1
|
Ma J, Teng Y, Huang Y, Tao X, Fan Y. Autophagy plays an essential role in ultraviolet radiation-driven skin photoaging. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:864331. [PMID: 36278173 PMCID: PMC9582953 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.864331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoaging is characterized by a chronic inflammatory response to UV light. One of the most prominent features of cutaneous photoaging is wrinkling, which is due primarily to a loss of collagen fibers and deposits of abnormal degenerative elastotic material within the dermis (actinic elastosis). These changes are thought to be mediated by inflammation, with subsequent upregulation of extracellular matrix-degrading proteases and down-regulation of collagen synthesis. Autophagy is a vital homeostatic cellular process of either clearing surplus or damaged cell components notably lipids and proteins or recycling the content of the cells’ cytoplasm to promote cell survival and adaptive responses during starvation and other oxidative and/or genotoxic stress conditions. Autophagy may also become a means of supplying nutrients to maintain a high cellular proliferation rate when needed. It has been suggested that loss of autophagy leads to both photodamage and the initiation of photoaging in UV exposed skin. Moreover, UV radiation of sunlight is capable of regulating a number of autophagy-linked genes. This review will focus on the protective effect of autophagy in the skin cells damaged by UV radiation. We hope to draw attention to the significance of autophagy regulation in the prevention and treatment of skin photoaging.
Collapse
|
2
|
Alhasaniah A, Sherratt MJ, O'Neill CA. The Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on Barrier Function in Human Skin: Molecular Mechanisms and Topical Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5503-5511. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171106164916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A competent epidermal barrier is crucial for terrestrial mammals. This barrier must
keep in water and prevent entry of noxious stimuli. Most importantly, the epidermis must also
be a barrier to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sunlight. Currently, the effects of ultraviolet
radiation on epidermal barrier function are poorly understood. However, studies in mice
and more limited work in humans suggest that the epidermal barrier becomes more permeable,
as measured by increased transepidermal water loss, in response UVR, at doses sufficiently
high to induce erythema. The mechanisms may include disturbance in the organisation
of lipids in the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis) and reduction in tight
junction function in the granular layer (the first living layer of the skin). By contrast,
suberythemal doses of UVR appear to have positive effects on epidermal barrier function.
Topical sunscreens have direct and indirect protective effects on the barrier through their ability
to block UV and also due to their moisturising or occlusive effects, which trap water in the
skin, respectively. Some topical agents such as specific botanical extracts have been shown to
prevent the loss of water associated with high doses of UVR.
In this review, we discuss the current literature and suggest that the biology of UVR-induced
barrier dysfunction, and the use of topical products to protect the barrier, are areas worthy of
further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhasaniah
- Divisions of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Sherratt
- Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. O'Neill
- Divisions of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
What happens in the skin? Integrating skin permeation kinetics into studies of developmental and reproductive toxicity following topical exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:252-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
4
|
Bay C, Lerche CM, Togsverd-Bo K, Wulf HC, Haedersdal M. Calcipotriol pretreatment enhances methyl aminolevulinate-induced protoporphyrin IX: anin vivostudy in hairless mice. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 31:57-60. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Bay
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Catharina M. Lerche
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Katrine Togsverd-Bo
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Wulf
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chiang A, Tudela E, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption in diseased skin: an overview. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 32:537-63. [PMID: 22912973 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum's (SC) functions include protection from external hazardous environments, prevention of water loss and regulation of body temperature. While intact skin absorption studies are abundant, studies on compromised skin permeability are less common, although products are often used to treat affected skin. We reviewed literature on percutaneous absorption through abnormal skin models. Tape stripping is used to disrupt water barrier function. Studies demonstrated that physicochemical properties influence the stripping effect: water-soluble drugs are more affected. Abrasion did not affect absorption as much. Freezing is commonly used to preserve skin. It does not seem to modify water absorption, but still increases the penetration of compounds. Comparatively, heating the skin consistently increased percutaneous absorption. Removing SC lipids may increase percutaneous absorption of drugs. Many organic solvents are employed to delipidize. Delipidization with chloroform-methanol increased hydrophilic compound permeability, but not lipophilic. Acetone pre-treatment enhanced hydrophilic compound penetration. More data is needed to determine influence on highly lipophilic compound penetration. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) induces irritant dermatitis and is frequently used as a model. Studies revealed that SLS increases hydrophilic compound absorption, but not lipophilic. However, skin irritation with other chemicals increases lipophilic penetration as much as hydrophilic. Animal studies show that UV exposure increases percutaneous absorption whereas human studies do not. Human studies show increased penetration in psoriatic and atopic dermatitis skin. The data summarized here begin to characterize flux alteration associated with damaged skin. Understanding the degree of alteration requires interpretation of involved conditions and the enlarging of our database to a more complete physicochemical spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audris Chiang
- University of California Medical School, San Francisco, CA 94143-0989, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) refers to topical application of a photosensitizer onto the site of skin disease which is followed by illumination and results in death of selected cells. The main problem in topical PDT is insufficient penetration of the photosensitizer into the skin, which limits its use to superficial skin lesions. In order to overcome this problem, recent studies tested liposomes as delivery systems for photosensitizers. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the use of different types of liposomes for encapsulating photosensitizers for topical PDT. Liposomes should enhance the photosensitizers' penetration into the skin, while decreasing its absorption into systemic circulation. Only few photosensitizers have currently been encapsulated in liposomes for topical PDT: 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), temoporfin (mTHPC) and methylene blue. EXPERT OPINION Investigated liposomes enhanced the skin penetration of 5-ALA and mTHPC, reduced their systemic absorption and reduced their cytotoxicity compared with free drugs. Their high tissue penetration should enable the treatment of deep and hyperkeratotic skin lesions, which is the main goal of using liposomes. However, liposomes still do not attract enough attention as drug carriers in topical PDT. In vivo studies of their therapeutic effectiveness are needed in order to obtain enough evidence for their potential clinical use as carriers for photosensitizers in topical PDT.
Collapse
|
7
|
Togsverd-Bo K, Lerche CM, Philipsen PA, Poulsen T, Wulf HC, Haedersdal M. Porphyrin biodistribution in UV-exposed murine skin after methyl- and hexyl-aminolevulinate incubation. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:260-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Tran DT, Salmon R. Field treatment of facial and scalp actinic keratoses with photodynamic therapy: survey of patient perceptions of treatment satisfaction and outcomes. Australas J Dermatol 2011; 52:195-201. [PMID: 21834815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2011.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse field change with actinic keratoses (AK) is a ubiquitous skin disease in Australia, with potential for malignant transformation. We report on 35 consecutive patients who had field therapy with single session photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 1 h incubation time for 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) or 3 h for methyl-aminolevulinate (MAL). METHODS We retrospectively telephone surveyed our patient cohort regarding their satisfaction and perceptions of the effectiveness, side-effect profile and benefits of PDT. We also reviewed all patients' notes for significant side-effects. RESULTS Sixty-nine per cent (n = 24/35) of patients responded to the telephone survey; 66% (n = 16/24) of the respondents reported good clearance of AK and claimed a good cosmetic outcome. All respondents reported moderate or severe pain (42% and 58%, respectively) during the illumination phase. Twenty per cent of all patients treated had suffered from one or more of the following side-effects: pustulation; severe erythema; and skin erosions. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results compared favourably with previously published studies using 5-ALA or MAL PDT. However, our patient cohort experienced a greater side-effect profile. This may have been due to our patients having greater disease burden compared to other studies and possibly due to our use of topical retinoids prior to PDT in selected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai T Tran
- Illawarra Dermatology and Laser Clinic, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bagazgoitia L, Cuevas Santos J, Juarranz Á, Jaén P. Photodynamic therapy reduces the histological features of actinic damage and the expression of early oncogenic markers. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:144-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
10
|
Liu Z, Fluhr JW, Song SP, Sun Z, Wang H, Shi YJ, Elias PM, Man MQ. Sun-induced changes in stratum corneum function are gender and dose dependent in a Chinese population. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 23:313-9. [PMID: 20571289 DOI: 10.1159/000314138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that UVB radiation changes the epidermal permeability barrier and stratum corneum (SC) hydration. It is well known that sun exposure causes erythema, sunburn and melanoma. However, whether daily sun exposure alters SC integrity and epidermal permeability barrier function is largely unknown, especially in Chinese subjects. In the present study, we assess the SC integrity, SC hydration and epidermal permeability barrier function following various doses of sun exposure. A total of 258 subjects (124 males and 134 females) aged 18-50 years were enrolled. A multifunctional skin physiology monitor (Courage & Khazaka MPA5) was used to measure SC hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) on the forearms. In males, basal TEWL was higher with higher doses of sun exposure than with lower doses and control, whereas in females, basal TEWL was higher with lower doses of sun exposure than with higher doses and control. In the group with higher doses of sun exposure, TEWL in females was significantly lower than that in males. The barrier recovery was faster in females than in males in both control and lower-dose groups. In both males and females, barrier recovery was delayed with higher doses of sun exposure. In males, sun exposure did not alter SC hydration, while in females SC hydration was lower with lower doses of sun exposure as compared with control and higher doses of sun exposure. These results demonstrated that sun-induced changes in SC function and SC hydration vary with gender and the extent of sun exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Dalian Skin Disease Hospital, Liaoning, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
New aspects in photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 96:159-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Fauteck JD, Ackermann G, Birkel M, Breuer M, Moor ACE, Ebeling A, Ortland C. Fluorescence characteristics and pharmacokinetic properties of a novel self-adhesive 5-ALA patch for photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 300:53-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Jacobson EL, Kim H, Kim M, Williams JD, Coyle DL, Coyle WR, Grove G, Rizer RL, Stratton MS, Jacobson MK. A topical lipophilic niacin derivative increases NAD, epidermal differentiation and barrier function in photodamaged skin. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:490-9. [PMID: 17518989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of myristyl nicotinate (MN), a nicotinic acid derivative designed to deliver nicotinic acid to skin without vasodilatation, on subjects with photodamaged skin have been studied. MN increased skin cell nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by 25% (P = 0.001) demonstrating effective delivery of nicotinic acid to skin. Relative to placebo, MN treatment of photodamaged facial skin increased stratum corneum thickness by approximately 70% (P = 0.0001) and increased epidermal thickness by approximately 20% (P = 0.001). In two separate studies, MN treatment increased rates of epidermal renewal by 6% (P = 0.003) to 11% (P = 0.001) and increased the minimal erythemal dose by 8.9 (P = 0.07) and 10% (P = 0.05) relative to placebo. MN treatment resulted in reductions in the rates of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of approximately 20% relative to placebo on cheeks (P = 0.012) and arms (P = 0.017) of study subjects. Results of a tape stripping challenge before and after MN treatment demonstrated a significant correlation (P = 0.03) between increased skin NAD content and resistance to changes in TEWL for MN treated but not placebo subjects. Rates of TEWL changed more rapidly and to a greater extent in atopic subjects compared with normal subjects. The results indicate that MN enhances epidermal differentiation and barrier function in skin, suggesting that this method of nicotinic acid delivery may prove useful in limiting progression of actinic skin damage and possibly in treating other conditions involving skin barrier impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Jacobson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|