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Maignel J, Albinet V, Chusseau M, Lacoste E. AbobotulinumtoxinA improves skin properties and sebum quality in the rhino mouse. Toxicon 2023; 233:107230. [PMID: 37517594 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Besides neuronal cells, botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) can also affect other cell types such as fibroblasts or keratinocytes. These cells play a key role in skin conditions. Maintaining a high-quality sebum secretion is essential to avoid premature aging. This study explored the effect of abobotulinumtoxinA (aboBoNT-A) in the rhino mouse. Briefly, anaesthetized animals were injected via the intra-dermal route (ID; four sites of injection) by either vehicle or 0.1, 0.3 and 1 Unit aboBoNT-A per mouse. A reference group was administered with adapalene gel 0.1% (daily local application) for 15 days. Adapalene is a third-generation retinoid and is used as first-line treatment of moderate acne. The body weight and the thickness of the dorsal skin were measured on days 1, 5, 10 and 15; erythema and scaling were recorded at the same time. On day 15, animals were ethically euthanized and skin samples were collected for histology, ELISA and lipidomic assays. AboBoNT-A administered ID at the doses 0.1 U and 0.3 U per mouse was well tolerated. 1 U aboBoNT-A (per mouse) induced a transient loss of muscle tone associated with a slight body weight loss after which mice recovered a good health status. AboBoNT-A did not show any significant effect on utricles surface area but induced a significant anti-inflammatory effect on dermis at the two highest doses. Moreover, aboBoNT-A showed neither side effects commonly observed with local retinoids, nor hyperplasia or dermis inflammation. No change in skin Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α) cytokine levels was evidenced with aboBoNT-A, whereas a dose-dependent increase of substance P (SP) concentration in the skin was recorded, suggesting that aboBoNT-A induces neuropeptide accumulation in tissue by inhibiting exocytosis mechanisms. Lipidomic analysis showed that aboBoNT-A significantly increased the sebum concentration of several lipid species, presenting skin protecting properties. Overall, these data suggest that ID aboBoNT-A has skin rejuvenation, anti-inflammatory and moisture-boosting properties.
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Yu W, Han Y, Wu X, Shang Y, Ying H, Ma G, Liu Y, Lin X. A split-face randomized controlled trial of treatment with broadband light for enlarged facial pores. J DERMATOL TREAT 2019; 32:766-770. [PMID: 31801404 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1698701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Yu
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianglei Wu
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shang
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hnaru Ying
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Ma
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Histological Features of Methylene Blue-Induced Phototoxicity Administered in the Context of Parathyroid Surgery. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 39:e110-e115. [PMID: 28398918 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue is a chromophore dye known for its photosensitizing properties. It is also administered intravenously as a tracer in parathyroid surgery to identify abnormal glands. We describe 2 cases of acute methylene blue-induced phototoxicity in patients who underwent parathyroidectomy. Both patients developed an acute vesiculopustular inflammatory rash on the anterior neck corresponding to the site exposed intraoperatively to overhanging surgical lights. One of the patients also developed a bulla on her finger at the site of attachment of the oxygen probe. Biopsies were taken from both patients at different time points. The histological findings included destruction of sebaceous glands and deposition of diastase-periodic acid-Schiff-positive hyaline material around dermal blood vessels. These features are similar to those seen in skin treated with photodynamic therapy and systemic photosensitivity disorders such as the porphyrias. The wavelengths of light emitted by the surgical lights and oxygen probe overlap with the absorption spectrum of methylene blue. This resulted in excitation of the systemically administered methylene blue at exposed sites, with resultant local tissue damage and a phototoxic reaction.
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Friedmann DP, Goldman MP, Fabi SG, Guiha I. Multiple sequential light and laser sources to activate aminolevulinic acid for rosacea. J Cosmet Dermatol 2016; 15:407-412. [PMID: 27378246 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The use of multiple, sequential light and laser sources for topical ALA activation in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of rosacea has been largely absent from the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate ALA-PDT for rosacea using blue light sequentially with red light, pulsed-dye laser (PDL), and/or intense pulsed light (IPL). PATIENTS/METHODS Thirty patients (39 treatments) were enrolled in this retrospective, single-center study. Treatment groups included blue light + PDL, blue light + IPL, blue light + PDL + IPL, or blue light + red light + PDL + IPL. Patient-reported outcome measures (incidence of adverse events, improvement in rosacea, and improvement in overall skin quality) were obtained via a telephone questionnaire and graded on a 4-point scale. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in patient-reported rosacea or overall skin quality improvement. Apart from decreased peeling following blue light + IPL compared to blue light + PDL (P = 0.041) and blue light + IPL + PDL (P = 0.005), there were no other statistically significant differences in postprocedure adverse events. CONCLUSIONS The use of multiple, sequential light and laser sources with ALA-PDT for rosacea, while well tolerated, did not lead to statistically significant improvements in patient-reported efficacy. Although this retrospective study is limited by a small sample size with disparate patient numbers between groups and no physician-evaluated outcome criteria, it does demonstrate that multiple light sources with PDT can be safely used in a single session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Friedmann
- Westlake Dermatology Clinical Research Center, Westlake Dermatology & Cosmetic Surgery, Austin, TX, USA
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Friedmann DP, Goldman MP, Fabi SG, Guiha I. Multiple sequential light and laser sources to activate aminolevulinic acid in the treatment of photodamage: A retrospective study. J COSMET LASER THER 2016; 17:252-8. [PMID: 25724011 DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2015.1022187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) with aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for cutaneous photorejuvenation using blue light sequentially with red light, pulsed-dye laser (PDL), and/or intense pulsed light (IPL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-six patients (121 treatments) had photodamage treated with field-directed ALA-PDT from 2001 to 2010 in this single-center study. Treatments were performed with blue light + PDL, blue light + IPL, blue light + PDL + IPL, or blue light + red light + PDL + IPL. Outcome measures were obtained via telephone questionnaire and graded on a four-point scale. RESULTS There were no significant differences in patient-reported improvement in photodamage, overall skin quality, and postprocedure adverse events between treatment arms. However, number of patients in the blue light + red light + PDL + IPL group was markedly smaller (n = 2) than that in the other groups (n = 14-46). DISCUSSION Although results showed a trend toward greater efficacy with similar tolerability using multiple, sequential light and laser sources with ALA-PDT for photorejuvenation, the potential for recall bias and widely disparate number of patients between treatment groups and follow-up times between patients severely limit this retrospective study. Nevertheless, despite these major statistical flaws, the results may provide valuable information regarding the safety of multiple modalities with PDT of photodamage in a single session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Friedmann
- a Westlake Dermatology Clinical Research Center, Westlake Dermatology & Cosmetic Surgery , Austin , TX , USA
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Kwon HH, Moon KR, Park SY, Yoon JY, Suh DH, Lee JB. Daylight photodynamic therapy with 1.5% 3-butenyl 5-aminolevulinate gel as a convenient, effective and safe therapy in acne treatment: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Dermatol 2015; 43:515-21. [PMID: 26660491 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While daylight photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a simpler and more tolerable treatment procedure for both clinicians and patients, it has never been applied for acne treatment. In this study, we evaluated efficacy, safety and histological changes of facial acne after application of the novel variant of 5-aminolevulinate (ALA)-ester, 1.5% 3-butenyl ALA-bu gel, using daylight only as the potential visible light source. Forty-six acne patients were randomly assigned to either ALA-bu or vehicle application group in a double-blind fashion. Both groups applied the allocated gel to facial acne lesions every other day for 12 weeks. At the final 12 week, both inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne lesions had decreased significantly by 58.0% and 34.1% in the ALA-bu group, respectively. Only a few patients expressed mild adverse effects. In the histopathological analysis, attenuated inflammatory cell infiltrations were observed and immunostaining intensities for interleukin-8, interleukin-1β, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB were reduced concomitantly. Changes of their mRNA expression demonstrated comparable patterns. In conclusion, this ambulatory PDT was effective, very well tolerated and convenient for treating inflammatory acne lesions. Experimental results correlated well with clinical results. This novel regimen would provide a viable option for acne therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Hoon Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Acne Research Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Rang Moon
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seon Yong Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Acne Research Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Yoon
- Acne Research Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Hun Suh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Acne Research Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Bum Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Hirakawa K, Taguchi M, Okazaki S. Relaxation Process of Photoexcited meso-Naphthylporphyrins while Interacting with DNA and Singlet Oxygen Generation. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:13071-8. [PMID: 26393278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electron donor-connecting cationic porphyrins meso-(1-naphthyl)-tris(N-methyl-p-pyridinio)porphyrin (1-NapTMPyP) and meso-(2-naphthyl)-tris(N-methyl-p-pyridinio)porphyrin (2-NapTMPyP) were designed and synthesized. DFT calculations speculate that the photoexcited states of 1- and 2-NapTMPyPs can be deactivated via intramolecular electron transfer from the naphthyl moiety to the porphyrin moiety. However, the quenching effect through the intramolecular electron transfer is insufficient, possibly due to the orthogonal position of the electron donor and the porphyrin ring and the relatively small driving force: Gibbs energies are 0.11 and 0.07 eV for 1- and 2-NapTMPyPs, respectively. It was speculated that more than 0.3 eV of the driving force is required to realize effective electron transfer in similar electron-donor connecting porphyrin systems. These porphyrins aggregated around the DNA strand, accelerating the deactivation of their excited singlet state and decreasing their photosensitized singlet oxygen-generating activities. In the presence of a sufficiently large concentration of DNA, these porphyrins can bind to a DNA strand stably, leading to an increased fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime. Singlet oxygen generation was also suppressed by the aggregation of porphyrins around DNA. Although the quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation was recovered in the presence of sufficient DNA, the singlet oxygen generated by DNA-binding porphyrins was significantly smaller than that without DNA. These results suggest that DNA-binding drugs limit the generation of photosensitized singlet oxygen by quenching the DNA strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University , Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan.,Department of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University , Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Makoto Taguchi
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University , Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Medical Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Handayama 1-20-1, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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Chen X, Song H, Chen S, Zhang J, Niu G, Liu X. Clinical efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in the treatment of moderate to severe facial acne vulgaris. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1194-1198. [PMID: 26622463 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is considered as a therapeutic challenge in terms of managing ongoing symptoms and preventing scar formation. Although there are many available treatments for alleviating acne, therapies for resistant or moderate-to-severe forms have been limited to systemic agents that are accompanied by potentially severe side-effects. While, aminolevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) has increasingly been used as a simple and safe therapeutic option of acne vulgaris, the clinical efficacy requires confirmation in further studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of 5-ALA-PDT in the treatment of moderate-to-severe facial acne vulgaris. A total of 50 patients with moderate-to-severe facial acne were enrolled in the study and randomly divided equally into a therapy group and a control group. In the therapy group, the patients were treated with 5% 5-ALA for 1.5 h, followed by three 20-min doses of infrared radiation once a week; in the control group, the patients were treated with three 20 min doses of infrared radiation without 5-ALA once a week. Both treatments lasted for 3 weeks. The clinical efficacy was determined by evaluating acne lesion counts at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 6. Total efficacy rate (TER) was the primary endpoint of the study, and was defined as the proportion of the patients whose treatment effectiveness evaluation was cured (≥90% of skin lesions improved) and excellent (60-89% improvement). Adverse effects were recorded throughout the study. The study was completed by 24 patients in the therapy group and 23 patients in the control group. The numbers of acne lesions significantly decreased. The TER of the therapy group was significantly higher than that of the control group at weeks 4 and 6. Adverse effects were observed in 12 patients of the therapy group and 2 patients of the control group. In the therapy group the most common adverse effect was a burning sensation (n=7), followed by transient hyperpigmentation (n=3) and acute acneform lesions (n=2), while in control group, the 2 patients experienced flushing and dryness. The adverse effects were all cured by a symptomatic approach prior to the end of the study. 5-ALA-PDT combined with infrared radiation is an effective and safe therapy for moderate-to-severe facial acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou Medical College, Second Military Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China ; Department of Pharmacy, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou Medical College, Second Military Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou Medical College, Second Military Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Shengping Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou Medical College, Second Military Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou Medical College, Second Military Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Gaoxiang Niu
- Department of Dermatology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou Medical College, Second Military Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Xiangnong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou Medical College, Second Military Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
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Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid and intense pulsed light against intense pulsed light alone in the treatment of acne vulgaris. JOURNAL OF THE EGYPTIAN WOMEN’S DERMATOLOGIC SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ewx.0000452298.99232.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Asayama-Kosaka S, Akilov OE, Kawana S. Photodynamic Therapy with 5% δ-Aminolevulinic Acid is Safe and Effective Treatment of Acne Vulgaris in Japanese Patients. Laser Ther 2014; 23:115-20. [PMID: 25071310 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.14-or-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT) is effective therapy for acne vulgaris; however, relatively strong side effects limit its wide usage. We have previously demonstrated that ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX distribution with lower concentrations and shorter contact time of ALA resulted in focused damage in sebaceous glands in vivo. We have formulated a protocol for ALA-PDT using 5% ALA with 2 hours contact time. The objective of this study was to establish the effectiveness and side effect profile of the new protocol in humans. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eleven Japanese patients (Fitzpatrick's skin type III - IV, mean age 23.7±7.2) with facial acne received topical application of 5% ALA for 2 hours with subsequent illumination by a broadband light (600 - 1100 nm, 15J/cm(2), 60 mW/cm(2)). Subjects were evaluated prior to the procedure, 1 month, and 3 months after the treatment by a blinded dermatologist using the global acne grading system (GAGS). Side effects were monitored through the treatment period. RESULTS The mean GAGS score decreased from 22.1±3.8 at baseline to 19.4 at 1 month, and to 16.3 at 3 months after PDT (P<0.05). Ten of eleven patients experienced local side effects, such as erythema, which were of minimal to mild severity. However, most side effects were of minimal to mild severity, and all of them resolved within several days without post inflammatory hyper pigmentation. CONCLUSION Our protocol was effective for acne in Japanese and did not exhibit severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleg E Akilov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Seiji Kawana
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Japan
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Ma L, Xiang LH, Yu B, Yin R, Chen L, Wu Y, Tan ZJ, Liu YB, Tian HQ, Li HZ, Lin T, Wang XL, Li YH, Wang WZ, Yang HL, Lai W. Low-dose topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in the treatment of different severity of acne vulgaris. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:583-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hirakawa K, Nishimura Y, Arai T, Okazaki S. Singlet Oxygen Generating Activity of an Electron Donor Connecting Porphyrin Photosensitizer Can Be Controlled by DNA. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:13490-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4072444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School
of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nishimura
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Medical
Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama
1-20-1, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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What is the role of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 9:2-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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