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Sá C, Cowley S, Shahrin B, Stevenson C, Su A. Disciplinary gender balance, research productivity, and recognition of men and women in academia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293080. [PMID: 38096215 PMCID: PMC10720991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender disparities in science have become a salient concern for policy makers and researchers. Previous studies have documented a gender gap in research productivity and recognition in the sciences, and different reasons for this gap have been proposed. In this study, we examine four academic fields with different proportions of men and women in their population. We address the following questions: What is the relationship between the gendered make-up of a field and the productivity and recognition of men and women scientists in that academic field? What is the relationship between the publication patterns of men and women in different academic fields and their productivity and recognition? We find that gendered patterns of productivity and recognition favour men in man-dominated subfields (Mathematical Physics and Software Engineering), while women were more productive and highly cited in one woman-dominated subfield (Nursing), though not in another (Psychology). Nursing, a woman-gendered field, provides an interesting counterpoint to the most usual findings regarding gender disparities in academia. Our findings highlight the need to disaggregate academic fields and to bring to the forefront other disciplines that remain under investigated in analyses of gender gaps to potentially elucidate conflicting findings in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creso Sá
- Department of Leadership, Higher, and Adult Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Summer Cowley
- Department of Leadership, Higher, and Adult Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bushra Shahrin
- Department of Leadership, Higher, and Adult Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen Stevenson
- Department of Leadership, Higher, and Adult Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmet Su
- Department of Leadership, Higher, and Adult Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Baum MA, Braun MN, Hart A, Huffer VI, Meßmer JA, Weigl M, Wennerhold L. The first author takes it all? Solutions for crediting authors more visibly, transparently, and free of bias. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:1605-1620. [PMID: 35945695 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the seventh edition of the publication manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), the APA style now prescribes bias-free language and encourages accessibility even to non-academic audiences. However, even with the newest guidelines, the way we credit authors in psychology remains anachronistic, intransparent, and prone to conflict. It still relies on a sequence-determines-credit approach in the byline, which concurrently is contradicted by the option to consider the last author as the position of the principal investigator depending on the field or journal. Scholars from various disciplines have argued that relying on such norms introduces a considerable amount of error when stakeholders rely on articles for career-relevant decisions. Given the existing recommendations towards a credit-based system, ignoring those issues will further promote bias that could be avoided with rather minor changes to the way we perceive authorship. In this article, we introduce a set of easy-to-implement changes to the manuscript layout that value contribution rather than position. Aimed at fostering transparency, accountability, and equality between authors, establishing those changes would likely benefit all stakeholders in contemporary psychological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam A Baum
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Moritz N Braun
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Alexander Hart
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | - Julia A Meßmer
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Michael Weigl
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Lasse Wennerhold
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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3
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Rinaldo N, Piva G, Ryder S, Crepaldi A, Pasini A, Caruso L, Manfredini R, Straudi S, Manfredini F, Lamberti N. The Issue of Gender Bias Represented in Authorship in the Fields of Exercise and Rehabilitation: A 5-Year Research in Indexed Journals. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010018. [PMID: 36810502 PMCID: PMC9944464 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite progress made in recent decades, gender bias is still present in scientific publication authorship. The underrepresentation of women and overrepresentation of men has already been reported in the medical fields but little is known in the fields of exercise sciences and rehabilitation. This study examines trends in authorship by gender in this field in the last 5 years. All randomized controlled trials published in indexed journals from April 2017 to March 2022 through the widely inclusive Medline dataset using the MeSH term "exercise therapy" were collected, and the gender of the first and last authors was identified through names, pronouns and photographs. Year of publication, country of affiliation of the first author, and ranking of the journal were also collected. A chi-squared test for trends and logistic regression models were performed to analyze the odds of a woman being a first or last author. The analysis was performed on a total of 5259 articles. Overall, 47% had a woman as the first author and 33% had a woman as the last author, with a similar trend over five years. The trend in women's authorship varied by geographical area, with the higher representation of women authors in Oceania (first: 53.1%; last: 38.8%), North-Central America (first: 45.3%; last: 37.2%), and Europe (first: 47.2%; last: 33.3%). The logistic regression models (p < 0.001) indicated that women have lower odds of being authors in prominent authorship positions in higher-ranked journals. In conclusion, over the last five years, in the field of exercise and rehabilitation research, women and men are almost equally represented as first authors, in contrast with other medical areas. However, gender bias, unfavoring women, still exists, especially in the last authorship position, regardless of geographical area and journal ranking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascia Rinaldo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piva
- PhD Program in Environmental Sustainability and Wellbeing, Department of Humanities, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Suzanne Ryder
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Crepaldi
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigation Biomedica, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alba Pasini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Manfredini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532236187
| | - Nicola Lamberti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Purvis B, Keding H, Lewis A, Northall P. Critical reflections of postgraduate researchers on a collaborative interdisciplinary research project. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 10:10. [PMID: 36628103 PMCID: PMC9817435 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-022-01494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
By employing a retrospective collaborative autoethnographic approach, this work aims to better understand how an interdisciplinary context shaped the authors' experiences of British academia during their Ph.D research. The authors bring together their individual observations and experiences to collectively interrogate and critically reflect on their position as postgraduate researchers (PGRs) on a collaborative interdisciplinary research project. These reflections are taken as a lens through which to interrogate the contemporary British university. Pre-existing tensions within the academy are characterised as 'asymmetries' along dimensions of risk, disciplinary hierarchy, and knowledge. It is argued that the authors' experience of uncertainty and precarity as junior academics stems principally from pre-existing structures within British academia, rather than the interdisciplinary environment in which they were immersed. By emphasising the role of the successfully trained doctoral candidate as an outcome itself, it is argued that indicators of success can be reframed, shifting the power asymmetry to place greater value on PGRs within the neoliberal academy. Highlighting the ambiguity of their convergent and divergent personal experiences, the authors suggest there is a need for a greater focus on the contested role of the PGR within the contemporary university system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Purvis
- Sheffield University Management School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Keding
- Fraunhofer-Informationszentrum Raum und Bau, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Phil Northall
- Centre for Regional Economic & Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Grimm LJ, Harvey JA. Practical Steps to Writing a Scientific Manuscript. JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING 2022; 4:640-648. [PMID: 38416993 DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Writing a scientific manuscript can be a very intimidating process for new writers. However, writing a scientific research article can be broken down into discrete steps to make the process more digestible. Radiology manuscripts have common conventions that differ from research in technical and other medical fields. The practical steps summarized within describe what to do before you start writing, successful writing strategies, and common writing styles. Templates for producing an abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion are outlined, along with tips to collect references and produce high quality figures. All writers can benefit from an outside writing perspective, and the practical steps described should ease the transition from a blank page to a finished manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars J Grimm
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A Harvey
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Imaging Sciences, Rochester, NY, USA
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6
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Campbell SE, Simberloff D. The Productivity Puzzle in Invasion Science: Declining but Persisting Gender Imbalances in Research Performance. Bioscience 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We analyzed 27,234 publications published since the rise of the field of invasion science in 1980 to evaluate the presence of gender differences in research productivity, the extent of collaboration, and the research impact of those differences. Our analysis revealed significantly fewer female than male authored publications, both per capita and as a group, and the underrepresentation of women as first and single authors persists despite improvements in the gender gap. At the current rate of increase, gender parity in first authorship will not be achieved until 2100, and men will continue to constitute the principal voice of first or single authors in invasion science. Women collaborate with fewer coauthors and are cited less frequently than men, on average, which may influence recruitment and retention to more senior academic positions. These gender disparities in this aspect of research performance suggest that, although the gender gap is lessening, women experience barriers in invasion science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Campbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Daniel Simberloff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
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Jones AW. Highly cited forensic practitioners in the discipline legal and forensic medicine and the importance of peer-review and publication for admission of expert testimony. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022; 18:37-44. [PMID: 35129820 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-021-00447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peer-review of manuscripts submitted to scholarly journals for publication dates back ~ 350 years and this process represents the foundation of scientific publishing. After a manuscript has undergone and survived a rigorous peer-review, this conveys a stamp of approval, because it signifies the work has been checked by independent experts in the scientific discipline concerned. The publication and citation track records of people instructed to appear as expert witness in civil and criminal litigation are important considerations. Using a publically available database, the most highly cited scientists in the discipline legal and forensic medicine were identified. For each scientist, a composite score was calculated based on six different citation metrics; (i) Total number of citations, (ii) H-index, (iii) Hm-index, which modifies the H-index for multi-authored papers, (iv) Citations to single-author papers, (v) Citations to single and first author papers and (vi) citations to single, first and last author papers. The top 100,000 most highly cited scientists from all disciplines were identified along with the top 2% of the most highly cited in each of 176 sub-fields. The latest version of the citation databases, up to the end of 2020, classified 14.163 people as having legal and forensic medicine as their primary research discipline. Of these, there were 29 names listed among the top 100,000 most highly cited in all disciplines and 299 were among the top cited 2% in their particular sub-field. More than 50% of the highly cited forensic practitioners resided in four countries (USA, Germany, UK and Australia). The top-ten most highly cited individuals were the same in all four versions of the database (2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020) and represented the sub-disciplines of toxicology (n = 3), genetics/DNA/heredity (n = 3), whereas two specialized in pathology/toxicology and two in pathology/genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wayne Jones
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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8
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Khalifa A. Losing young researchers in the authorship battle, under-reported casualties. ETHICS, MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:100735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Devriendt T, Borry P, Shabani M. Credit and Recognition for Contributions to Data-Sharing Platforms Among Cohort Holders and Platform Developers in Europe: Interview Study. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e25983. [PMID: 35023849 PMCID: PMC8796038 DOI: 10.2196/25983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The European Commission is funding projects that aim to establish data-sharing platforms. These platforms are envisioned to enhance and facilitate the international sharing of cohort data. Nevertheless, broad data sharing may be restricted by the lack of adequate recognition for those who share data. Objective The aim of this study is to describe in depth the concerns about acquiring credit for data sharing within epidemiological research. Methods A total of 17 participants linked to European Union–funded data-sharing platforms were recruited for a semistructured interview. Transcripts were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results Interviewees argued that data sharing within international projects could challenge authorship guidelines in multiple ways. Some respondents considered that the acquisition of credit for articles with extensive author lists could be problematic in some instances, such as for junior researchers. In addition, universities may be critical of researchers who share data more often than leading research. Some considered that the evaluation system undervalues data generators and specialists. Respondents generally looked favorably upon alternatives to the current evaluation system to potentially ameliorate these issues. Conclusions The evaluation system might impede data sharing because it mainly focuses on first and last authorship and undervalues the contributor’s work. Further movement of crediting models toward contributorship could potentially address this issue. Appropriate crediting mechanisms that are better aligned with the way science ought to be conducted in the future need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Devriendt
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascal Borry
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mahsa Shabani
- Metamedica, Faculty of Law and Criminology, UGent, Gent, Belgium
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Devriendt T, Ammann C, W. Asselbergs F, Bernier A, Costas R, Friedrich MG, Gelpi JL, Jarvelin MR, Kuulasmaa K, Lekadir K, Mayrhofer MT, Papez V, Pasterkamp G, Petersen SE, Schmidt CO, Schulz-Menger J, Söderberg S, Shabani M, Veronesi G, Viezzer DS, Borry P. An agenda-setting paper on data sharing platforms: euCanSHare workshop. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2021; 1:80. [PMID: 37645200 PMCID: PMC10445835 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13860.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Various data sharing platforms are being developed to enhance the sharing of cohort data by addressing the fragmented state of data storage and access systems. However, policy challenges in several domains remain unresolved. The euCanSHare workshop was organized to identify and discuss these challenges and to set the future research agenda. Concerns over the multiplicity and long-term sustainability of platforms, lack of resources, access of commercial parties to medical data, credit and recognition mechanisms in academia and the organization of data access committees are outlined. Within these areas, solutions need to be devised to ensure an optimal functioning of platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Devriendt
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clemens Ammann
- Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Alexander Bernier
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Costas
- Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias G. Friedrich
- Departments of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Josep L. Gelpi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karim Lekadir
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Lab (BCN-AIM), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Vaclav Papez
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics Laboratories, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen E. Petersen
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Carsten Oliver Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, Department SHIP-KEF, Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jeanette Schulz-Menger
- Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Hospital Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mahsa Shabani
- METAMEDICA, Department of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Veronesi
- Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria in Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Darian Steven Viezzer
- Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Borry
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kratochvíl J, Abrahámová H, Fialová M, Stodůlková M. Citation rules through the eyes of biomedical journal editors. LEARNED PUBLISHING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/leap.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Fialová
- University Campus Library Masaryk University Brno Czechia
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Geneviève LD, Martani A, Elger BS, Wangmo T. Individual notions of fair data sharing from the perspectives of Swiss stakeholders. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1007. [PMID: 34551742 PMCID: PMC8459557 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The meaningful sharing of health data between different stakeholders is central to the advancement of science and to improve care offered to individual patients. However, it is important that the interests of individual stakeholders involved in this data sharing ecosystem are taken into account to ensure fair data sharing practices. In this regard, this qualitative study investigates such practices from the perspectives of a subset of relevant Swiss expert stakeholders, using a distributive justice lens. Methods Using purposive and snowball sampling methodologies, 48 expert stakeholders from the Swiss healthcare and research domains were recruited for semi-structured interviews. After the experts had consented, the interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, but omitting identifying information to ensure confidentiality and anonymity. A thematic analysis using a deductive approach was conducted to identify fair data sharing practices for secondary research purposes. Themes and subthemes were then identified and developed during the analysis. Results Three distributive justice themes were identified in the data sharing negotiation processes, and these are: (i) effort, which was subcategorized into two subthemes (i.e. a claim to data reciprocity and other reciprocal advantages, and a claim to transparency on data re-use), (ii) compensation, which was subcategorized into two subthemes (i.e. a claim to an academic compensation and a claim to a financial compensation), and lastly, (iii) contribution, i.e. the significance of data contributions should be matched with a corresponding reward. Conclusions This qualitative study provides insights, which could inform policy-making on claims and incentives that encourage Swiss expert stakeholders to share their datasets. Importantly, several claims have been identified and justified under the basis of distributive justice principles, whilst some are more debatable and likely insufficient in justifying data sharing activities. Nonetheless, these claims should be taken seriously and discussed more broadly. Indeed, promoting health research while ensuring that healthcare systems guarantee better services, it is paramount to ensure that solutions developed are sustainable, provide fair criteria for academic careers and promote the sharing of high quality data to advance science. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-06906-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Martani
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernice Simone Elger
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,University Center of Legal Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tenzin Wangmo
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Helgesson G, Master Z, Bülow W. How to Handle Co-authorship When Not Everyone's Research Contributions Make It into the Paper. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2021; 27:27. [PMID: 33844100 PMCID: PMC8041690 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-021-00303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While much of the scholarly work on ethics relating to academic authorship examines the fair distribution of authorship credit, none has yet examined situations where a researcher contributes significantly to the project, but whose contributions do not make it into the final manuscript. Such a scenario is commonplace in collaborative research settings in many disciplines and may occur for a number of reasons, such as excluding research in order to provide the paper with a clearer focus, tell a particular story, or exclude negative results that do not fit the hypothesis. Our concern in this paper is less about the reasons for including or excluding data from a paper and more about distributing credit in this type of scenario. In particular, we argue that the notion 'substantial contribution', which is part of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship criteria, is ambiguous and that we should ask whether it concerns what ends up in the paper or what is a substantial contribution to the research process leading up to the paper. We then argue, based on the principles of fairness, due credit, and ensuring transparency and accountability in research, that the latter interpretation is more plausible from a research ethics point of view. We conclude that the ICMJE and other organizations interested in authorship and publication ethics should consider including guidance on authorship attribution in situations where researchers contribute significantly to the research process leading up to a specific paper, but where their contribution is finally omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Helgesson
- Stockholm Centre for Healthcare Ethics (CHE), Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zubin Master
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William Bülow
- Department of Philosophy, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Helgesson G. The two faces of the corresponding author and the need to separate them. LEARNED PUBLISHING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/leap.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Helgesson
- Karolinska Institutet Tomtebodavägen 18 A SE‐171 77 Stockholm Sweden
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15
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An intersectional approach to analyse gender productivity and open access: a bibliometric analysis of the Italian National Research Council. Scientometrics 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGender equality and Open Access (OA) are priorities within the European Research Area and cross-cutting issues in European research program H2020. Gender and openness are also key elements of responsible research and innovation. However, despite the common underlying targets of fostering an inclusive, transparent and sustainable research environment, both issues are analysed as independent topics. This paper represents a first exploration of the inter-linkages between gender and OA analysing the scientific production of researchers of the Italian National Research Council under a gender perspective integrated with the different OA publications modes. A bibliometric analysis was carried out for articles published in the period 2016–2018 and retrieved from the Web of Science. Results are presented constantly analysing CNR scientific production in relation to gender, disciplinary fields and OA publication modes. These variables are also used when analysing articles that receive financial support. Our results indicate that gender disparities in scientific production still persist particularly in STEM disciplines, while the gender gap is the closest to parity in medical and agricultural sciences. A positive dynamic toward OA publishing and women’s scientific production is shown when disciplines with well-established open practices are related to articles supported by funds. A slightly higher women’s propensity toward OA is shown when considering Gold OA, or authorships with women in the first and last article by-line position. The prevalence of Italian funded articles with women’s contributions published in Gold OA journals seems to confirm this tendency, especially if considering the weak enforcement of the Italian OA policies.
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Helgesson G. Authorship order and effects of changing bibliometrics practices. RESEARCH ETHICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1747016119898403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the authorship order on published research plays a significant role for scientific merit in many research contexts, and therefore should be handled with great care not least for the sake of fairness, the practices of accrediting authorship positions vary greatly between different research areas. This paper makes the point, by help of a current example, that changes in bibliometrics practices may make an already disparate landscape even more confusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Helgesson
- Stockholm Centre for Healthcare Ethics, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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