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Photodynamic Therapy-Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051113. [PMID: 35626269 PMCID: PMC9139878 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming increase in the number of advanced-stage prostate cancer cases with poor prognosis has led to a search for innovative methods of treatment. In response to the need for implementation of new and innovative methods of cancer tissue therapy, we studied photodynamic action in excised prostate tissue in vitro as a model for photodynamic therapy. To ascertain the effects of photodynamic action in prostate tissue, Rose Bengal (0.01 to 0.05 mM) was used as a photosensitizer in the presence of oxygen and light to generate singlet oxygen in tissues in vitro. Five preset concentrations of Rose Bengal were chosen and injected into prostate tissue samples (60 samples with 12 replications for each RB concentration) that were subsequently exposed to 532 nm light. The effects of irradiation of the Rose Bengal infused tissue samples were determined by histopathological analysis. Histopathological examination of prostate samples subjected to photodynamic action revealed numerous changes in the morphology of the neoplastic cells and the surrounding tissues. We conclude that the morphological changes observed in the prostate cancer tissues were a result of the photogeneration of cytotoxic singlet oxygen. The tissue damage observed post photodynamic action offers an incentive for continued in vitro investigations and future in vivo clinical trials.
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Photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer using porphyrinic formulations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 223:112301. [PMID: 34492530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer diagnosed in men worldwide. Among the common treatment options, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is being considered a promising local therapy to treat this cancer. Although PDT is an established treatment modality approved for several types of cancer, the low solubility, the reduced tumor selectivity, the absorption in the therapeutic window and the poor clearance from the body of the currently approved photosensitizers (PS) hampers its wide clinical application. In this regard, herein we synthesized three fluorinated porphyrinoid derivatives and entrapped them into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to prevent their aggregation and preserve their desirable photophysical properties under the physiological environment. In vitro studies revealed the negligible dark cytotoxicity of all PVP formulations (PS1@PVP, PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP) at the tested concentrations (5.0 to 20 μM), but also confirmed the significant photodynamic effect of PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP towards the PCa cell line PC-3, upon red light irradiation at an irradiance of 17.6 mW.cm-2. To provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of cell death under PDT treatment induced by PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP, their intracellular localization in PC-3 cells was firstly investigated by confocal microscopy. Since both PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP nanoparticles were mainly localized in mitochondria, the involvement of this organelle in PDT-induced apoptosis mediated by both formulations was further explored. Western blot analysis revealed that PDT treatment of PC-3 cells with either PS2@PVP or PS3@PVP resulted in the reduction of the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. As the photodamage to Bcl-2 after PDT with PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP was accompanied by the further activation of pro-caspase-3, we assumed that upon irradiation the photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) were able to activate a caspase-dependent apoptotic response as a consequence of a post-mitochondrial event. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that among the tested fluorinated porphyrinoids, PS2@PVP and, particularly, PS3@PVP, are significantly more effective in overall PC-3 cell killing than PS1@PVP, thus highlighting their great potential as therapeutic agents for PCa.
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Algorri JF, Ochoa M, Roldán-Varona P, Rodríguez-Cobo L, López-Higuera JM. Photodynamic Therapy: A Compendium of Latest Reviews. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4447. [PMID: 34503255 PMCID: PMC8430498 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapy against cancer. Even though it has been investigated for more than 100 years, scientific publications have grown exponentially in the last two decades. For this reason, we present a brief compendium of reviews of the last two decades classified under different topics, namely, overviews, reviews about specific cancers, and meta-analyses of photosensitisers, PDT mechanisms, dosimetry, and light sources. The key issues and main conclusions are summarized, including ways and means to improve therapy and outcomes. Due to the broad scope of this work and it being the first time that a compendium of the latest reviews has been performed for PDT, it may be of interest to a wide audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Mario Ochoa
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Roldán-Varona
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
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Gunaydin G, Gedik ME, Ayan S. Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer-A Review of the Current Clinical Status. Front Chem 2021; 9:686303. [PMID: 34409014 PMCID: PMC8365093 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.686303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an anti-tumor treatment method for a long time and photosensitizers (PS) can be used in various types of tumors. Originally, light is an effective tool that has been used in the treatment of diseases for ages. The effects of combination of specific dyes with light illumination was demonstrated at the beginning of 20th century and novel PDT approaches have been developed ever since. Main strategies of current studies are to reduce off-target effects and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Given the high interest and vast literature about the topic, approval of PDT as the first drug/device combination by the FDA should come as no surprise. PDT consists of two stages of treatment, combining light energy with a PS in order to destruct tumor cells after activation by light. In general, PDT has fewer side effects and toxicity than chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In addition to the purpose of treatment, several types of PSs can be used for diagnostic purposes for tumors. Such approaches are called photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). In this Review, we provide a general overview of the clinical applications of PDT in cancer, including the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Assessment of PDT therapeutic efficacy in the clinic will be discussed, since identifying predictors to determine the response to treatment is crucial. In addition, examples of PDT in various types of tumors will be discussed. Furthermore, combination of PDT with other therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy will be emphasized, since such approaches seem to be promising in terms of enhancing effectiveness against tumor. The combination of PDT with other treatments may yield better results than by single treatments. Moreover, the utilization of lower doses in a combination therapy setting may cause less side effects and better results than single therapy. A better understanding of the effectiveness of PDT in a combination setting in the clinic as well as the optimization of such complex multimodal treatments may expand the clinical applications of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M. Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seylan Ayan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Lucia F, Miranda O, Bourbonne V, Martin E, Pradier O, Schick U. Integration of functional imaging in brachytherapy. Cancer Radiother 2021; 26:517-525. [PMID: 34172398 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging allows the evaluation of numerous biological properties that could be considered at all steps of the therapeutic management of patients treated with brachytherapy. Indeed, it enables better initial staging of the disease, and some parameters may also be used as predictive biomarkers for treatment response, allowing better selection of patients eligible for brachytherapy. It may also improve the definition of target volumes with the aim of dose escalations by dose-painting. Finally, it could be useful during the follow-up to assess response to treatment. In this review, we report how functional imaging is integrated at the present time during the brachytherapy procedure, and what are its potential future contributions in the main tumour locations where brachytherapy is recommended. Functional imaging has great potential in the contact of brachytherapy, but still, several issues remain to be resolved before integrating it into clinical practice, especially as a biomarker or in dose painting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lucia
- Service de radiothérapie, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France.
| | - O Miranda
- Service de radiothérapie, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - V Bourbonne
- Service de radiothérapie, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - E Martin
- Service de radiothérapie, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - O Pradier
- Service de radiothérapie, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - U Schick
- Service de radiothérapie, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
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Burdak-Rothkamm S, Rothkamm K. Radiation-induced bystander and systemic effects serve as a unifying model system for genotoxic stress responses. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 778:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Calio B, Kasson M, Sugano D, Ortman M, Gaitonde K, Verma S, Sidana A. Multiparametric MRI: An Opportunity for Focal Therapy of Prostate Cancer. Semin Roentgenol 2018; 53:227-233. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Medium-term Follow-up of Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Localized Prostate Cancer Using TOOKAD Soluble WST-11 (Phase II Trials). Eur Urol Focus 2018; 5:1022-1028. [PMID: 29661587 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To assess the medium-term tumor control in patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa) treated with vascular-targeted photodynamic (VTP) therapy with TOOKAD Soluble WST11 (VTP) and to assess the medium-term tolerability of the treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION During the clinical phase II studies, 68 patients were treated with VTP under optimal treatment conditions (WST11 at 4mg/kg, light energy at 200J/cm, and a light density index ≥1) and have been included in a 3.5-yr follow-up. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Post-interventional visits were scheduled every 6 mo and conducted as per local standard practice in each study center. Cancer-free status was assessed by means of prostate-specific antigen kinetics, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and/or prostate biopsies. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS At the end of the 3.5-yr follow-up, overall successful focal ablation was achieved for 51 patients (75%). Cancer was identified in the untreated lobe in 17 patients (25%). In total, 34 patients (50%) were cancer-free in both the prostate lobes. In case of recurrent/persistent malignancy, the Gleason score remained consistent or changed at the maximum by one point (upgrading by 1 Gleason point to 3+4 for eight patients and 4+3 for two patients). There were 64 related adverse events (AEs): 48% were Clavien grade I, 47% were grade II, and 5% were grade III. There were no Clavien grade IV and V AEs. Limitations included small sample size and heterogeneity in the follow-up for some centers. CONCLUSIONS VTP is a safe and efficient treatment and represents an alternative option for localized low-risk PCa management over the medium term. Precise diagnostic methods and imaging tools are thereby essential requirements to ensure safe and complete targeted therapy. PATIENT SUMMARY In this report, we looked at the medium-term outcomes of focal photodynamic therapy for early-stage prostate cancer. We found that this form of treatment is efficient and might have the potential to become a therapeutic option for low-risk cancer. Effectiveness depends on precise diagnostic methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging and accurate biopsy.
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Ruhi MK, Ak A, Gülsoy M. Dose-dependent photochemical/photothermal toxicity of indocyanine green-based therapy on three different cancer cell lines. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:334-343. [PMID: 29339061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration-approved Indocyanine Green can be used as a photosensitizer to kill cancer cells selectively. Although indocyanine green is advantageous as a photosensitizer in terms of strong absorption in the near-infrared region, indocyanine green-based cancer treatment is still not approved as a clinical method. Some reasons for this are aggregation at high concentrations, rapid clearance of the photosensitizer from the body, low singlet oxygen quantum yield, and the uncertainty concerning its action mechanism. This in vitro study focuses on two of these points: "what is the cell inhibition mechanism of indocyanine green-based therapy?" and "how the dose-dependent aggregation problem of indocyanine green alters its cell inhibition efficiency?" The following experiments were conducted to provide insight into these points. Nontoxic doses of indocyanine green and near-infrared laser were determined. The aggregation behavior of indocyanine green was verified through experiments. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of indocyanine green at different concentrations were calculated. Various indocyanine green and energy densities of near-infrared light were applied to prostate cancer, neuroblastoma, and colon cancer cells. An MTT assay was performed at the end of the first, second, and third days following the treatments to determine the cell viability. Temperature changes in the medium during laser exposure were recorded. ROS generation following the treatment was verified by using a Total Reactive Oxygen Species detection kit. An apoptosis detection test was performed to establish the cell death mechanism and, finally, the cellular uptakes of the three different cells were measured. According to the results, indocyanine green-based therapy causes cell viability decrease for three cancer cell lines by means of excessive reactive oxygen species production. Different cells have different sensitivities to the therapy possibly because of the differentiation level and structural differences. The singlet oxygen generation of indocyanine green decreases at high concentrations because of aggregation. Nevertheless, better cancer cell killing effect was observed at higher photosensitizer concentrations. This result reveals that the cellular uptake of indocyanine green was determinant for better cancer cell inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kemal Ruhi
- Bogazici University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Uskudar, Istanbul, 34684, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Ak
- Erzincan University, Engineering Faculty, Biomedical Engineering, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
| | - Murat Gülsoy
- Bogazici University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Uskudar, Istanbul, 34684, Turkey.
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10
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Wysock JS, Lepor H. Multi-parametric MRI imaging of the prostate-implications for focal therapy. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:453-463. [PMID: 28725587 PMCID: PMC5503978 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.04.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of a focal therapy treatment paradigm is to achieve cancer control through targeted tissue destruction while simultaneously limiting deleterious effects on peri-prostatic structures. Focal therapy approaches are employed in several oncologic treatment protocols, and have been shown to provide equivalent cancer control for malignancies such as breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma. Efforts to develop a focal therapy approach for prostate cancer have been challenged by several concepts including the multifocal nature of the disease and limited capability of prostate ultrasound and systematic biopsy to reliably localize the site(s) and aggressiveness of disease. Multi-parametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate has significantly improved disease localization, spatial demarcation and risk stratification of cancer detected within the prostate. The accuracy of this imaging modality has further enabled the urologist to improve biopsy approaches using targeted biopsy via MRI-ultrasound fusion. From this foundation, an improved delineation of the location of disease has become possible, providing a critical foundation to the development of a focal therapy strategy. This chapter reviews the accuracy of mpMRI for detection of “aggressive“ disease, the accuracy of mpMRI in determining the tumor volume, and the ability of mpMRI to accurately identify the index lesion. While mpMRI provides a critical, first step in developing a strategy for focal therapy, considerable questions remain regarding the relationship between MR identified tumor volume and pathologic tumor volume, the accuracy and utility of mpMRI for treatment surveillance and the optimal role and timing of follow-up mpMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Wysock
- Department of Urology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Rogala P, Jabłońska – Wawrzycka A, Kazimierczuk K, Borek A, Błażejczyk A, Wietrzyk J, Barszcz B. Synthesis, crystal structure and cytotoxic activity of ruthenium(II) piano-stool complex with N,N-chelating ligand. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Brezaniova I, Hruby M, Kralova J, Kral V, Cernochova Z, Cernoch P, Slouf M, Kredatusova J, Stepanek P. Temoporfin-loaded 1-tetradecanol-based thermoresponsive solid lipid nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2016; 241:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Benedetto G, Vestal CG, Richardson C. Aptamer-Functionalized Nanoparticles as "Smart Bombs": The Unrealized Potential for Personalized Medicine and Targeted Cancer Treatment. Target Oncol 2016; 10:467-85. [PMID: 25989948 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-015-0371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Conventional delivery of chemotherapeutic agents leads to multiple systemic side effects and toxicity, limiting the doses that can be used. The development of targeted therapies to selectively deliver anti-cancer agents to tumor cells without damaging neighboring unaffected cells would lead to higher effective local doses and improved response rates. Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind to target molecules with both high affinity and high specificity. The high specificity exhibited by aptamers promotes localization and uptake by specific cell populations, such as tumor cells, and their conjugation to anti-cancer drugs has been explored for targeted therapy. Advancements in the development of polymeric nanoparticles allow anti-cancer drugs to be encapsulated in protective nonreactive shells for controlled drug delivery with reduced toxicity. The conjugation of aptamers to nanoparticle-based therapeutics may further enhance direct targeting and personalized medicine. Here we present how the combinatorial use of aptamer and nanoparticle technologies has the potential to develop "smart bombs" for targeted cancer treatment, highlighting recent pre-clinical studies demonstrating efficacy for the direct targeting to particular tumor cell populations. However, despite these pre-clinical promising results, there has been little progress in moving this technology to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Benedetto
- Department of Biological Sciences, UNC Charlotte, 1902 University City Blvd., Woodward Hall Room 386B, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - C Greer Vestal
- Department of Biological Sciences, UNC Charlotte, 1902 University City Blvd., Woodward Hall Room 386B, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - Christine Richardson
- Department of Biological Sciences, UNC Charlotte, 1902 University City Blvd., Woodward Hall Room 386B, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
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Frame FM, Savoie H, Bryden F, Giuntini F, Mann VM, Simms MS, Boyle RW, Maitland NJ. Mechanisms of growth inhibition of primary prostate epithelial cells following gamma irradiation or photodynamic therapy include senescence, necrosis, and autophagy, but not apoptosis. Cancer Med 2015; 5:61-73. [PMID: 26590118 PMCID: PMC4708897 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to more differentiated cells, prostate cancer stem-like cells are radioresistant, which could explain radio-recurrent prostate cancer. Improvement of radiotherapeutic efficacy may therefore require combination therapy. We have investigated the consequences of treating primary prostate epithelial cells with gamma irradiation and photodynamic therapy (PDT), both of which act through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Primary prostate epithelial cells were cultured from patient samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer prior to treatment with PDT or gamma irradiation. Cell viability was measured using MTT and alamar blue assay, and cell recovery by colony-forming assays. Immunofluorescence of gamma-H2AX foci was used to quantify DNA damage, and autophagy and apoptosis were assessed using Western blots. Necrosis and senescence were measured by propidium iodide staining and beta-galactosidase staining, respectively. Both PDT and gamma irradiation reduced the colony-forming ability of primary prostate epithelial cells. PDT reduced the viability of all types of cells in the cultures, including stem-like cells and more differentiated cells. PDT induced necrosis and autophagy, whereas gamma irradiation induced senescence, but neither treatment induced apoptosis. PDT and gamma irradiation therefore inhibit cell growth by different mechanisms. We suggest these treatments would be suitable for use in combination as sequential treatments against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Huguette Savoie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Bryden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Giuntini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 2AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent M Mann
- Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital (Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust), Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, United Kingdom.,Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S Simms
- Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital (Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust), Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, United Kingdom.,Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Gómez-Veiga F, Martínez-Breijo S, Solsona-Narbón E, Hernández C, Ciudin A, Ribal M, Dickinson L, Moore C, Ahmed H, Rodríguez Antolín A, Breda A, Gaya J, Portela-Pereira P, Emberton M. Focal therapy for prostate cancer. Alternative treatment. Actas Urol Esp 2014; 38:465-75. [PMID: 24612733 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The great controversy surrounding the treatment of localized prostate cancer is related with its possibilities of radical treatment or active surveillance. The objective of this paper is to analyze the rationale selection among current focal therapy modalities regarding tumor and patient selection. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Current articles about advantages and disadvantages on the treatment of localized prostate cancer as well as information about focal therapy regarding tumour selection, characteristics and indications cited in MEDLINE search were reviewed. SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE Focal therapy standardized criteria must be: low risk tumors, PSA<10-15, Gleason score ≤ 6, and unilateral presentation all supported by image-guided biopsy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). There are doubts about the suitability of focal therapy in cases of bilateralism or in those with Gleason score 3+4 or PSA>15. CONCLUSIONS Focal therapy is an alternative for localized prostate cancer treatment. However, some aspects of their diagnosis and selection criteria should be defined by prospective studies which should provide knowledge about the indication for focal therapy.
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Muller BG, van den Bos W, Brausi M, Cornud F, Gontero P, Kirkham A, Pinto PA, Polascik TJ, Rastinehad AR, de Reijke TM, de la Rosette JJ, Ukimura O, Villers A, Walz J, Wijkstra H, Marberger M. Role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in focal therapy for prostate cancer: a Delphi consensus project. BJU Int 2014; 114:698-707. [PMID: 24180365 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Berrend G. Muller
- Department of Urology; AMC University Hospital; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Maurizio Brausi
- Department of Urology; EstenseS. Agostino Hospital; Modena Italy
| | | | - Paolo Gontero
- Department of Urology; Molinette University Hospital; Turin Italy
| | | | - Peter A. Pinto
- Department of Urology; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda MD
| | - Thomas J. Polascik
- Department of Surgery/Urology; Duke University Medical Center; Durham NC
| | | | - Theo M. de Reijke
- Department of Urology; AMC University Hospital; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology; University of Southern California; Norris Cancer Center; Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | - Jochen Walz
- Department of Urology; Institut Paoli-Calmettes Cancer Center; Marseille France
| | - Hessel Wijkstra
- Department of Urology; AMC University Hospital; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven The Netherlands
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Hirst AM, Frame FM, Maitland NJ, O'Connell D. Low temperature plasma: a novel focal therapy for localized prostate cancer? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:878319. [PMID: 24738076 PMCID: PMC3971493 DOI: 10.1155/2014/878319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in recent years for the focal treatment of localized prostate cancer, high recurrence rates and detrimental side effects are still a cause for concern. In this review, we compare current focal therapies to a potentially novel approach for the treatment of early onset prostate cancer: low temperature plasma. The rapidly evolving plasma technology has the potential to deliver a wide range of promising medical applications via the delivery of plasma-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Studies assessing the effect of low temperature plasma on cell lines and xenografts have demonstrated DNA damage leading to apoptosis and reduction in cell viability. However, there have been no studies on prostate cancer, which is an obvious candidate for this novel therapy. We present here the potential of low temperature plasma as a focal therapy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Hirst
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Deborah O'Connell
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Nazarov AA, Hartinger CG, Dyson PJ. Opening the lid on piano-stool complexes: An account of ruthenium(II)–arene complexes with medicinal applications. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Dralle Mjos
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been an unprecedented expansion in the field of nanomedicine with the development of new nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Nanoparticles have unique biological properties given their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows them to bind, absorb, and carry compounds such as small molecule drugs, DNA, RNA, proteins, and probes with high efficiency. Their tunable size, shape, and surface characteristics also enable them to have high stability, high carrier capacity, the ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances and compatibility with different administration routes, thereby making them highly attractive in many aspects of oncology. This review article will discuss how nanoparticles are able to function as carriers for chemotherapeutic drugs to increase their therapeutic index; how they can function as therapeutic agents in photodynamic, gene, and thermal therapy; and how nanoparticles can be used as molecular imaging agents to detect and monitor cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnesh S Thakor
- Visiting Research Scholar, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Fellow in Interventional Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Academic Fellow, Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Li Z, Agharkar P, Chen B. Therapeutic enhancement of vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy by inhibiting proteasomal function. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Main-Group Medicinal Chemistry Including Li and Bi*. COMPREHENSIVE INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II 2013. [PMCID: PMC7152213 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097774-4.00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Main-group element compounds were among the first developed in the modern era as pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of a wide variety of human ailments; it is now recognized that many of these elements exist in traditional medicine of many societies, for example, arsenic. The use of main-group element compounds in contemporary medicine continues for the treatment of, for example, depression (Li), stomach ulcers (Bi), cancer (As and Ga), and leishmaniasis (Sb). Not surprisingly, new compounds of these elements, and other main-group elements, continue to be investigated for their potential use in new therapies. In this chapter, the use of main-group elements as therapeutic agents is outlined and also, where understood, comments on biological targets and mechanisms of action. Further, key advances in new potential applications of main-group element compounds in medicine are evaluated.
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Comparative characterization of the cellular uptake and photodynamic efficiency of Foscan® and Fospeg in a human prostate cancer cell line. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The adjunctive effect of photodynamic therapy for residual pockets in single-rooted teeth: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:317-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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