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Czyżewski W, Litak J, Pasierb B, Piątek P, Turek M, Banach L, Turek G, Torres K, Staśkiewicz G. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Insights into Spinal Glomangioma of a Unique Intradural, Extramedullary Presentation-Systematic Review. Diseases 2024; 12:132. [PMID: 38920564 PMCID: PMC11203330 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12060132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Contemporary literature lacks examples of intradural, extramedullary spinal glomangiomas. Moreover, glomus tumors in general are exceedingly rare among benign spinal tumors and are mostly located within epidural space or within intervertebral foramen, and only a few cases have been documented to date. This report provides a detailed analysis of the clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, surgical intervention, and pathological findings of a 45-year-old patient experiencing progressive locomotor deterioration. The tumor was surgically excised, and subsequent histological examination identified it as a representative of glomus tumors-a glomangioma. Notably, this represents a unique case as it was the first example of such a tumor being discovered intradurally. Radical surgical excision remains the modality of choice in most benign spinal tumors of this localization. Although the malignant transformation of glomus tumors within the spine has not been documented thus far, cases have arisen in other areas. Consequently, we will investigate potential oncological treatments for cases with malignant potential and highlight advancements in surgical techniques for benign intradural spinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Czyżewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, ul. W.K. 7 Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Litak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Pasierb
- Department of Dermatology, Radom Specialist Hospital, Lekarska 4, 26-600 Radom, Poland;
| | - Paula Piątek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Michał Turek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Medical Centre, Brodnowski Masovian Hospital, 8 Kondratowicza Str., 03-242 Warsaw, Poland; (M.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Lech Banach
- Alfamed Pathomorphology Department, 22-400 Zamosc, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Turek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Medical Centre, Brodnowski Masovian Hospital, 8 Kondratowicza Str., 03-242 Warsaw, Poland; (M.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Kamil Torres
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery with Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Staśkiewicz
- Department of Human, Clinical and Radiological Anatomy, Medical University, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
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Ai J, Zhang S, Qian Y, Kang L, Zhang L, Zhao J. Radiotherapy and Anrotinib in Malignant Glomus Tumor of the Bladder: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2024; 39:318-321. [PMID: 38324046 PMCID: PMC11057522 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2023.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignant glomus tumors (MGTs) are rare malignancies, which grow rapidly and are aggressive. Surgical resection has been regarded as the standard management, but treatment options for those unresectable tumors are limited, resulting in a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Case Description: An 85-year-old man presented with gross hematuria and was diagnosed with MGTs of bladder. The patient achieved long-term local control after multimodal therapy comprising radiotherapy, iodine-125 seeds brachytherapy, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, and antiangiogenic targeted therapy. Conclusion: MGTs occurring in the bladder are clinically rare and refractory. The case presented here highlights the importance of multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment, providing evidence that radiotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy may play an important role in unresectable bladder MGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ai
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Graduate School, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yimeng Qian
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Pathology, and Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Litao Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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Nam J, Park D, Kim W, Kim D. A malignant glomus tumor in the nasal cavity responding to radiation therapy. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1436-1438. [PMID: 37787324 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1394_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Malignant glomus tumors of the head and neck are extremely rare, and to our knowledge, a response to high-dose radiation has not been described previously. We report one case in an 80-year-old woman with right nasal cavity mass. Histological examination revealed sheets of atypical round glomus cells. The presence of increased mitotic activity (25 per 10 high-power fields), cellular atypism, and tumor necrosis suggested malignancy. The smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and h-caldesmon immunohistochemistry stains the tumor cells. Two cycles of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy were done and the tumor size was slightly increased. Salvage radiation therapy (RT) was delivered to the primary mass over 4 weeks (50 Gy in 20 fractions) and leading to nearly complete regression of tumor. Additional investigations are warranted so that we may determine the usefulness of RT in the management of this rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Nam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Dahl Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Wontaek Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. A Malignant Glomus Tumor of the Liver Harboring MIR143-NOTCH2 Rearrangement: From Diagnosis to Management. Cureus 2022; 14:e30718. [PMID: 36439569 PMCID: PMC9696860 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary malignant glomus tumor of the liver is extremely rare and diagnostically challenging. We present an exceptional case of such with a diagnosis confirmed by MIR143-NOTCH2 rearrangement. The case was successfully managed with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. This report highlights the utilization of molecular analysis to aid in the diagnosis of rare soft tissue malignancies and supports a multimodality approach to the treatment of large, high-grade malignant glomus tumors.
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Lungu CN, Creteanu M, Olteanu G, Romila A. Glomangioma Supply from Profunda Femoris Artery in Peripheral Artery Disease. Clin Pract 2022; 12:755-759. [PMID: 36136872 PMCID: PMC9498625 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract12050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a case report of a 5.6 cm glomangioma supplied by the femoral profunda artery in a 66-year-old male patient with severe peripheral artery disease. The patient complained of discomfort and mild pain at the place of the lesion and an accelerated growth rate in the last two months. A nodular mass located laterally on the left foot, elastic, covered with a thin skin, and mobile, was noted on the clinical exam. Doppler exam demonstrated an active vascular supply. CT angiography showed a femoral profunda artery blood supply and a severe asymptomatic bilateral peripheral artery disease (PAD). The lesion was removed entirely by surgery. A microscopy exam revealed a glomangioma. After surgery, the patient recovered unevenly. However, the patient experienced wound-healing issues that resolved after four weeks of surgery. Although the patient’s PAD was severe, the lesion presented with a burst in dimensions weeks before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu N. Lungu
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Country Emergency Hospital, 810249 Galati, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Mihai Creteanu
- Department of Radiology, Country Emergency Hospital, 720001 Suceava, Romania
| | - Gabriel Olteanu
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Country Emergency Hospital, 400000 Cluj, Romania
| | - Aurelia Romila
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Clinical Country Emergency Hospital, 810249 Galati, Romania
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Zhang E, Miller A, Clinton C, DeSmith K, Voss SD, Aster JC, Church AJ, Rahbar R, Eberhart N, Janeway KA, DuBois SG. Gamma Secretase Inhibition for a Child With Metastatic Glomus Tumor and Activated NOTCH1. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200099. [PMID: 35731997 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber Miller
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine Clinton
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kylene DeSmith
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephan D Voss
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jon C Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alanna J Church
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Reza Rahbar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Katherine A Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Needle aspiration of lateral neck abscess in children: A simple and effective treatment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 149:110850. [PMID: 34340004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical abscesses frequently occurred in pediatric patients. Surgical drainage is currently recommended in the cases not responding to medical therapy. Needle aspiration may represent a simple, effective and minimally invasive treatment for acute neck suppuration in selected cases. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of needle aspiration in the treatment of cervical abscesses in pediatric age as an alternative to surgical drainage. METHODS From November 2013 to November 2019, at the ENT Department of the "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital, Rome, we treated 47 children with cervical abscess by performing aspiration with a 19 G needle in wakefulness after applying local anesthetic. Parenteral antibiotic treatment was associated with all patients both before and after treatment. RESULTS Complete regression of the abscess occurred in 46 children with no evidence of recurrence in the follow-up period. Surgical drainage was required in only one patient due to the lack of resolution of the abscess episode. No complications such as hematomas or hypertrophic scars were found in any patient. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the effectiveness of needle aspiration in the treatment of cervical abscesses in children as an alternative to surgical drainage.
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Ziegler A, Thorpe E. Pediatric Malignant Glomus Tumor of the Cervical Paraspinal Tissue: Case Report and Review of the Literature. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGlomus tumors are mesenchymal tumors that arise from glomus bodies and most frequently occur in the distal extremities. These tumors can occur throughout the body and are typically benign. However, a very small fraction of glomus tumors displays aggressive features and are considered atypical or malignant. We report on our experience and management of the first case in the literature of a malignant glomus tumor in a child originating in the paraspinal region with involvement of the cervical spine. Malignant glomus tumors tend to be locally aggressive, and en bloc resection is difficult, especially when the tumors occur in the head and neck. Additional studies on disease progression and adjuvant treatment outcomes are necessary to determine the best treatment approach and long-term outcomes in patients with malignant glomus tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ziegler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, Unites States
| | - Eric Thorpe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, Unites States
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Wood TR, McHugh JB, Siegel GW. Glomus tumors with malignant features of the extremities: a case series. Clin Sarcoma Res 2020; 10:20. [PMID: 33133513 PMCID: PMC7596933 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-020-00142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant glomus tumors are exceedingly rare, however they can be locally aggressive and have the potential to metastasize. There is limited information available in the literature regarding treatment and outcomes, therefore we present a case series of 5 patients with glomus tumors with malignant features confined to the extremities that have presented to our tertiary sarcoma center within the last 20 years. This is the largest case series of its kind in the malignant glomus tumor literature, to our knowledge. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients with histologically confirmed glomus tumors with malignant features in the extremities found within the University of Michigan EMERSE database since January 1st, 2000. Results Five patients met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three patients were diagnosed with malignant glomus tumors, one patient with glomus tumor with uncertain malignant potential, and the last patient with malignant glomus tumor with leiomyosarcomatous features. Males and females were equally represented. Age range was 9–49 years at time of first presentation. All patients underwent an initial surgical resection. Three of the five patients (60%) underwent initial resection at an outside hospital prior to referral to tertiary sarcoma center, and all three required re-resection. One of these patients had local tumor recurrence after a planned positive margin resection and radiotherapy. Another patient had distant metastasis after a positive margin surgical resection and a short course of radiotherapy. All patients are still alive according to their medical record with the average time from initial treatment to last follow up of 59.2 months. Conclusions Our study supports the current literature that wide-local resection with the goal of negative margins is still the current gold standard treatment for glomus tumors with malignant features. Studies with larger cohorts are necessary before recommending for or against radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Early biopsy and referral to a tertiary sarcoma center prior to surgical resection may help reduce the re-resection rate and potential seeding of the tumor in these patients, thereby improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Wood
- Michigan Medicine, Rogel Cancer Center, Floor B1, Reception C, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., SPC 5912, Ann Arbor, MI 4810 USA
| | - Jonathan B McHugh
- Michigan Medicine, Rogel Cancer Center, Floor B1, Reception C, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., SPC 5912, Ann Arbor, MI 4810 USA
| | - Geoffrey W Siegel
- Michigan Medicine, Rogel Cancer Center, Floor B1, Reception C, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., SPC 5912, Ann Arbor, MI 4810 USA
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Liu Z, Zhu F, Cao W, Sun J, Zhang C, He Y. Surgical treatment of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma in the parameningeal-nonparameningeal region. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2020; 48:75-82. [PMID: 31902716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) involving the parameningeal-nonparameningeal region (PNP) is relatively rare in pediatric patients (PPs). The current study aimed to report the outcomes of RMS-PNP-PPs who received surgical resection combined with concurrent flap reconstruction. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted concerning RMS-PNP-PPs who received combined skull-maxillofacial resection with flap reconstruction during the period from 2012 to 2016. Predictive factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), and overall survival (OS) were preliminarily identified by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS A total of 16 RMS-PNP-PPs were finally enrolled; recurrence, metastasis and death were found in 7, 7 and 5 patients, respectively. Following surgical ablation involving the skull base and maxillofacial region, reconstruction was performed with a local flap in 9 patients, a latissimus dorsi flap in 3 patients, and an anterolateral thigh flap in 4 patients. Through univariate analysis, we demonstrated that the primary site + surgical margins, postoperative RT/CT + Ki-67/Bcl-2 IHC, and surgical margins + Ki-67/Bcl-2 IHC could be used as the preliminarily prognostic factors for RFS, MFS and OS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS RMS-PNP-PPs showed poor prognosis even when surgical resection combined with flap reconstructions was performed. Achieving a clear surgical margin and good conduction of postoperative RT/CT should be taken into consideration to acquiring a better surgical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglong Liu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Fengshuo Zhu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yue He
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Sánchez-Romero C, Oliveira MEPD, Castro JFLD, Carvalho EJDA, Almeida OPD, Perez DEDC. Glomus Tumor of the Oral Cavity: Report of a Rare Case and Literature Review. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:185-190. [PMID: 30970063 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201902222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomus tumor is a benign neoplasm composed of a perivascular proliferation of glomic cells that resembles the normal glomus body. Usually, it appears as a solitary, symptomatic small blue-red nodule, located in the deep dermis or subcutis of upper or lower extremities of young to middle-aged adults. Cases affecting the oral cavity are very rare, with only 23 well-documented cases reported in the English-language literature. Herein, we present a rare case of glomus tumor of the upper lip, and review the literature of cases involving the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Sánchez-Romero
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Pérez de Oliveira
- School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology Section, Department of Clinical and Preventive Dentistry, UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jurema Freire Lisboa de Castro
- School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology Section, Department of Clinical and Preventive Dentistry, UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Elaine Judite de Amorim Carvalho
- School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology Section, Department of Clinical and Preventive Dentistry, UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Oslei Paes de Almeida
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Danyel Elias da Cruz Perez
- School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology Section, Department of Clinical and Preventive Dentistry, UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Glomus tumor: a comprehensive review of the clinical and histopathologic features with report of two intraoral cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 127:62-70. [PMID: 30243917 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomus tumors are benign neoplasms that most commonly present in the subungual region. Their occurrence in the oral cavity is exceedingly rare. Here, we present 2 cases from the oral cavity, detail their clinical and histopathologic features, and review the literature for solitary cases involving the oral regions. STUDY DESIGN The English language literature was queried for cases of benign glomus tumors in/around the oral cavity. Additional citations were cross-referenced from the identified sources. RESULTS Thirty-one cases of solitary glomus tumor in the oral and paraoral regions have been described, including the present cases. Patient age ranged from 10 to 85 years, with an average age of 47 years. In 12 of the 31 cases, the tumors occurred in the lips, 5 in the palate, 4 in the tongue, 4 in the buccal mucosa, 3 in the gingiva, and 1 each in the parotid, pterygoid fossa, and oropharynx. Only 18 of these cases had accompanying immunohistochemical stains, with 14 expressing positivity for muscle cell markers. CONCLUSIONS Although glomus tumors have distinct histopathologic features, diagnostic confusion may exist with regard to extradigital locations. Detailed documentation and discussion of the clinical and histopathologic features of rare tumors like these are vital to understanding them.
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