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Takizawa Y, Morino T, Takagi R, Otori N, Kojima H, Yamato M. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor with collagen/gelatin fixture in a rabbit model of nasal septum perforation. Regen Ther 2024; 25:387-394. [PMID: 38425672 PMCID: PMC10901693 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The treatment of nasal septum perforation solely by surgical intervention presents significant challenges. This study evaluated the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in combination with collagen/gelatin on wound healing of nasal septum perforation in a rabbit animal model. Methods A nasal septum perforation rabbit model was created. bFGF was added to a collagen/gelatin fixture and placed adjacent to the perforation, which is a complete defect. The rabbits were divided into three groups: the sham group that underwent the surgical procedure only, bFGF (-) group that received collagen/gelatin fixture without bFGF, and bFGF(+) group that received collagen/gelatin fixture with bFGF. The dimensions of the perforations were measured after 4 weeks, and the septum was subjected to histological examination. Results All perforations remained open in the sham group (closure rate: 20.4%-83.1%). The closure rates of the bFGF(-) and bFGF(+) groups were 49.4%-68.8% and 72.7%-100%, respectively. No significant difference was noted in the closure rates between the sham and bFGF(-) groups; however, significant differences were observed between the sham and bFGF(+) groups, and the bFGF(-) and bFGF(+) groups (p < 0.05), indicating that bFGF promoted perforation closure. Conclusions The study demonstrated that bFGF with collagen/gelatin carrier promoted wound healing in a rabbit model of nasal septum perforation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takizawa
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunetaro Morino
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takagi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Otori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Yılmaz YZ, Çakan D. Effect of Locally Administered Estradiol on Wound Healing in a Nasal Septal Perforation Animal Model. Facial Plast Surg 2024; 40:80-85. [PMID: 37044127 DOI: 10.1055/a-2072-5052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effect of estradiol on wound healing in an experimental nasal septal perforation (NSP) model created in rats. Twenty-two Sprague Dawley healthy male rats were separated into two groups. NSP, approximately 2 mm in diameter, was created in each animal. The 0.1 mL 0.12% estradiol (12 g/L) (study group) and 0.1 mL 0.9% saline (9 g/L) (control group) were applied topically once a day for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed on the 14th day and the cartilage nasal septum of each animal was excised for histopathological examination. The nasal mucosal epithelial regeneration and degeneration, acute inflammatory cell count, fibroblast number, vascularization, granulation tissue formation, giant cell number, eosinophil number, degeneration and regeneration of the nasal cartilage, and collagen density were examined. The macroscopic closure rate of the perforations and histopathological parameters were evaluated statistically. In this study, the epithelial regeneration, the fibroblast count, the granulation tissue formation, and the amount of collagen were significantly higher in the study group than in the saline group (p < 0.05). The acute inflammatory activity was lower in the estradiol group than in the saline group (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the closure rate of perforation between the two groups (p = 0.163). No significant difference was found in other comparisons (p > 0.05). The locally administered estradiol may improve wound healing of the nasal septum in an experimental NSP animal model. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetkin Zeki Yılmaz
- Cerrahpasa Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dogan Çakan
- Cerrahpasa Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Uşaklıoğlu S, Çakan D. The Efficacy of Topical Lactoferrin on Wound Healing in an Experimental Animal Model of Nasal Septum Perforation. Facial Plast Surg 2023; 39:575-580. [PMID: 36750204 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present experimental animal study was to investigate the efficacy of bovine lactoferrin (LF) on wound healing in an animal model of nasal septum perforation (NSP).Twenty-two, 8 to 10 weeks of age, male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into two groups. Nasal septum perforation was created in each rat. The saline (control) and 0.05 mg LF (study) groups were delivered locally for 14 days. On the 14th day of the study, after the sacrifice, the cartilage nasal septa of the animals were excised. The degeneration and regeneration observed in the nasal septum epithelium and cartilage, the number of acute inflammatory cells, the number of eosinophils, the amount of new vessel formation, the amount of granulation, and the collagen density were examined microscopically. The microscopic parameters and macroscopic healing of NSPs were analyzed. The epithelium regeneration, the fibroblast number, the granulation tissue formation, the collagen density, and the macroscopic healing were significantly higher in the LF group (p < 0.05). Besides, the acute inflammatory cell count was lower in the LF group (p = 0.034). In conclusion, the topically delivered LF can improve wound healing in an experimental rat model of NSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Uşaklıoğlu
- ENT Department, Istanbul Haseki Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Doğan Çakan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medicine Faculty ENT Department, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Çakan D, Uşaklıoğlu S. The Effect of Melatonin on Nasal Septal Wound Healing in an Experimental Animal Model. Facial Plast Surg 2023; 39:148-154. [PMID: 35882370 DOI: 10.1055/a-1910-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to examine the effect of melatonin (MLT) on wound healing in the nasal septum. Twenty-two Sprague-Dawley rats of the male sex were included in this experimental study. Nasal septal perforation (NSP), about 2 mm in diameter, was formed in each rat. MLT was applied topically to the subjects in the study group and saline was applied topically to the subjects in the control group once a day for 14 days. On day 14, the rats were sacrificed and the nasal septums of the subjects were resected for pathological evaluation. In the NSP area, degeneration and regeneration of nasal septal epithelium; degeneration and regeneration of the septal cartilage; number of cells involved in wound healing such as acute inflammatory cells (leukocytes), fibroblast, eosinophil, and giant cell; capillary vessel intensity; granulation tissue formation; and collagen intensity parameters were evaluated histopathologically. The macroscopic size and histopathologic examination results of NSPs were statistically analyzed. In the MLT group, the epithelium regeneration, cartilage regeneration, fibroblast number, collagen density, vascularity, and granulation formation were significantly higher, and the epithelial degeneration and acute inflammatory cells density were significantly lower, in the NSP area (p < 0.05). In addition, macroscopic healing was significantly higher in the MLT group (p = 0.044 and <0.05). Local application of MLT accelerates nasal septal wound healing. With this feature, the usage of MLT can be promising to prevent the formation of NSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğan Çakan
- ENT Department, Cerrrahpasa Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semih Uşaklıoğlu
- ENT Department, University of Health Sciences Istanbul Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Novel Physically Cross-Linked Curcumin-Loaded PVA/Aloe vera Hydrogel Membranes for Acceleration of Topical Wound Healing: In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study aims to prepare novel cross-linked antimicrobial membranes composed of PVA-Aloe vera hydrogels using novel physically cross-linked method via transforming PVA to high crystalline structure using propanol. Curcumin was incorporated to improve the membrane biological properties; while gentamycin improved sharply antimicrobial properties. PVA-Aloe vera hydrogel membranes were analyzed by FTIR, SEM, XRD and TGA measurements for characterizing resultant cross-linked membranes. Physicochemical measurements, e.g., swelling and mechanical stability were assessed for further studying the dressings. Antibacterial activity of cross-linked PVA-Aloe vera-curcumin membranes was tested using five bacterial strains. Results showed that high Aloe vera content in cross-linked membranes has insignificant impact on the release of gentamicin. Adult Wister Albino rats were used to test membrane’s ability for improving the wound healing rate in vivo. In vivo findings showed that PVA/Aloe vera/curcumin membranes dramatically reduced the size of mouse full-thickness wounds, as indicated by a decrease in the wound size. Furthermore, histological tests of wounds dressed with membranes revealed a significant re-epithelialization; compared to wounds treated with cotton gauze and PVA/Aloe vera dressings without curcumin, showing curcumin’s efficacy. These results refer to PVA-Aloe vera-curcumin membrane has exceptional wound healing and skin regeneration capacity.
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Çakan D, Uşaklıoğlu S. The effect of locally administered phenytoin on wound healing in an experimental nasal septal perforation animal model. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:3511-3517. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Çakan D, Çiloglu S, Keskin ER. The Effect of Locally Delivered Apocynin on Fat Graft Survival in an Experimental Rat Animal Model. Facial Plast Surg 2022; 38:419-427. [PMID: 35021235 DOI: 10.1055/a-1738-1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the efficacy of locally delivered apocynin on fat graft survival in an experimental autologous fat grafting (AFG) model created in rats. METHODS Twenty-one Wistar albino male rats were included in this study. The 0.647 g mean weight grafts were harvested from the inguinal region and transferred to the nape of every rat. The subjects were randomly separated into three groups. Saline, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and apocynin, a dose of 20 mg/kg, solutions were applied once a day for 2 weeks. After 3 months, the rats were sacrificed. The evaluation of physical measurements (weight and volume) and survival rates of the grafts for volume (SRV) and weight (SRW), the viable cell count (VC) with the MTT assay, and histopathological parameters were done. RESULTS All biophysical parameters were found to be significantly higher in the apocynin group compared to other groups (p < .05). In the MTT test, the saline group was normalized to 100%. According to this, DMSO and apocynin groups' means were 106% and 163%, respectively. The VC was significantly higher in the apocynin group than the other groups (p < .05). The VC was significantly higher in the DMSO group than in the saline group (p < .05). No significant difference was found in other comparisons performed according to biophysical and histopathological parameters (p > .05). CONCLUSION The locally delivered apocynin decreases fat graft volume loss in an experimental AFG model. Consequently, apocynin can be used as an effective substance to increase graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğan Çakan
- ENT Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Çiloglu
- plastic and aesthetic surgery, Istsanbul Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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The Effect of Apocynin on Fat Graft Survival. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:3061-3062. [PMID: 33837460 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Keskin ES, Keskin ER, Öztürk MB, Çakan D. The Effect of MMP-1 on Wound Healing and Scar Formation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:2973-2979. [PMID: 34075460 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the effect of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) on wound healing on skin in a model produced in rats. METHODS Sixteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were included in the study. The four full-thickness skin wound was created on the dorsal area of each rat with 4.4 mm punch. The rats were randomly divided into two groups. MMP-1 and saline were administered intraperitoneally once daily for 7 days. The biopsies were taken from the separate wounds on the 4th, 7th, 14th and 21st days of the experiment. The lymphocytic response, vascular proliferation, fibroblast proliferation, epithelial hyperplasia, foreign body reaction, ulcer formation, acute inflammation, keloid scar formation and hypertrophic scar formation were compared in each group in histopathologically. RESULTS In our study, epithelial hyperplasia on 14th day was significantly higher in the MMP-1 group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The lymphocytic response on 4th and 21th days, the vascular proliferation on 4th day, the fibroblast proliferation on 4th and 7th days, the acute inflammation on 4th day and the hypertrophic scar formation on 7th, 14th, 21st days were significantly lower in the MMP-1 group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in comparison with other parameters (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MMP-1 improves the wound-healing process of skin with higher epithelial hyperplasia and reduces scar formation in the animal model. Therefore, MMP-1 can potentially be used as an effective anti-fibrogenic agent for preventing or treating the hypertrophic scar. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammed Beşir Öztürk
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dogan Çakan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Cerrahpaşa Medical School ENT Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
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The Effect of Apocynin on Fat Graft Survival. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:1843-1852. [PMID: 33649924 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the effect of apocynin on fat graft survival in a rat model. METHODS Twenty-one Wistar albino male rats were included in the study. The grafts taken from the inguinal area were applied to the nape of each rat. The rats were randomly divided into three groups. Apocynin+DMSO, DMSO and saline were administered intraperitoneally once daily for 14 days. After 90 days, the animals were sacrificed and the grafts were excised. The weights and volumes were measured and sent for histopathological evaluation. The weight, volume, survival rates of the grafts, the number of viable cells with the MTT test and pathological parameters, inflammation, vascularization, fibrosis, lipogranuloma and cyst formation, were evaluated. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found between the groups in survival rates (p<0.05). In paired comparisons between the groups, the parameters of viable cells and survival rates were statistically significantly higher in apocynin group compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The survival rates relating to the weight and viable cell count in the DMSO group were statistically significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found between the DMSO group and the control group in the survival rate in terms of volume (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in the comparison of pathological parameters (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Apocynin increases fat graft survival in the animal fat grafting model. Therefore, apocynin can be used as an effective medical agent to prevent the volume loss of fat grafts. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Akkoca Ö, Kargın Kaytez S, Yumuşak N, Bilgen AS, Kavuzlu A, Öcal R, Çelik H, Arslan N. The Effect of Curcumin on the Prevention of Myringosclerosis in Rats. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 59:26-32. [PMID: 33912858 PMCID: PMC8054924 DOI: 10.4274/tao.2020.5827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the preventative effect of oral curcumin (CMN) on myringosclerosis (MS) in an experimental rat model. METHODS The study included 21 female Wistar albino rats randomly separated into three groups. Group 1 was given no treatment (control group). In Group 2 and Group 3, the tympanic membrane (TM) was perforated using a sterile ear pick. The rats in Group 3 were administered oral CMN 200 mg/kg/day. All rats were sacrificed after 16 days. Otomicroscopic and histopathologic examinations were performed on the tympanic membranes. RESULTS Histopathologic examinations revealed that there were statistically significant differences between Group 2 and Group 3 in terms of MS degrees (p<0.001) and mean thicknesses of TMs (p<0.001), but there were no differences between Group 1 and Group 3. In respect of MS detected by otomicroscopy, a statistically significant difference was determined between Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.001) and between Groups 2 and 3 (p<0.01), but there was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 3 (p=0.575). CONCLUSION Orally administered CMN can prevent myringosclerosis formation in experimentally induced myringotomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Akkoca
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selda Kargın Kaytez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nihat Yumuşak
- Department of Pathology, Harran University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Akif Sinan Bilgen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Kavuzlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Öcal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Çelik
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Necmi Arslan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Kim JW, Woo K, Kim JM, Choi ME, Kim YM, Yang SG, Shim BS, Choi JS. Effect of expanding nanocellulose sponge on nasal mucosal defects in an animal model. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:47-52. [PMID: 32153991 PMCID: PMC7053266 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose has emerged for a wide range of applications in biomedical engineering because of its water absorption capacity, appropriate elasticity. We investigated the hemostatic and regenerative abilities of an expanding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-nanocellulose sponge on nasal mucosal defects. A 3 mm-diameter nasal defect was made in experimental rabbits. Rabbits were divided into four groups with control, vaseline, PVA and PVA-nanocellulose packing groups. After the defect was created, bleeding times and amounts were monitored. Packing materials were removed on experimental day (ED) 2. On ED 3, 7 and 14, histological analysis and immunohistochemical study for neutrophils were performed. Inflammatory cells were counted and epithelial thicknesses were evaluated. Bleeding amounts and times in the vaseline packing group were smaller than in the PVA groups. PVA-nanocellulose group showed less neutrophils than in the other groups on ED 7. Average epithelium thickness in the PVA-nanocellulose group was significantly smaller than in the control group at ED 7, but at ED 14, there was no significant intergroup difference. PVA-nanocellulose group had a significant lower inflammatory cell count than the control group on ED 7. PVA-nanocellulose sponge applied to nasal mucosal defects can significantly enhance mucosal regeneration during early wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inha University, College of Medicine, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungbae Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Michuholgu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mi Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inha University, College of Medicine, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Eun Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inha University, College of Medicine, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inha University, College of Medicine, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Geun Yang
- Department of New Drug Development, Inha University, College of Medicine, B-308, Chungsuk Bldg., 366, Seohae-Daero, Jung-Gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Sup Shim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Michuholgu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inha University, College of Medicine, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
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