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Wupperfeld D, Fricker G, Bois De Fer B, Popovic B. Essential phospholipids impact cytokine secretion and alter lipid-metabolizing enzymes in human hepatocyte cell lines. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:572-584. [PMID: 38664334 PMCID: PMC11126482 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential phospholipids (EPL) are hepatoprotective. METHODS The effects on interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 secretion and on certain lipid-metabolizing enzymes of non-cytotoxic concentrations of EPL (0.1 and 0.25 mg/ml), polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) (both at 0.1 and 1 mg/ml), compared with untreated controls, were assessed in human hepatocyte cell lines (HepG2, HepaRG, and steatotic HepaRG). RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 secretion was significantly decreased in HepaRG cells by most phospholipids, and significantly increased in steatotic HepaRG cells with at least one concentration of EPL and PtdIns. LPS-induced IL-8 secretion was significantly increased in HepaRG and steatotic HepaRG cells with all phospholipids. All phospholipids significantly decreased amounts of fatty acid synthase in steatotic HepaRG cells and the amounts of acyl-CoA oxidase in HepaRG cells. Amounts of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase were significantly decreased in HepG2 and HepaRG cells by most phospholipids, and significantly increased with 0.1 mg/ml PPC (HepaRG cells) and 1 mg/ml PtdIns (steatotic HepaRG cells). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was unaffected by any phospholipid in any cell line. CONCLUSIONS EPL, PPC, and PtdIns impacted the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and affected amounts of several key lipid-metabolizing enzymes in human hepatocyte cell lines. Such changes may help liver function improvement, and provide further insights into the EPL's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wupperfeld
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Branko Popovic
- Sanofi, Frankfurt am Main, K607, 65929, Industriepark Hoechst, Germany.
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2
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Chen H, Deng Y, Wang Q, Chen W, Liu Z, Tan H, Chen D. Large polystyrene microplastics results in hepatic lipotoxicity in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122015. [PMID: 37343913 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Like small microplastics (MPs), recent studies reveal that large MPs could cause health risks in mice, even if they are not enriched in tissues. However, potential hepatoxicity following large MPs exposure and the underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we explored the disruption of hepatic lipid metabolism and potential underlying toxic mechanisms in mice caused by long-term exposure to large polystyrene MPs (40-100 μm) based on a multi-omic approach. After 21 weeks of feeding foods containing MPs (50 and 500 mg/kg food), lipidomic revealed that environmentally relevant and higher doses MP exposures resulted in significant changes in a total of 20 lipid classes. Ceramide (Cer) and dihydroceramide (dhCer) were significantly reduced, while cholesteryl ester (CE), lysoalkylphosphatidylcholine (LPCO), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and total glyceride (TG) were all elevated by MPs. The transcriptomic and other physiological data suggested that the potential toxic mechanisms may be related to disorders of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and metabolism disorders, and transporting of TG. Our findings demonstrate the hepatic lipotoxicity following exposure to environmentally relevant and higher doses of large MPs, calling for future research and management of the environmental risks of MPs with relatively large particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexia Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongfeng Deng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiteng Liu
- Shenzhen Colleage of International Education, Shenzhen 518043, China
| | - Hongli Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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3
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Bertran L, Capellades J, Abelló S, Durán-Bertran J, Aguilar C, Martinez S, Sabench F, Correig X, Yanes O, Auguet T, Richart C. LC/MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Study in Women with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Associated with Morbid Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9789. [PMID: 37372937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the importance of a metabolomic analysis in a complex disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated with obesity. Using an untargeted metabolomics technique, we studied blood metabolites in 216 morbidly obese women with liver histological diagnosis. A total of 172 patients were diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and 44 were diagnosed with normal liver (NL). Patients with NAFLD were classified into simple steatosis (n = 66) and NASH (n = 106) categories. A comparative analysis of metabolites levels between NASH and NL demonstrated significant differences in lipid metabolites and derivatives, mainly from the phospholipid group. In NASH, there were increased levels of several phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidylethanolamines, as well as isolated metabolites such as diacylglycerol 34:1, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine 20:3 and sphingomyelin 38:1. By contrast, there were decreased levels of acylcarnitines, sphingomyelins and linoleic acid. These findings may facilitate identification studies of the main pathogenic metabolic pathways related to NASH and may also have a possible applicability in a panel of metabolites to be used as biomarkers in future algorithms of the disease diagnosis and its follow-up. Further confirmatory studies in groups with different ages and sexes are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Bertran
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Capellades
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sonia Abelló
- Servei de Recursos Científics i Tècnics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joan Durán-Bertran
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Salomé Martinez
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fàtima Sabench
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
- Unitat de Cirurgia, Facultad de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Correig
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Yanes
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Auguet
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Richart
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
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4
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Wupperfeld D, Fricker G, Bois De Fer B, Frank L, Wehrle A, Popovic B. Essential phospholipids decrease apoptosis and increase membrane transport in human hepatocyte cell lines. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:91. [PMID: 36153592 PMCID: PMC9508738 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Essential phospholipids (EPL) have hepatoprotective effects across many liver diseases/conditions. The impact of EPL on hepatocyte function in vitro was investigated.
Methods
Effects of noncytotoxic concentrations of EPL (0.1 and 0.25 mg/ml), and its constituents, polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) (both at 0.1 and 1 mg/ml), on membrane fluidity, apoptosis and extracellular transport versus controls were investigated in human hepatocyte cell lines (HepG2, HepaRG, steatotic HepaRG).
Results
Significantly increased membrane fluidity occurred with all 3 phospholipids (PLs) in HepG2 cultures, and with PI (1 mg/ml) in steatotic HepaRG cells. Significantly decreased tamoxifen-induced apoptosis was observed in HepG2 cells with EPL, PPC and PI. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) activity was significantly increased by EPL and PI in HepG2 cells. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP-2) activity was unaffected by any PL in HepG2 cells, and significantly increased by EPL, PI and PPC (1 mg/ml) in HepaRG cells, and by PI (1 mg/ml) in steatotic HepaRG cells. Bile salt export protein (BSEP) activity in HepG2 cells and steatotic HepaRG cells was significantly increased by EPL (0.25 mg/ml), and PPC (both concentrations), but not by PI. The PLs had no effects on HepaRG cell BSEP activity. P-glycoprotein (P-GP) activity was significantly increased by all compounds in HepG2 cells. PI (1 mg/ml) significantly increased P-GP activity in HepaRG and steatotic HepaRG cells.
Conclusions
EPL, PPC, and PI increased hepatocyte membrane fluidity, decreased apoptosis and increased hepatocellular export, all of which may improve liver function. These in-vitro investigations provide valuable insights into the mechanism of action of EPL.
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Xu J, Fan Y, Yu Y, Han Y, Kang Q, Tan N, Yang Y, Chen H, Pan J, Xu X. A Multicenter Real-World Study Evaluating the Hepatoprotective Effect of Polyene Phosphatidylcholine Against Chronic Hepatitis B. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:842098. [PMID: 35814776 PMCID: PMC9256938 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.842098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyene phosphatidylcholine (PPC) has been widely used to treat liver diseases in China. However, there is a lack of post-marketing evidence demonstrating its liver-protective efficiency among patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). This study analyzed the multicenter real-world data to compare the effectiveness of PPC with those of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (IsoMag) and glutathione (GSH) in patients with liver injury. Methods This study comprised the real-world data analysis of a multicenter, retrospective observational cohort. The data were retrieved from the Cooperative Registry of the Hospital Prescription in China between 1 October 2018, and 30 September 2019. A growth curve analysis was performed to compare the effects of different treatments on liver function longitudinally for up to 30 days after treatment commencement. In addition, the dose effect of the PPC treatment was investigated. Results The final cohort included 6,052 patients with approximately 8% infected with HBV (N = 471). There were 1,649, 1,750, and 2,653 patients in the PPC, GSH, and IsoMag groups, respectively, with an average age of 53.9 years. In patients with HBV infection, the PPC treatment was associated with a significant decline in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (slopes: −3.7, 95% CI, −6.0 to −1.5 U/L/day; −2.4, 95% CI, −4.5 to −0.3 U/L/day, respectively). However, there were no significant differences in the effects among the three groups. In patients without HBV infection, the PPC treatment decreased ALT, AST, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and albumin levels (−5.2, 95% CI, −5.8 to −4.5 U/L/day; −3.5, 95% CI, −4.2 to −2.7 U/L/day; −4.9, 95% CI, −6.2 to −3.7 U/L/day, −0.07, 95% CI, −0.09 to −0.04 g/L/day, respectively) and showed a stronger effect on lowering ALT levels than GSH (−2.6, 95% CI, −3.3 to −1.8 U/L/day, p < 0.05), as well as a stronger effect on lowering GGT levels than IsoMag (−1.4, 95% CI, −2.4 to −0.4 U/L/day, p < 0.05). PPC had no impact on prothrombin activity levels in patients with or without HBV infection. High-dose PPC exhibited a stronger effect on lowering ALT and AST levels than low-dose PPC. Conclusion This was the first real-world multicenter study to demonstrate that PPC efficiently lowers ALT and AST levels in patients with liver diseases regardless of the status of HBV infection. PPC treatment showed a comparable or better effect compared with GSH and IsoMag treatments. High-dose PPC resulted in a stronger effect than low-dose PPC.
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Aragón-Herrera A, Otero-Santiago M, Anido-Varela L, Moraña-Fernández S, Campos-Toimil M, García-Caballero T, Barral L, Tarazón E, Roselló-Lletí E, Portolés M, Gualillo O, Moscoso I, Lage R, González-Juanatey JR, Feijóo-Bandín S, Lago F. The Treatment With the SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Modifies the Hepatic Metabolome of Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats Towards a Protective Profile. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827033. [PMID: 35185578 PMCID: PMC8847595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The EMPA-REG OUTCOME (Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)) trial evidenced the potential of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidences have shown the benefits of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on improving liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with T2DM. Metabolomic studies have been shown to be very useful to improve the understanding of liver pathophysiology during the development and progression of metabolic hepatic diseases, and because the effects of empagliflozin and of other SGLT2 inhibitors on the complete metabolic profile of the liver has never been analysed before, we decided to study the impact on the liver of male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats of a treatment for 6 weeks with empagliflozin using an untargeted metabolomics approach, with the purpose to help to clarify the benefits of the use of empagliflozin at hepatic level. We found that empagliflozin is able to change the hepatic lipidome towards a protective profile, through an increase of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated glycerides, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylinositols and lysophosphatidylcholines. Empagliflozin also induces a decrease in the levels of the markers of inflammation IL-6, chemerin and chemerin receptor in the liver. Our results provide new evidences regarding the molecular pathways through which empagliflozin could exert hepatoprotector beneficial effects in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Aragón-Herrera
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Otero-Santiago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Anido-Varela
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sandra Moraña-Fernández
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Group of Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (CD Pharma), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Barral
- Group of Polymers, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Estefanía Tarazón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Portolés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Moscoso
- Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lage
- Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Feijóo-Bandín
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Tereshkina YA, Torkhovskaya TI, Tikhonova EG, Kostryukova LV, Sanzhakov MA, Korotkevich EI, Khudoklinova YY, Orlova NA, Kolesanova EF. Nanoliposomes as drug delivery systems: safety concerns. J Drug Target 2021; 30:313-325. [PMID: 34668814 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1992630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The review highlights the safety issues of drug delivery systems based on liposomes. Due to their small sizes (about 80-120 nm, sometimes even smaller), phospholipid nanoparticles interact intensively with living systems during parenteral administration. This interaction significantly affects both their transport role and safety; therefore, special attention is paid to these issues. The review summarises the data on the basic factors affecting the safety of nanoliposomes: composition, size, surface charge, stability, the release of an incorporated drug, penetration into tissues, interaction with the complement system. Attention is paid to the authors' own research of unique phospholipid nanoparticles with a diameter of 20-30 nm. The influence of technological processes of nanoliposome production on their properties is considered. The article also discusses the modern safety assessment criteria contained in the preliminary regulatory documents of the manufacturing countries for new nanoliposome-based drugs being developed or used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Tereshkina
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - T I Torkhovskaya
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - E G Tikhonova
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Kostryukova
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Sanzhakov
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Korotkevich
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu Yu Khudoklinova
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Orlova
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - E F Kolesanova
- Laboratory of Peptide Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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