Evaluating Common Cavity Cochlear Deformities Using CT Images and 3D Reconstruction

Estimation of outer-wall length in optimizing cochlear implantation in malformed inner ears

Estimation of cochlear length is gaining attention in the field of cochlear implants (CIs), mainly for selecting of CI electrode lengths. The currently available tools to estimate the cochlear duct length (CDL) are only valid for normal inner anatomy. However, inner ear malformation (IEM) types are associated with different degrees of cystic apices, limiting the application of CDL equations of normal anatomy inner ear. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the degree to which the outer wall (OW) is observed in different malformation types and to formulate mathematical equations to estimate the OW length (OWL) from cochlear parameters, namely the basal turn diameter (A-value) and width (B-value). Three-dimensional (3D) segmentation of promontory and fluid parts of the inner ear was performed to understand the extent to which the OW is visible to measure the OWL manually. Enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS) was diagnosed in 37 ears, which consistently showed the extent of the OW to an angular depth of 540°, beyond which the cystic apex starts. Incomplete partition (IP) type I was observed in 30 ears, with the OW extending to only 360° of angular depth. IP type II was observed in 35 ears, with the OW extending to 450° of angular depth. IP type III was identified in 24 ears, with the OW observed for 540° of angular depth. Cavity-type malformations were observed in 36 ears, and circumference was measured in the axial view. A strong positive linear correlation was observed between the manually measured OWL and cochlear parameters for all malformation types analyzed. A multiple linear regression model was applied to formulate mathematical equations, which was further used to create a software application for estimating OWLs in IEM types, using cochlear parameters as inputs.

[Rehabilitation with cochlear implants in children with malformations of the inner ear]

Cochlear implants (CIs) are the treatment of choice for hearing rehabilitation in children with congenital or acquired profound hearing loss or deafness in order to ensure appropriate speech development and avoid social deprivation. However, in the case of a radiologically detectable malformation of the inner ear structures and potentially associated hypo- or aplasia of the vestibulocochlear nerve, application of a CI is either not possible, or the functional outcome may be of limited predictability. In addition, the risk of surgical complications is also increased in these patients. Counseling parents and developing an appropriate individual therapeutic decision can therefore be a major challenge for the medical team. The current paper is intended to provide support in this regard. It presents criteria for various inner ear malformations and discusses possible treatment options.

Computed tomography multi-planar and 3D image assessment protocol for detailed analysis of inner ear malformations in patients undergoing cochlear implantation counseling

<b><br>Introduction:</b> Congenital inner ear malformations resulting from embryogenesis may be visualized in radiological scans. Many attempts have been made to describe and classify the defects of the inner ear based on anatomical and radiological findings.</br> <b><br>Aim:</b> The aim was to propose and discuss computed tomography multi-planar and 3D image assessment protocols for detailed analysis of inner ear malformations in patients undergoing cochlear implantation counseling.</br> <b><br>Material and methods:</b> A retrospective analysis of 22 malformed inner ears. CT scans were analyzed using the Multi-Planar Reconstruction (MPR) option and 3D reconstruction.</br> <b><br>Results:</b> The protocol of image interpretation was developed to allow reproducibility for evaluating each set of images. The following malformations were identified: common cavity, cochlear hypoplasia type II, III, and IV, incomplete partition type II and III, and various combinations of vestibule labyrinth malformations. All anomalies have been presented and highlighted in figures with appropriate descriptions for easier identification. Figures of normal inner ears were also included for comparison. 3D reconstructions for each malformation were presented, adding clinical value to the detailed analysis.</br> <b><br>Conclusions:</b> Properly analyzing CT scans in cochlear implantation counseling is a necessary and beneficial tool for appropriate candidate selection and preparation for surgery. As proposed in this study, the unified scans evaluation scheme simplifies the identification of malformations and reduces the risk of omitting particular anomalies. Multi-planar assessment of scans provides most of the necessary details. The 3D reconstruction technique is valuable in addition to diagnostics influencing the decision-making process. It can minimize the risk of misdiagnosis. Disclosure of the inner ear defect and its precise imaging provides detailed anatomical knowledge of each ear, enabling the selection of the appropriate cochlear implant electrode and the optimal surgical technique.</br>.

Improving rehabilitation of deaf patients by advanced imaging before cochlear implantation

INTRODUCTION

Cochlear implants have advanced the management of severe to profound deafness. However, there is a strong disparity in hearing performance after implantation from one patient to another. Moreover, there are several advanced kinds of imaging assessment before cochlear implantation. Microstructural white fiber degeneration can be studied with Diffusion weighted MRI (DWI) or tractography of the central auditory pathways. Functional MRI (fMRI) allows us to evaluate brain function, and CT or MRI segmentation to better detect inner ear anomalies.

OBJECTIVE

This literature review aims to evaluate how helpful pre-implantation anatomic imaging can be to predict hearing rehabilitation outcomes in deaf patients. These techniques include DWI and fMRI of the central auditory pathways, and automated labyrinth segmentation by CT scan, cone beam CT and MRI.

DESIGN

This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were selected by searching in PubMed and by checking the reference lists of relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were adults over 18, with unilateral or bilateral hearing loss, who had DWI acquisition or fMRI or CT/ Cone Beam CT/ MRI image segmentation.

RESULTS

After reviewing 172 articles, we finally included 51. Studies on DWI showed changes in the central auditory pathways affecting the white matter, extending to the primary and non-primary auditory cortices, even in sudden and mild hearing impairment. Hearing loss patients show a reorganization of brain activity in various areas, such as the auditory and visual cortices, as well as regions involved in language and emotions, according to fMRI studies. Deep Learning's automatic segmentation produces the best CT segmentation in just a few seconds. MRI segmentation is mainly used to evaluate fluid space of the inner ear and determine the presence of an endolymphatic hydrops.

CONCLUSION

Before cochlear implantation, a DWI with tractography can evaluate the central auditory pathways up to the primary and non-primary auditory cortices. This data is then used to generate predictions on the auditory rehabilitation of patients. A CT segmentation with systematic 3D reconstruction allow a better evaluation of cochlear malformations and predictable difficulties during surgery.

Recurrent bacterial meningitis caused by incomplete Type I inner ear malformation: A case report

The incidence of incomplete partition Type I inner ear malformation is very low; therefore, bacterial meningitis caused by this malformation is also rare. Here, we report a case of such a patient. This case is a young female patient, who is 7 years old, began to have recurrent headaches, and after 5 years, also began to have chest and back pain. The doctor diagnosed meningitis, and the anti-infection treatment was effective. She was followed up annually and continued to have outbreaks repeatedly for 17 years, but the cause of repeated infection was not found. After a detailed diagnosis and treatment in our hospital, the patient was finally diagnosed with incomplete partition Type I inner ear malformation, resulting in repeated bacterial meningitis. The patient recovered well after surgical treatment, and the symptoms did not recur after 1-year follow-up.

A novel three-step process for the identification of inner ear malformation types

Objective

We hypothesize that visualizing inner-ear systematically in both cochlear view (oblique coronal plane) and in mid-modiolar section (axial plane) and following three sequential steps simplifies, identification of inner-ear malformation types.

Methods

Pre-operative computer-tomography (CT) scans of temporal bones of 112 ears with various inner ear malformation (IEM) types were taken for analysis. Images were analyzed using DICOM viewers, 3D slicer, and OTOPLAN®. The inner-ear was captured in the oblique-coronal plane for the measurement of length and width of cochlear basal turn which is also called as A-, and B-values respectively (Step 1). In the same plane, the angular-turns of lateral-wall (LW) of cochlear basal turn were measured (Step 2). As Step 3, the mid-modiolar section of inner ear was captured in the axial plane by following the A-value and perpendicular to cochlear view. From the mid-modiolar section, the outer-contour of inner ear was captured manually by following contrasting gray area between fluid filled and bony promontory and was compared to known resembling objects to identify IEM types (Step 3).

Results

Following reference values have emerged from our analysis: A-, and B-values (Step 1) on average are >8 mm and >5.5 mm respectively, in normal cochleae (NA), enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS), incomplete partition (IP) type-I and -II, whereas it is <8 mm and <5.5 mm respectively, in IP type-III and cochlear hypoplasia (CH). Angular-turn of LW is consistently observed in cochlear basal turn (Step 2), is 540° in NA and EVAS, 450° in IP-II, and 360° in IP types I & III. In subjects with CH type, angular-turn of LW is either 360° or 450° or 540°. In true mid-modiolar section, outer-contour of inner-ear (Step-3), other than in CH and cystic inner-ear malformations, resembles recognizable shapes of known objects. Absence of EVA is an additional characteristic that confirms diagnosis of CH when the A-, B-values, and angular-turn of LW can be similar to other anatomical types. Drawing a straight line along posterior edge of internal auditory canal (IAC) in axial view can differentiate a true common cavity (CC) from cochlear aplasia-vestibular cavity (VC).

Conclusion

Three-step process proposed in this study captures inner-ear in cochlear view as well in mid-modiolar sections visualizing key features of inner-ear in identification of IEM types.

Level of Evidence

Level 1.

Volumetry improves the assessment of the vestibular aqueduct size in inner ear malformation

OBJECTIVES

Enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) is a common finding associated with inner ear malformations (IEM). However, uniform radiologic definitions for EVA are missing and various 2D-measurement methods to define EVA have been reported. This study evaluates VA volume in different types of IEM and compares 3D-reconstructed VA volume to 2D-measurements.

METHODS

A total of 98 high-resolution CT (HRCT) data sets from temporal bones were analyzed (56 with IEM; [cochlear hypoplasia (CH; n = 18), incomplete partition type I (IPI; n = 12) and type II (IPII; n = 11) and EVA (n = 15)]; 42 controls). VA diameter was measured in axial images. VA volume was analyzed by software-based, semi-automatic segmentation and 3D-reconstruction. Differences in VA volume between the groups and associations between VA volume and VA diameter were assessed. Inter-rater-reliability (IRR) was assessed using the intra-class-correlation-coefficient (ICC).

RESULTS

Larger VA volumes were found in IEM compared to controls. Significant differences in VA volume between patients with EVA and controls (p < 0.001) as well as between IPII and controls (p < 0.001) were found. VA diameter at the midpoint (VA midpoint) and at the operculum (VA operculum) correlated to VA volume in IPI (VA midpoint: r = 0.78, VA operculum: r = 0.91), in CH (VA midpoint: r = 0.59, VA operculum: r = 0.61), in EVA (VA midpoint: r = 0.55, VA operculum: r = 0.66) and in controls (VA midpoint: r = 0.36, VA operculum: r = 0.42). The highest IRR was found for VA volume (ICC = 0.90).

CONCLUSIONS

The VA diameter may be an insufficient estimate of VA volume, since (1) measurement of VA diameter does not reliably correlate with VA volume and (2) VA diameter shows a lower IRR than VA volume. 3D-reconstruction and VA volumetry may add information in diagnosing EVA in cases with or without additional IEM.

Internal auditory canal volume in normal and malformed inner ears

Purpose

A narrow bony internal auditory canal (IAC) may be associated with a hypoplastic cochlear nerve and poorer hearing performances after cochlear implantation. However, definitions for a narrow IAC vary widely and commonly, qualitative grading or two-dimensional measures are used to characterize a narrow IAC. We aimed to refine the definition of a narrow IAC by determining IAC volume in both control patients and patients with inner ear malformations (IEMs).

Methods

In this multicentric study, we included high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans of 128 temporal bones (85 with IEMs: cochlear aplasia, n = 11; common cavity, n = 2; cochlear hypoplasia type, n = 19; incomplete partition type I/III, n = 8/8; Mondini malformation, n = 16; enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome, n = 19; 45 controls). The IAC diameter was measured in the axial plane and the IAC volume was measured by semi-automatic segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction.

Results

In controls, the mean IAC diameter was 5.5 mm (SD 1.1 mm) and the mean IAC volume was 175.3 mm3 (SD 52.6 mm3). Statistically significant differences in IAC volumes were found in cochlear aplasia (68.3 mm3, p < 0.0001), IPI (107.4 mm3, p = 0.04), and IPIII (277.5 mm3, p = 0.0004 mm3). Inter-rater reliability was higher in IAC volume than in IAC diameter (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.92 vs. 0.77).

Conclusions

Volumetric measurement of IAC in cases of IEMs reduces measurement variability and may add to classifying IEMs. Since a hypoplastic IAC can be associated with a hypoplastic cochlear nerve and sensorineural hearing loss, radiologic assessment of the IAC is crucial in patients with severe sensorineural hearing loss undergoing cochlear implantation.

A novel method of identifying inner ear malformation types by pattern recognition in the mid modiolar section

Identification of the inner ear malformation types from radiographs is a complex process. We hypothesize that each inner ear anatomical type has a uniqueness in its appearance in radiographs. The outer contour of the inner ear was captured from the mid-modiolar section, perpendicular to the oblique-coronal plane, from which the A-value was determined from CT scans with different inner ear anatomical types. The mean A-value of normal anatomy (NA) and enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS) anatomical types was greater than for Incomplete Partition (IP) type I, II, III and cochlear hypoplasia. The outer contour of the cochlear portion within the mid-modiolar section of NA and EVAS resembles the side view of Aladdin’s lamp; IP type I resembles the side-view of the Sphinx pyramid and type II a Pomeranian dog’s face. The steep spiraling cochlear turns of IP type III resemble an Auger screw tip. Drawing a line parallel to the posterior margin of internal auditory canal (IAC) in axial-view, bisecting the cavity into cochlear and vestibular portions, identifies common-cavity; whereas a cavity that falls under the straight-line leaving no cochlear portion identifies cochlear aplasia. An atlas of the outer contour of seventy-eight inner ears was created for the identification of the inner malformation types precisely.

Scala vestibuli cochlear implant supported by 3D modeling of the inner ear

Patients with scala tympani (ST) ossification present a distinct surgical challenge. Three-dimensional (3D) segmentation of the inner ear offers accurate identification of ossification and surgical planning of the cochleostomy to access the scala vestibuli. The scala vestibuli placement of cochlear implantation electrode is an alternate solution in these patients and is well supported by the literature.

The present report describes a case of cochlear implantation in the scala vestibuli assisted by 3D segmentation of the cochlea for a patient with ossification in the ST and reviews the relevant literature. Clinical presentation of a 45-year-old Austrian female who was referred with a history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss 2 years ago in the right ear, confirmed by pure tone audiometry (PTA) and acoustically evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR). 3D segmentation of the inner ear identified the extent of ossification in the ST and assisted in the surgical planning of cochleostomy drilling anterior-superior to the round window to access the scala vestibuli for the electrode placement. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) to confirm the electrode placement in the scala vestibuli and PTA was performed to assess the hearing threshold following the cochlear implantation. Postoperative CT confirmed the full insertion of a flexible electrode. The hearing threshold measured by PTA was ≤ 40 dB across all frequencies tested. Review of the literature identified a total of 13 published reports on cochlear implantation electrode placement in scala vestibuli in cases with ossification in the ST.

CT imaging-based approaches to cochlear duct length estimation-a human temporal bone study

Objectives

Knowledge about cochlear duct length (CDL) may assist electrode choice in cochlear implantation (CI). However, no gold standard for clinical applicable estimation of CDL exists. The aim of this study is (1) to determine the most reliable radiological imaging method and imaging processing software for measuring CDL from clinical routine imaging and (2) to accurately predict the insertion depth of the CI electrode.

Methods

Twenty human temporal bones were examined using different sectional imaging techniques (high-resolution computed tomography [HRCT] and cone beam computed tomography [CBCT]). CDL was measured using three methods: length estimation using (1) a dedicated preclinical 3D reconstruction software, (2) the established A-value method, and (3) a clinically approved otosurgical planning software. Temporal bones were implanted with a 31.5-mm CI electrode and measurements were compared to a reference based on the CI electrode insertion angle measured by radiographs in Stenvers projection (CDL_reference).

Results

A mean cochlear coverage of 74% (SD 7.4%) was found. The CDL_reference showed significant differences to each other method (p < 0.001). The strongest correlation to the CDL_reference was found for the otosurgical planning software-based method obtained from HRCT (CDL_SW-HRCT; r = 0.87, p < 0.001) and from CBCT (CDL_SW-CBCT; r = 0.76, p < 0.001). Overall, CDL was underestimated by each applied method. The inter-rater reliability was fair for the CDL estimation based on 3D reconstruction from CBCT (CDL_3D-CBCT; intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.43), good for CDL estimation based on 3D reconstruction from HRCT (CDL_3D-HRCT; ICC = 0.71), poor for CDL estimation based on the A-value method from HRCT (CDL_A-HRCT; ICC = 0.29), and excellent for CDL estimation based on the A-value method from CBCT (CDL_A-CBCT; ICC = 0.87) as well as for the CDL_SW-HRCT (ICC = 0.94), CDL_SW-CBCT (ICC = 0.94) and CDL_reference (ICC = 0.87).

Conclusions

All approaches would have led to an electrode choice of rather too short electrodes. Concerning treatment decisions based on CDL measurements, the otosurgical planning software-based method has to be recommended. The best inter-rater reliability was found for CDL_A-CBCT, for CDL_SW-HRCT, for CDL_SW-CBCT, and for CDL_reference.

Key Points

• Clinically applicable calculations using high-resolution CT and cone beam CT underestimate the cochlear size.

• Ten percent of cochlear duct length need to be added to current calculations in order to predict the postoperative CI electrode position.

• The clinically approved otosurgical planning software-based method software is the most suitable to estimate the cochlear duct length and shows an excellent inter-rater reliability.

Audiological and Speech Performance After Cochlear Implantation in Cochlear Aplasia Deformity

Inner ear malformation is a congenital anomaly associated with prelingual sensory neural hearing loss in the pediatric population. This is a case report of bilateral radiologically diagnosed cochlear aplasia in a child who underwent unilateral left cochlear implantation with audiological results at one-year follow-up after surgery. Sixteen months after the cochlear implantation surgery, the child could produce 200 words and say a sentence with two words. In certain cases of inner ear malformation, the subgrouping of cystic cavity can be difficult and should not delay the trial of cochlear implant provided an acceptable anatomical appearance of the inner ear with cochleovestibular nerve existence and a proper electrode used for implantation.

Cochlear implantation in common cavity deformity: a systematic review

PURPOSE

Cochlear implantation became a valid hearing rehabilitation option in common cavity deformity. This study aimed to assess the audiological and speech outcomes of cochlear implantation in common cavity deformity patients and to address the surgical aspect used in this population.

METHODS

A comprehensive systematic literature review based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline from database inception through April 2020. Eighteen published articles including 138 patients with common cavity deformity met the inclusion criteria. These articles studied the surgical techniques and the audiological outcomes of cochlear implantation in patients with common cavity deformity in English language.

RESULTS

Trans-mastoid labyrinthotomy was the common surgical approach in these patients. The average speech intelligibility rating and categories of auditory performance scores in common cavity deformity were lower than in normal cochlea subjects (p < 0.05), and non-significant (p > 0.05) compared with other types of inner ear malformations.

CONCLUSION

Patients with common cavity deformity who underwent cochlear implantation showed a beneficial audiological and speech outcome. However, their performance is highly variable. Therefore, pre-operative counseling of the parents is necessary. The surgical approaches should be individualized according to clinical, radiological, and surgical findings.

Special electrodes for demanding cochlear conditions

Optimal matching of an electrode array to the cochlear anatomy plays a key role in bringing the best benefit of CI technology to the users. Even within the category of normal anatomy cochlea, the size variation is huge justifying MED-EL's FLEX electrode array to be available in five different lengths. Within the malformed inner-ear category the anatomical variation is huge, convincing MED-EL to custom-design the electrode array as per the request from the operating surgeons. Thanks to G. Bredberg, M. Beltrame, L. Sennaroglu, J. Gavilan, S. Plontke, T. Lenarz, J. Müller, and few others for their valuable suggestions on unique electrode designs satisfying various needs. Translational research efforts at MED-EL in cooperation with CI surgeons from across the world led to the implantation of a variety of electrode array designs in patients with special cochlear needs.