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Oropharyngeal reconstruction after transoral robotic surgery. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 30:384-391. [PMID: 36004787 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has experienced an evolution in recent years. This technique has proved to be a safe and effective method for extirpation of select oropharyngeal tumors. Advances in technology as well as improved surgeon experience allow for the resection of larger, more complex cancers. Although healing by secondary intention remains the current standard for limited oropharyngeal defects, larger resections demand reconstruction with vascularized tissue to minimize morbidity and optimize functional outcomes. The objective of this review is to evaluate recent literature regarding oropharyngeal reconstruction after TORS. RECENT FINDINGS A variety of reconstructive options to manage oropharyngeal defects exist. Several reconstructive algorithms have been suggested; however, careful consideration must be used to select the most ideal flap type. Locoregional flaps have shown excellent functional outcomes with limited morbidity. An increase in free flap reconstruction has been demonstrated, particularly among patients with larger TORS defects and following chemoradiation therapy. Despite limited data, robotic-assisted flap inset and microvascular anastomosis has recently shown promise. SUMMARY Reconstruction and flap selection following TORS should be tailored to the patient and unique oropharyngeal defect. Functional outcomes are promising with low complication rates among these patients.
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Barrette LX, De Ravin E, Carey RM, Mady LJ, Cannady SB, Brody RM. Reconstruction following transoral robotic surgery for head and neck cancer: Systematic review. Head Neck 2022; 44:1246-1254. [PMID: 35137993 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic review to characterize reconstructive modalities and postoperative surgical outcomes following TORS resection. A search of the PubMed, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases was conducted to identify studies describing patients undergoing reconstruction of TORS defects. Twenty-six studies met inclusion criteria, consisting of 260 patients who underwent TORS resection followed by reconstruction. Twenty-one studies reported tumor classification information, with TORS performed for 44 (23.0%) T1, 86 (45.0%) T2, 33 (17.3%) T3, and 28 (14.7%) T4 tumors. Eighteen distinct reconstructive modalities were described in the studies identified, including nine unique free flap types. The most commonly performed reconstruction was the radial forearm free flap (RFFF), accounting for 121/260 (46.5%) of reconstructions performed. Reported surgical complications included 5 pharyngocutaneous fistulae, 13 hemorrhagic complications, 24 infectious complications, and 5 free flap failures. Our findings demonstrate favorable surgical outcomes but minimal quantitative functional data to compare reconstructive options following TORS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Xavier Barrette
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emma De Ravin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leila J Mady
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven B Cannady
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert M Brody
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Turner MT, Geltzeiler MN, Ramadan J, Moskovitz JM, Ferris RL, Wang EW, Kim S. The Nasoseptal Flap for Reconstruction of Lateral Oropharyngectomy Defects: A Clinical Series. Laryngoscope 2022; 132:53-60. [PMID: 34106472 PMCID: PMC9088552 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To study use of the nasoseptal flap (NSF) to reconstruct lateral transoral robotic surgery (TORS) oropharyngectomy defects. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS A clinical series of six patients undergoing NSF reconstruction of lateral TORS oropharyngectomy defects was retrospectively studied. All patients underwent TORS for the treatment of intermediate-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the lateral pharyngeal wall between January and June 2017. All patients underwent NSF reconstruction of lateral TORS defects with retrospective analysis of outcomes and complications. RESULTS Six patients underwent NSF reconstruction of lateral TORS defects. Operative times decreased from 180 minutes to 90 minutes over the study period. There were two cases of partial flap dehiscence and partial necrosis. There were no major donor site complications. All patients had temporary nasal obstruction and crusting. Two experienced temporary aural fullness. In all patients, the lateral wall was mucosalized in 1-3 weeks. Cephalometric analysis of preoperative imaging revealed that patients with high-arched palates (>3 cm) and defect lengths that are longer than NSF flap lengths are poor candidates for this technique. CONCLUSIONS This NSF is a vascularized, locoregional rotational flap that can reconstruct lateral TORS defects in salvages cases or those where the parapharyngeal carotid or mandibular bone are exposed. Postoperative morbidity is limited to temporary nasal dyspnea, aural fullness, and crusting. Preoperative imaging can determine which patient will have successful defect coverage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 132:53-60, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Turner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Mathew N Geltzeiler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, Portland, U.S.A
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Jessica M Moskovitz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Eric W Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Seungwon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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Turner MT, Persky MJ, Moskovitz JM, Kim S. Salvage Transoral Robotic Surgery: A Case of a Nearly Missed Carotid Injury. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2019; 100:9-11. [PMID: 31547706 PMCID: PMC7470716 DOI: 10.1177/0145561319876241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Turner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 53422West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael J Persky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 12297New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica M Moskovitz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 6595University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seungwon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 6595University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Turner MT, Geltzeiler M, Albergotti WG, Duvvuri U, Ferris RL, Kim S, Wang EW. Reconstruction of TORS oropharyngectomy defects with the nasoseptal flap via transpalatal tunnel. J Robot Surg 2019; 14:311-316. [PMID: 31183606 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-019-00984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nasoseptal flap (NSF) has been described as reconstructive option for soft palate defects following transoral robotic surgery (TORS). As described, this technique is does not provide adequate coverage of the lateral oropharyngeal wall, parapharyngeal space, exposed vessels, or exposed mandibular bone. The NSF for TORS reconstruction has been limited to soft palate reconstruction, given the limitations on length when passed via the nasopharynx. In this article, we describe (1) a novel technique for TORS reconstruction using direct transposition of the ipsilateral NSF into the oropharynx via a transpalatal tunnel at the hard-soft palate junction, and (2) its use in select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Turner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9200, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Mathew Geltzeiler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - W Greer Albergotti
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Augusta University Health, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Umamaheswar Duvvuri
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seungwon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric W Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Gross JH, Zenga J, Sharon JD, Jackson RS, Pipkorn P. Longus Capitis Reconstruction of the Soft Palate. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 161:536-538. [PMID: 31084255 DOI: 10.1177/0194599819849031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soft palate (SP) reconstruction remains a challenge for the head and neck reconstructive surgeon. One favorable local flap option is the longus capitis muscle (LCM), a deep neck flexor with redundant muscle function, appropriate bulk, and a relatively straightforward surgical harvest. A retrospective review of 3 patients with T2 to T4 tonsil squamous cell carcinoma requiring SP resection and LCM reconstruction at a single institution was performed. Three patients underwent primary transoral resection, all resulting in at least 50% full-thickness SP defects. Reconstruction comprised a superiorly based LCM local flap. Patients underwent adjuvant (chemo)radiation therapy as indicated. Within 3 to 8 months, each patient was tolerating a full oral diet with no dysphagia, nasal regurgitation, or velopharyngeal insufficiency. For select patients with SP defects, a superiorly based LCM flap may provide a functionally acceptable reconstruction with minimal donor site morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Gross
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph Zenga
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Sharon
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ryan S Jackson
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrik Pipkorn
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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