4, I-80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Vetere
- Contribution from the Laboratoire d'Etudes Dynamiques et Structurales de la Sélectivité (LEDSS), UMR CNRS 5616, Université Joseph Fourier, 301 Avenue de la Chimie, BP 53X, F-38041 Grenoble, France, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Federico II, via Mezzocanone 4, I-80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Contribution from the Laboratoire d'Etudes Dynamiques et Structurales de la Sélectivité (LEDSS), UMR CNRS 5616, Université Joseph Fourier, 301 Avenue de la Chimie, BP 53X, F-38041 Grenoble, France, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Federico II, via Mezzocanone 4, I-80134, Napoli, Italy
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18
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Weber M, Fischer H. Absolute rate Constants for the Addition of Malonyl Radicals to Alkenes in Solution. Helv Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19980810327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Zytowski T, Fischer H. Absolute Rate Constants and Arrhenius Parameters for the Addition of the Methyl Radical to Unsaturated Compounds: The Methyl Affinities Revisited. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973128y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Zytowski
- Contribution from the Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Fischer
- Contribution from the Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Wang WF, Schuchmann MN, Bachler V, Schuchmann HP, von Sonntag C. Termination of •CH2OH/CH2O•- Radicals in Aqueous Solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962159x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Man Nien Schuchmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Bachler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Heinz-Peter Schuchmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Clemens von Sonntag
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Rubin H, Fischer H. The Addition oftert-Butyl (Me3?) and (tert-Butoxy)carbonylmethyl (Me3CO2C?H2) radicals to alkynes in solution studied by ESR spectroscopy. Helv Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19960790617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Perfluoro-tert-butyl, a reactive, neutral, electrophilic carbon-centered radical par excellence. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Batchelor SN, Fischer H. Radical Addition Rates to Alkenes by Time-Resolved CIDNP: 2-Hydroxy-2-propyl Radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9605109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. N. Batchelor
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H. Fischer
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Zytowski T, Fischer H. Absolute Rate Constants for the Addition of Methyl Radicals to Alkenes in Solution: New Evidence for Polar Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953085q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Zytowski
- Contribution from the Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Fischer
- Contribution from the Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Walbiner M, Wu JQ, Fischer H. Absolute Rate Constants for the Addition of Benzyl (Ph?H2) and Cumyl (Ph?Me2) Radicals to Alkenes in Solution. Helv Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19950780414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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