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Fornaini C, Fekrazad R, Rocca JP, Zhang S, Merigo E. Use of Blue and Blue-Violet Lasers in Dentistry: A Narrative Review. J Lasers Med Sci 2021; 12:e31. [PMID: 34733754 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Blue and blue-violet diode lasers (450 and 405 nm) seem to represent an interesting approach for several clinical treatments today. The aim of this narrative review is to describe and comment on the literature regarding the utilization of blue and blue-violet lasers in dentistry. Methods: A search for "blue laser AND dentistry" was conducted using the PubMed database, and all the papers referring to this topic, ranging from 1990 to April 2020, were analyzed in the review. All the original in vivo and in vitro studies using 450 nm or 405 nm lasers were included in this study. All the articles on the LED light, laser wavelengths other than 405 and 450 nm and using lasers in specialties other than dentistry, as well as case reports, guideline papers and reviews were excluded. Results: From a total of 519 results, 47 articles met the inclusion criteria and were divided into 8 groups based on their fields of application: disinfection (10), photobiomodulation (PBM) (4), bleaching (1), resin curing (20), surgery (7), periodontics (1), endodontics (1) and orthodontics (3). Conclusion: Blue and blue-violet diode lasers may represent new and effective devices to be used in a large number of applications in dentistry, even if further studies will be necessary to fully clarify the potentialities of these laser wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fornaini
- Laboratoire MICORALIS (MICrobiologie ORALe, Immunothérapie et Santé) EA7354, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR Odontologie, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06000 Nice, France.,Group of Applied Electro Magnetics (GAEM), Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 181/A -43124 -Parma, Italy.,2nd Hospital Shijiazhuang, Dept. of Stomatology, 53 Huaxi Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Reza Fekrazad
- Radiation Sciences Research Center, Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean-Paul Rocca
- Laboratoire MICORALIS (MICrobiologie ORALe, Immunothérapie et Santé) EA7354, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR Odontologie, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06000 Nice, France.,2nd Hospital Shijiazhuang, Dept. of Stomatology, 53 Huaxi Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- 2nd Hospital Shijiazhuang, Dept. of Stomatology, 53 Huaxi Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Elisabetta Merigo
- Laboratoire MICORALIS (MICrobiologie ORALe, Immunothérapie et Santé) EA7354, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR Odontologie, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06000 Nice, France.,2nd Hospital Shijiazhuang, Dept. of Stomatology, 53 Huaxi Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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Fornaini C, Merigo E, Rocca JP, Lagori G, Raybaud H, Selleri S, Cucinotta A. 450 nm Blue Laser and Oral Surgery: Preliminary ex vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016; 17:795-800. [PMID: 27794148 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental diode lasers were started to be used at the end of the 1990s and were shown to possess several important characteristics, such as small size and low cost, as well as the advantage of optic fibers delivering system. Although only two wavelengths (810 and 980 nm) had been the most used dental diode lasers, a wavelength emitting in the blue portion of the spectrum has recently been proposed. AIM The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare the effectiveness of five different fiber-delivered laser wavelengths (450, 532, 808, 1064, and 1340 nm) in the oral soft tissue ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens were surgically collected from the dorsal surface of four bovine tongues and, while deep thermal increase was measured by two thermocouples at 0.5 and 2 mm depth, surface temperature was recorded by an infrared thermometer. Subsequently, specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, cut into slices, and embedded in paraffin blocks, and a pathologist made a morphological analysis by optic microscope assigning a score based on the quality of the cut and tissue damage. RESULTS The analysis showed the best quality of the cut and the lowest temperature increase on the specimens obtained with the shortest laser wavelength (450 nm). CONCLUSION Even considering this as preliminary study, the use of 450 nm blue diode laser in oral surgery may be suggested to the clinician in their daily practice. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study opens a new perspective in oral surgery. Blue diode laser has demonstrated a good quality of the cut with a low energy causing a minimal thermal damage to the tissue, promising a better comfort to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fornaini
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France, e-mail: .,Department of Information Engineering, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Merigo
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Paul Rocca
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France
| | - Giuseppe Lagori
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France
| | - Hélène Raybaud
- Micoralis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolice, Nice, France
| | - Stefano Selleri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Parma Parma, Italy
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Fornaini C, Rocca JP, Merigo E. 450 nm diode laser: A new help in oral surgery. World J Clin Cases 2016; 4:253-257. [PMID: 27672639 PMCID: PMC5018621 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v4.i9.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the performance of 450 nm diode laser in oral surgery procedures.
METHODS The case described consisted of the removal of a lower lip fibroma through a blue diode laser (λ = 450 nm).
RESULTS The efficacy of this device, even at very low power (1W, CW), allows us to obtain very high intra and postoperative comfort for the patient, even with just topical anaesthesia and without needing suture. The healing process was completed in one week and, during the follow-up, the patient did not report any problems, pain or discomfort even without the consumption of any kind of drugs, such as painkillers and antibiotics. The histological examination performed by the pathologist showed a large area of fibrous connective tissue with some portions of epithelium-connective detachments and a regular incision with very scanty areas of carbonization.
CONCLUSION The 450 nm diode laser proved of being very efficient in the oral soft tissue surgical procedures, with no side effects for the patients.
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Lewis JR, Tsugawa AJ, Reiter AM. Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment for Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat. J Vet Dent 2016; 24:240-9. [DOI: 10.1177/089875640702400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lasers have become a popular tool in veterinary practice, particularly the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. In humans, the CO2 laser is used most commonly in oral and maxillofacial soft tissue surgery due to its favorable interactions with oral soft tissues. Other types of lasers are better suited for use on hard tissues such as enamel and dentin. This article reviews the history of laser use, physics of laser-tissue interaction, delivery systems, and laser types used in dentistry and oral surgery. This is followed by a case report describing the use of CO2 laser as an adjunctive treatment for therapy of refractory caudal stomatitis in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Lewis
- From the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010. Dr. Tsugawa's current address is California Animal Hospital, Veterinary Specialty Group, 1736 S. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90025
| | - Anson J. Tsugawa
- From the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010. Dr. Tsugawa's current address is California Animal Hospital, Veterinary Specialty Group, 1736 S. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90025
| | - Alexander M. Reiter
- From the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010. Dr. Tsugawa's current address is California Animal Hospital, Veterinary Specialty Group, 1736 S. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90025
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Rode KM, de Freitas PM, Lloret PR, Powell LG, Turbino ML. Micro-hardness evaluation of a micro-hybrid composite resin light cured with halogen light, light-emitting diode and argon ion laser. Lasers Med Sci 2007; 24:87-92. [PMID: 18058187 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-007-0527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia M Rode
- Departamento de Dentística, Faculdade de Odontologia de São Paulo - USP, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Anderson AM, Kao E, Gladwin M, Benli O, Ngan P. The effects of argon laser irradiation on enamel decalcification: An in vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122:251-9. [PMID: 12226605 DOI: 10.1067/mod.2002.126596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enamel decalcification is a significant problem in orthodontic patients. The argon laser has been shown to reduce decalcification during an acidic challenge in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo effects of argon laser irradiation on enamel decalcification during orthodontic treatment. Nine volunteers whose treatment plans included 4 first premolar extractions were enrolled in the study. The 36 extracted premolars were assigned to 1 of the following 4 groups: group 1, control group with no treatment; group 2 (pumice-laser), teeth were pumiced for 3 seconds and treated with a 325 mW, 5-mm diameter laser beam for 60 seconds; group 3 (pumice-etch-laser), teeth were pumiced for 3 seconds, acid-etched with 30% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds, and treated for 60 seconds with laser; and group 4 (laser only), teeth were treated for 60 seconds with laser. A specially designed (oversized) orthodontic band was fitted on each of the premolars to create a pocket for decalcification. The bands were cemented in place for 5 weeks. After extraction, the teeth were sectioned and examined under polarized light microscopy. Images of lesions were digitally analyzed and measured. Average lesion depths were calculated from 3 depth measurements recorded 10 microm apart. Average lesion area was calculated with the aid of imaging analysis software. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance (P <.05) and Student t tests. Significant differences were found in lesion depth (P <.001) and lesion area (P <.01) among the 4 test groups. The average lesion depths were 15.93 +/- 9.31 microm (control), 6.45 +/- 8.70 microm (pumice-laser), 1.71 +/- 4.82 microm (pumice-etch-laser), and 1.34 +/- 3.80 microm (laser only). The average lesion areas were 1028.67 +/- 725.68 microm (2) (control), 555.49 +/- 948.20 microm (2) (pumice-laser), 79.91 +/- 226.03 microm (2) (pumice-etch-laser), and 55.71 +/- 157.59 microm (2) (laser only). The average lesion depth in the laser-only group was reduced by 94.1% and the average lesion area was reduced by 94.4% when compared with the control group. In the pumice-etch-laser group, the average lesion depth was reduced by 89.1% and the average lesion area was reduced by 92.2% when compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in lesion depth and lesion area between maxillary and mandibular teeth (P <.06 and P <.08, respectively) and between the teeth on the right and left sides (P <.68 and P <.55, respectively). These results show that argon laser irradiation is effective in reducing enamel decalcification during orthodontic treatment. Pumicing and etching do not appear to reduce the effect of laser on enamel solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Monseau Anderson
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9480, USA
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Abstract
Lasers have been used in human dentistry since the 1960's. Lasers can provide a veterinary dentist access to difficult to reach areas with a relatively bloodless surgical field. Due to vaporization of nerve endings, human patients undergoing laser dental treatment reveal less pain compared to scalpel driven procedures. Dental applications for the commonly used lasers are discussed, as are special safety precautions. Many dental procedures enhanced by a carbon dioxide laser are covered. Future applications for the laser in veterinary dentistry are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bellows
- Hometown Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic, Weston, FL 33326, USA
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Wilder-Smith P, Nguyen A, Lin S, Berns MW. Effects of cavity preparation using a nanosecond-pulsed Nd-YAG laser on tooth-restoration interface. Lasers Med Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02763917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Visuri SR, Gilbert JL, Wright DD, Wigdor HA, Walsh JT. Shear strength of composite bonded to Er:YAG laser-prepared dentin. J Dent Res 1996; 75:599-605. [PMID: 8655766 DOI: 10.1177/00220345960750011401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An Er:YAG laser coupled with a cooling stream of water effectively removes dental hard tissues. However, before such a system can be deemed clinically viable, some safety and efficacy issues must be addressed. We compared the bonding of composite to dentin following the preparation of the dentinal surface with either an Er:YAG laser (lambda = 2.94 microns) or a standard dental bur and with and without a subsequent acid-etching treatment. The crowns of extracted human molars were removed, revealing the underlying dentin. We removed an additional thickness of material with either a dental handpiece or an Er:YAG laser (350 mJ/pulse at 6 Hz) by raster-scanning the samples under a fixed handpiece or laser. Comparable surface roughnesses were obtained. Several samples from each group received an acid-conditioning treatment. A cylinder of composite was bonded onto the prepared surfaces. The dentin-composite bond was then shear-stressed to failure on a universal testing apparatus. The results indicate that laser-irradiated samples had improved bond strengths compared with acid-etched and handpiece controls. SEM photographs of the surfaces show exposed tubules following the laser treatment: tubules could also be exposed with acid etching. We conclude that Er:YAG laser preparation of dentin leaves a suitable surface for strong bonding or an applied composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Visuri
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Anić I, Pavelić B, Perić B, Matsumoto K. In vitro pulp chamber temperature rises associated with the argon laser polymerization of composite resin. Lasers Surg Med Suppl 1996; 19:438-44. [PMID: 8983004 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9101(1996)19:4<438::aid-lsm9>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS This in vitro study was performed upon 50 extracted human molars that provided the occlusal surfaces for standard class I preparations. The cavity floor of the 20 specimens was covered with zinc phosphate cement and the teeth were sectioned transversally at or below the cementoenamel junction. In some specimens pulp tissue was removed from the pulp chamber. The cavities of all specimens were filled with composite resin, and the resin was cured with an argon laser. RESULTS A statistically significant difference in the rise in temperature was obtained only in the temperature of dentin roof of the pulp chamber between the specimens with (2.2 degrees C) and without (3.1 degrees C) cement base (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the temperature of the pulp tissue between specimens with (2.7 degrees C) and without (2.2 degrees C) base cement. The peak temperature of the composite surface was 13.8 degrees C. CONCLUSION These data indicate that argon laser curing may be a method of choice for polymerization of the composite resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anić
- Department of Dental Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Anić I, Tachibana H, Masumoto K, Qi P. Permeability, morphologic and temperature changes of canal dentine walls induced by Nd: YAG, CO2 and argon lasers. Int Endod J 1996; 29:13-22. [PMID: 9206407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1996.tb01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The permeability, temperature and morphologic changes of the wall of the root canal induced by Nd:YAG, CO2 and argon lasers were studied. The changes were evaluated according to the presence or absence of a smear layer. Root canals of 140 human single-rooted teeth were enlarged using a step-back technique. Permeability was evaluated by the extent of methylene blue dye penetration into the tubules. Temperature changes were measured using a thermovision system, and morphological changes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Laser energy was delivered into the canal by means of a flexible optical fibre or metal tip. There were statistically significant differences in permeability between lased groups with and without a smear layer in the cervical third of the root canal following lasing. In the middle third of the root canal, all three laser types induced permeability increases in groups with a smear layer. In the apical third, statistically significantly decreases in permeability were observed among CO2 laser and Nd:YAG compared with control group (P < 0.01). Rises in temperature ranged from a minimum of +10.1 degrees C (CO2 laser) to a maximum of +54.8 degrees C (argon laser). All three laser devices appeared capable of producing a glazed-like surface and craters.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anić
- Department of Dental Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Anić I, Matsumoto K. Comparison of the sealing ability of laser-softened, laterally condensed and low-temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha. J Endod 1995; 21:464-9. [PMID: 8537790 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effectiveness of four different techniques used for obturation of single rooted-teeth: lateral condensation, low-temperature gutta-percha (Ultrafil), vertical condensation of gutta-percha softened by means of three different laser devices (argon, CO2, and Nd:YAG), or composite resin photopolymerized by argon laser. Seventy single-rooted teeth were instrumented using a step-back technique and obturated using one of the methods listed previously. To evaluate apical sealing effectiveness techniques, samples were subjected to 1% methylene blue dye at 37 degrees C for 7 days. The most extensive dye penetration (4.3 mm) was observed in teeth obturated with composite resin, followed by gutta-perch laser with CO2 (2.15 mm), and the Nd:YAG laser (3.54 mm). Gutta-percha softened with argon laser created an apical seal almost identical to that obtained with the lateral condensation and Ultrafil techniques (1.50, 1.45, and 1.48 mm of leakage, respectively). These results indicate that the argon laser can be used for gutta-percha softening to produce good apical sealing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anić
- Department of Dental Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Zakariasen KL. New and emerging technologies: promise, achievement and deception. J Am Dent Assoc 1995; 126:163-8. [PMID: 7860884 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1995.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Technology has touched every aspect of dentistry from diagnosis to treatment. The promises and limitations of several emerging technologies, including lasers, digital radiology and electronic anesthesia, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Zakariasen
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee 53233
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Wigdor HA, Walsh JT, Featherstone JD, Visuri SR, Fried D, Waldvogel JL. Lasers in dentistry. Lasers Surg Med Suppl 1995; 16:103-33. [PMID: 7769957 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900160202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the development of the ruby laser by Maiman in 1960, there has been great interest among dental practitioners, scientists, and patients to use this tool to make dental treatment more pleasant. Oral soft tissue uses are becoming more common in dental offices. The possible multiple uses of lasers in dentistry, beyond soft tissue surgery and dental composite curing, unfortunately, have not yet been realized clinically. These include replacement of the dental drill with a laser, laser dental decay prevention, and laser decay detection. The essential question is whether a laser can provide equal or improved treatment over conventional care. Safe use of lasers also must be the underlying goal of proposed or future laser therapy. With the availability and future development of different laser wavelengths and methods of pulsing, much interest is developing in this growing field. This article reviews the role of lasers in dentistry since the early 1960s, summarizes some research reports from the last few years, and proposes what the authors feel the future may hold for lasers in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Wigdor
- Ravenswood Hospital Medical Center, Wenske Laser Center, Chicago, IL 60640, USA
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Abstract
There is a quest to find a method to remove diseased and healthy dental hard tissues without the negative stimuli associated with dental handpieces. Today, lasers are being considered as a potential replacement. This report evaluates effects of three lasers on dentin and pulpal tissues. The Er:YAG laser appears to have a lesser thermal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wigdor
- Ravenswood Hospital Medical Center, Wilson, Chicago 60640
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