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Morlet T, O'Reilly R, Pritchett C, Venskytis E, Parkes W. A 15-year Review of 260 Children With Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: II. Management and Outcomes. Ear Hear 2023; 44:979-989. [PMID: 37036283 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Following a review of the demographic and clinical characteristics of all pediatric patients diagnosed with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) by a pediatric health care system from 2005 to 2020, the present report highlights the type and timing of intervention and outcomes in the same 260 patients with ANSD. DESIGN This was a retrospective study reviewing the demographic data, medical history, imaging studies, audiological and speech language data, type of audiological intervention (hearing aids or cochlear implants), and mode of communication in 260 pediatric patients diagnosed with ANSD over a 15-year period. RESULTS A significant decrease over time in the age at hearing aid fitting was observed. While a similar reduction in the age at implantation occurred over time, cochlear implantation is still rarely performed by 12 months of age in most ANSD patients. Among bilateral ANSD patients fitted with hearing aids, the majority (89.2%) did not benefit from conventional amplification and most received cochlear implants. Some hearing aid benefit for speech and language development was observed in 5.8%, though communication difficulties were persistent and most used a combination of oral and sign language for communication. Only six patients (5%) received significant benefit from their hearing aids for speech and language development. CONCLUSIONS This review of ANSD management over a 15-year period reveals that hearing aids are not a viable option to develop speech and language for most infants and children with ANSD. This finding confirms previous reports and suggest that while hearing aid trials are warranted, children must be tracked closely so as to avoid delays in decision making. Cochlear implantation constitutes the major (if not only) rehabilitative intervention that allows for speech perception in patients who do not benefit from conventional amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Morlet
- Auditory Physiology and Psychoacoustics Research Laboratory, Nemours Children Health, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Osborne College of Audiology, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert O'Reilly
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cedric Pritchett
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nemours Children Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Emily Venskytis
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William Parkes
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nemours Children Hospital, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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D'Angelo A, Chapman R, Sirico M, Sobhani N, Catalano M, Mini E, Roviello G. An update on antibody-drug conjugates in urothelial carcinoma: state of the art strategies and what comes next. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 90:191-205. [PMID: 35953604 PMCID: PMC9402760 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in increasing the knowledge of tumour biology and drug resistance mechanisms in urothelial cancer. Therapeutic strategies have significantly advanced with the introduction of novel approaches such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor inhibitors. However, despite these novel agents, advanced urothelial cancer is often still progressive in spite of treatment and correlates with a poor prognosis. The introduction of antibody–drug conjugates consisting of a target-specific monoclonal antibody covalently linked to a payload (cytotoxic agent) is a novel and promising therapeutic strategy. In December 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to the nectin-4-targeting antibody–drug conjugate, enfortumab vedotin, for the treatment of advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinomas that are refractory to both immune checkpoint inhibitors and platinum-based treatment. Heavily pre-treated urothelial cancer patients reported a significant, 40% response to enfortumab vedotin while other antibody–drug conjugates are currently still under investigation in several clinical trials. We have comprehensively reviewed the available treatment strategies for advanced urothelial carcinoma and outlined the mechanism of action of antibody–drug conjugate agents, their clinical applications, resistance mechanisms and future strategies for urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D'Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow, CM20 1QX, UK
| | - Marianna Sirico
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Martina Catalano
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Mini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, vialePieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, vialePieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Urothelial Carcinoma: A New Therapeutic Opportunity Moves from Bench to Bedside. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050803. [PMID: 35269424 PMCID: PMC8909578 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been achieved over the last decades in understanding the biology and mechanisms of tumor progression in urothelial carcinoma (UC). Although the therapeutic landscape has dramatically changed in recent years with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, advanced UC is still associated with rapidly progressing disease and poor survival. The increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis and molecular pathways underlying cancer development and progression is leading the introduction of target therapies, such as the recently approved FGFR inhibitor Erdafitinib, or the anti-nectin 4 antibody drug-conjugate Enfortumab vedotin. Antibody drug conjugates represent an innovative therapeutic approach that allows the combination of a tar get-specific monoclonal antibody covalently conjugated via a linker to a cytotoxic agent (payload). UC is a perfect candidate for this therapeutic approach since it is particularly enriched in antigen expression on its surface and each specific antigen can represent a potential therapeutic target. In this review we summarize the mechanism of action of ADCs, their applications in localized and metastatic UC, the main mechanisms of resistance, and future perspectives for their use in clinical practice.
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Identification of SLITRK6 as a Novel Biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma by comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101157. [PMID: 34754951 PMCID: PMC8564567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the adult liver and morbidity are increasing in recent years, however, there is still no effective strategy to prevent and diagnose HCC. Therefore, it is urgent to research the effective biomarker to predict clinical outcomes of HCC tumorigenesis. In the current study, differentially expressed genes in HCC and normal tissues were investigated using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset GSE144269 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Gene differential expression analysis and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) methods were used to identify nine and 16 key gene modules from the GEO dataset and TCGA dataset, respectively, in which the green module in the GEO dataset and magenta module in TCGA were significantly correlated with HCC occurrence. Third, the enrichment score of gene function annotation results showed that these two key modules focus on the positive regulation of inflammatory response and cell differentiation, etc. Besides, PPI network analysis, mutation analysis, and survival analysis found that SLITRK6 had high connectivity, and its mutation significantly impacted overall survival. In addition, SLITRK6 was found to be low expressed in tumor cells. To summarize, SLITRK6 mutation was found to significantly affect the occurrence and prognosis of HCC. SLITRK6 was confirmed as a new potential gene target for HCC, which may provide a new theoretical basis for personalized diagnosis and chemotherapy of HCC in the future.
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Puffenberger EG. Mendelian disease research in the Plain populations of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3322-3333. [PMID: 34532947 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Founder populations have long contributed to our knowledge of rare disease genes and phenotypes. From the pioneering work of Dr. Victor McKusick to today, research in these groups has shed light on rare recessive phenotypes, expanded the clinical spectrum of disease, and facilitated disease gene identification. Current clinical and research studies in these special groups augment the wealth of knowledge already gained, provide new insights into emerging problems such as variant interpretation and reduced penetrance, and contribute to the development of novel therapies for rare genetic diseases. Clinical developments over the past 30 years have altered the fundamental relationship with the Lancaster Plain communities: research has become more collaborative, and the knowledge imparted by these studies is now being harnessed to provide cutting-edge translational medicine to the very community of vulnerable individuals who need it most.
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Safka Brozkova D, Uhrova Meszarosova A, Lassuthova P, Varga L, Staněk D, Borecká S, Laštůvková J, Čejnová V, Rašková D, Lhota F, Gašperíková D, Seeman P. The Cause of Hereditary Hearing Loss in GJB2 Heterozygotes-A Comprehensive Study of the GJB2/DFNB1 Region. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050684. [PMID: 34062854 PMCID: PMC8147375 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a genetically heterogeneous sensory defect, and the frequent causes are biallelic pathogenic variants in the GJB2 gene. However, patients carrying only one heterozygous pathogenic (monoallelic) GJB2 variant represent a long-lasting diagnostic problem. Interestingly, previous results showed that individuals with a heterozygous pathogenic GJB2 variant are two times more prevalent among those with hearing loss compared to normal-hearing individuals. This excess among patients led us to hypothesize that there could be another pathogenic variant in the GJB2 region/DFNB1 locus. A hitherto undiscovered variant could, in part, explain the cause of hearing loss in patients and would mean reclassifying them as patients with GJB2 biallelic pathogenic variants. In order to detect an unknown causal variant, we examined 28 patients using NGS with probes that continuously cover the 0.4 Mb in the DFNB1 region. An additional 49 patients were examined by WES to uncover only carriers. We did not reveal a second pathogenic variant in the DFNB1 region. However, in 19% of the WES-examined patients, the cause of hearing loss was found to be in genes other than the GJB2. We present evidence to show that a substantial number of patients are carriers of the GJB2 pathogenic variant, albeit only by chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Safka Brozkova
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Uhrova Meszarosova
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Petra Lassuthova
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Lukáš Varga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, 85107 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Diabgene Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.B.); (D.G.)
| | - David Staněk
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Silvia Borecká
- Diabgene Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Jana Laštůvková
- Department of Medical Genetics, Masaryk Hospital in Usti nad Labem, Regional Health Corporation, 40011 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (V.Č.)
| | - Vlasta Čejnová
- Department of Medical Genetics, Masaryk Hospital in Usti nad Labem, Regional Health Corporation, 40011 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (V.Č.)
| | - Dagmar Rašková
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, 17000 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Filip Lhota
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, 17000 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Daniela Gašperíková
- Diabgene Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Pavel Seeman
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common malignancy with an urgent need for more effective and less toxic treatment strategies. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) represents a novel therapeutic approach, which combines the high specificity of monoclonal antibodies covalently linked with highly active cytotoxic agents. UC is an appropriate candidate for these drugs, as it expresses unique cell surface antigens that allow for specific targeting of these cells. We hereby present a review of the current literature and future perspectives of ADC treatment in early-stage and metastatic UC. RECENT FINDINGS Several ADCs are in advanced stages of development and approval, such as intravesical oportuzumab monatox in BCG-refractory non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and enfortumab vedotin and sacituzumab govitecan in pretreated metastatic UC. Other agents are in earlier stages of development, including some promising anti-Her2 agents. The favorable toxicity profile of these agents led to several combination strategies, especially with checkpoint inhibitors. In light of the encouraging results presented in this review and the recent FDA approval of enfortumab vedotin, ADCs will likely be incorporated in the management of UC in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sarfaty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, USA. .,Oncology Department, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Bowser LE, Young M, Wenger OK, Ammous Z, Brigatti KW, Carson VJ, Moser T, Deline J, Aoki K, Morlet T, Scott EM, Puffenberger EG, Robinson DL, Hendrickson C, Salvin J, Gottlieb S, Heaps AD, Tiemeyer M, Strauss KA. Recessive GM3 synthase deficiency: Natural history, biochemistry, and therapeutic frontier. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:475-488. [PMID: 30691927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GM3 synthase, encoded by ST3GAL5, initiates synthesis of all downstream cerebral gangliosides. Here, we present biochemical, functional, and natural history data from 50 individuals homozygous for a pathogenic ST3GAL5 c.862C>T founder allele (median age 8.1, range 0.7-30.5 years). GM3 and its derivatives were undetectable in plasma. Weight and head circumference were normal at birth and mean Apgar scores were 7.7 ± 2.0 (1 min) and 8.9 ± 0.5 (5 min). Somatic growth failure, progressive microcephaly, global developmental delay, visual inattentiveness, and dyskinetic movements developed within a few months of life. Infantile-onset epileptic encephalopathy was characterized by a slow, disorganized, high-voltage background, poor state transitions, absent posterior rhythm, and spike trains from multiple independent cortical foci; >90% of electrographic seizures were clinically silent. Hearing loss affected cochlea and central auditory pathways and 76% of children tested failed the newborn hearing screen. Development stagnated early in life; only 13 (26%) patients sat independently (median age 30 months), three (6%) learned to crawl, and none achieved reciprocal communication. Incessant irritability, often accompanied by insomnia, began during infancy and contributed to high parental stress. Despite catastrophic neurological dysfunction, neuroimaging showed only subtle or no destructive changes into late childhood and hospitalizations were surprisingly rare (0.2 per patient per year). Median survival was 23.5 years. Our observations corroborate findings from transgenic mice which indicate that gangliosides might have a limited role in embryonic neurodevelopment but become vital for postnatal brain growth and function. These results have critical implications for the design and implementation of ganglioside restitution therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Thierry Morlet
- Auditory Physiology and Psychoacoustics Research Laboratory, Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Ethan M Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Salvin
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Steven Gottlieb
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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A novel mutation in SLITRK6 causes deafness and myopia in a Moroccan family. Gene 2018; 659:89-92. [PMID: 29551497 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deafness and myopia syndrome is characterized by moderate-profound, bilateral, congenital or prelingual deafness and high myopia. Autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss is one of the most prevalent human genetic sensorineural defects. Myopia is by far the most common human eye disorder that is known to have a clear heritable component. The analysis of the two exons of SLITRK6 gene in a Moroccan family allowed us to identify a novel single deleterious mutation c.696delG, p.Trp232Cysfs*10 at homozygous state in the exon 2 of the SLITRK6, a gene reported to cause deafness and myopia in various populations.
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Human cytomegalovirus downregulates SLITRK6 expression through IE2. J Neurovirol 2016; 23:79-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Han KA, Jeon S, Um JW, Ko J. Emergent Synapse Organizers: LAR-RPTPs and Their Companions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:39-65. [PMID: 27017006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte common antigen-related receptor tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs) have emerged as key players that organize various aspects of neuronal development, including axon guidance, neurite extension, and synapse formation and function. Recent research has highlighted the roles of LAR-RPTPs at neuronal synapses in mediating distinct synaptic adhesion pathways through interactions with a host of extracellular ligands and in governing a variety of intracellular signaling cascades through binding to various scaffolds and signaling proteins. In this chapter, we review and update current research progress on the extracellular ligands of LAR-RPTPs, regulation of their extracellular interactions by alternative splicing and heparan sulfates, and their intracellular signaling machineries. In particular, we review structural insights on complexes of LAR-RPTPs with their various ligands. These studies lend support to general molecular mechanisms underlying LAR-RPTP-mediated synaptic adhesion and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Han
- Department of Physiology and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J W Um
- Department of Physiology and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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