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Papi RM, Tasioulis KS, Kechagioglou PV, Papaioannou MA, Andriotis EG, Kyriakidis DA. Carbon Nanotube-Mediated Delivery of PTEN Variants: In Vitro Antitumor Activity in Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:2785. [PMID: 38930850 PMCID: PMC11206347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a crucial tumor suppressor protein with frequent mutations and alterations. Although protein therapeutics are already integral to numerous medical fields, their potential remains nascent. This study aimed to investigate the impact of stable, unphosphorylated recombinant human full-length PTEN and its truncated variants, regarding their tumor suppression activity with multiwalled-carbon nanotubes (MW-CNTs) as vehicles for their delivery in breast cancer cells (T-47D, ZR-75-1, and MCF-7). The cloning, overexpression, and purification of PTEN variants were achieved from E. coli, followed by successful binding to CNTs. Cell incubation with protein-functionalized CNTs revealed that the full-length PTEN-CNTs significantly inhibited cancer cell growth and stimulated apoptosis in ZR-75-1 and MCF-7 cells, while truncated PTEN fragments on CNTs had a lesser effect. The N-terminal fragment, despite possessing the active site, did not have the same effect as the full length PTEN, emphasizing the necessity of interaction with the C2 domain in the C-terminal tail. Our findings highlight the efficacy of full-length PTEN in inhibiting cancer growth and inducing apoptosis through the alteration of the expression levels of key apoptotic markers. In addition, the utilization of carbon nanotubes as a potent PTEN protein delivery system provides valuable insights for future applications in in vivo models and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigini M. Papi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Konstantinos S. Tasioulis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Petros V. Kechagioglou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Maria A. Papaioannou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleftherios G. Andriotis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios A. Kyriakidis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
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Hosseinpour S, Walsh LJ. Laser-assisted nucleic acid delivery: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000295. [PMID: 32931155 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has become an effective treatment modality for some conditions. Laser light may augment or enhance gene therapy through photomechanical, photothermal, and photochemical. This review examined the evidence base for laser therapy to enhance nucleic acid transfection in mammalian cells. An electronic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was performed, covering all available years. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guideline for systematic reviews was used for designing the study and analyzing the results. In total, 49 studies of laser irradiation for nucleic acid delivery were included. Key approaches were optoporation, photomechanical gene transfection, and photochemical internalization. Optoporation is better suited to cells in culture, photomechanical and photochemical approaches appear well suited to in vivo use. Additional studies explored the impact of photothermal for enhancing gene transfection. Each approach has merits and limitations. Augmenting nucleic acid delivery using laser irradiation is a promising method for improving gene therapy. Laser protocols can be non-invasive because of the penetration of desirable wavelengths of light, but it depends on various parameters such as power density, treatment duration, irradiation mode, etc. The current protocols show low efficiency, and there is a need for further work to optimize irradiation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepanta Hosseinpour
- School of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- School of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Romena G, Nguyen L, Berg K, Madsen SJ, Hirschberg H. Enhanced gene transfection of macrophages by photochemical internalization: Potential for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy of gliomas. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102098. [PMID: 33188941 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drawn by tumor synthesis of chemo-attractive factors, macrophages are frequently found in and around glioblastomas and play an important role both in augmenting as well as inhibiting tumor growth. Patient-derived macrophages have the potential, therefore, to act as targeted delivery vectors for a variety of anti-cancer treatments. Among these is ex vivo gene transfection and re-injection back into the patient of macrophages to target residual tumors. In this study, photochemical internalization (PCI) is investigated as a technique for the non-viral transfection of the cytosine deaminase (CD) prodrug activating gene into macrophages. The CD gene encodes an enzyme that converts the nontoxic antifungal agent, 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) - a potent chemotherapeutic agent. MATERIALS PCI (photosensitizer + light treatment) mediated CD gene transfection of rat alveolar Ma cells was carried out in vitro. CD gene transfected NR8383 macrophages were co-cultured with F98 rat glioma cells in the presence or absence of 5-FC. Cell viability was assayed using the MTS colorimetric assay. RESULTS Compared to the glioma cells, NR8383 demonstrated enhanced resistance to the toxic effects of 5-FU. PCI greatly increased the transfection efficiency of the CD gene in NR8383 cells. The viability of F98 cells was significantly inhibited by coculture with CD transfected NR8383 macrophages and 5-FC. CONCLUSION Although gene insertion into macrophages has proven difficult, the results presented here show that non-viral transfection of the CD gene into these immune cells can be enhanced via PCI. CD transfected NR8383 cells could efficiently convert 5-FC to 5-FU and export the drug, producing a pronounced bystander toxic effect on adjacent non-transfected glioma cells. Compared to single treatment, repetitive PCI-induced transfection was more efficient at low CD plasmid concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Romena
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
| | - Lina Nguyen
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Kristian Berg
- Dept. of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steen J Madsen
- Dept. of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Henry Hirschberg
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA; Dept. of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Ji J, Wu T, Zhang Y, Feng F. Light-Controlled in Vitro Gene Delivery Using Polymer-Tethered Spiropyran as a Photoswitchable Photosensitizer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15222-15232. [PMID: 30950602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A gene delivery system using spiropyran as a photoswitchable photosensitizer for the controlled photochemical internalization effect was developed by engineering the outer coating of a polyethylenimine/DNA complex with a small amount of spiropyran-containing cationic copolymers. The successful binding of cationic polymers by the polyethylenimine coating was detected by the distance-sensitive fluorescence resonance energy-transfer technique that evidenced the occurrence of energy transfer between fluorescein-labeled cationic copolymers and polyethylenimine-condensed rhodamine-labeled DNA. The ternary polyplexes feature reversible controllability of singlet oxygen generation based on the dual effect of spiropyrans in photochromism and aggregation-induced enhanced photosensitization, allowing significant light-induced amplification of bPEI-mediated in vitro transgene efficiency (from original 15% to final 91%) at a low DNA dose, with the integrity of supercoiled DNA structure unaffected. The use of spiropyran without the need of other photosensitizers circumvents the issue of uncontrolled long-lasting photocytotoxicity in gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Ji
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Functional Molecules , Jiangsu Second Normal University , Nanjing 210013 , P. R. China
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
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Altınoğlu SA, Wang M, Li KQ, Li Y, Xu Q. Intracellular delivery of the PTEN protein using cationic lipidoids for cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2018; 4:1773-1780. [PMID: 27748775 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00580b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor, mutated or inactive in a large percentage of human cancers. Restoring PTEN activity in cancer cells through gene therapy has shown to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis, particularly in cells with a PTEN deficiency. Gene therapy, however, comes with some inherent risks such as triggering an immune response and permanent off target effects. Nanoparticle assisted protein delivery could mitigate these liabilities while maintaining therapeutic integrity. In this report, we evaluated the use of cationic lipid-like (lipidoid) materials to intracellularly deliver the PTEN protein. We synthesized a small library of cationic lipidoid materials and screened for the delivery of PTEN based on cell viability. The lipidoid material EC16-80 was selected for high efficacy and the subsequent lipidoid-protein complex was characterized using DLS, zeta potential, and TEM. Intracellular delivery of PTEN with EC16-80 to the PTEN deficient prostate cancer cell line PC-3 resulted in a significant decrease in activated AKT and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, delivery of PTEN to PTEN deficient prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP compared to the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 with endogenous PTEN, resulted in significantly lower IC50 values in PC-3 and LNCaP cells indicating that the treatment is predominantly specific to PTEN-deficient cells. Altogether, these results demonstrate the first intracellular delivery of recombinant PTEN using a synthetic delivery vehicle and highlight the potential of intracellular PTEN protein delivery as a potential targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Altınoğlu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Kathleen Q Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Yuyang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Rajendrakumar SK, Uthaman S, Cho CS, Park IK. Trigger-Responsive Gene Transporters for Anticancer Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E120. [PMID: 28587119 PMCID: PMC5485767 DOI: 10.3390/nano7060120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the current era of gene delivery, trigger-responsive nanoparticles for the delivery of exogenous nucleic acids, such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), mRNA, siRNAs, and miRNAs, to cancer cells have attracted considerable interest. The cationic gene transporters commonly used are typically in the form of polyplexes, lipoplexes or mixtures of both, and their gene transfer efficiency in cancer cells depends on several factors, such as cell binding, intracellular trafficking, buffering capacity for endosomal escape, DNA unpacking, nuclear transportation, cell viability, and DNA protection against nucleases. Some of these factors influence other factors adversely, and therefore, it is of critical importance that these factors are balanced. Recently, with the advancements in contemporary tools and techniques, trigger-responsive nanoparticles with the potential to overcome their intrinsic drawbacks have been developed. This review summarizes the mechanisms and limitations of cationic gene transporters. In addition, it covers various triggers, such as light, enzymes, magnetic fields, and ultrasound (US), used to enhance the gene transfer efficiency of trigger-responsive gene transporters in cancer cells. Furthermore, the challenges associated with and future directions in developing trigger-responsive gene transporters for anticancer therapy are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kalash Rajendrakumar
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Chong Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
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Hirschberg H, Madsen SJ. Synergistic efficacy of ultrasound, sonosensitizers and chemotherapy: a review. Ther Deliv 2017; 8:331-342. [PMID: 28361613 PMCID: PMC6367792 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents, either in the form of systemically injected free drug or encapsulated in nanoparticles transport vehicles, must overcome three main obstacles prior to reaching and interacting with their intended target inside tumor cells. Drugs must leave the circulation, overcome the tissue-tumor barrier and penetrate the cell's plasma membrane. Since, many agents enter the cell by endocytosis, they must avoid entrapment and degradation by the intracellular endolysosome complex. Ultrasound has demonstrated potential to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy by reducing these barriers. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential of ultrasound in combination with sonosensitizers to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy by optimizing the anticancer agent's intracellular ability to engage and interact with its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Hirschberg
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Health Physics & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Steen J Madsen
- Department of Health Physics & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Increased sensitivity of glioma cells to 5-fluorocytosine following photo-chemical internalization enhanced nonviral transfection of the cytosine deaminase suicide gene. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:29-37. [PMID: 24610460 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the outcomes of patients with GBM have not significantly improved. Tumor recurrence in the resection margins occurs in more than 80% of cases indicating aggressive treatment modalities, such as gene therapy are warranted. We have examined photochemical internalization (PCI) as a method for the non-viral transfection of the cytosine deaminase (CD) suicide gene into glioma cells. The CD gene encodes an enzyme that can convert the nontoxic antifungal agent, 5-fluorocytosine, into the chemotherapeutic drug, 5-fluorouracil. Multicell tumor spheroids derived from established rat and human glioma cell lines were used as in vitro tumor models. Plasmids containing either the CD gene alone or together with the uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPRT) gene combined with the gene carrier protamine sulfate were employed in all experiments.PCI was performed with the photosensitizer AlPcS2a and 670 nm laser irradiance. Protamine sulfate/CD DNA polyplexes proved nontoxic but inefficient transfection agents due to endosomal entrapment. In contrast, PCI mediated CD gene transfection resulted in a significant inhibition of spheroid growth in the presence of, but not in the absence of, 5-FC. Repetitive PCI induced transfection was more efficient at low CD plasmid concentration than single treatment. The results clearly indicate that AlPcS2a-mediated PCI can be used to enhance transfection of a tumor suicide gene such as CD, in malignant glioma cells and cells transfected with both the CD and UPRT genes had a pronounced bystander effect.
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Diving through Membranes: Molecular Cunning to Enforce the Endosomal Escape of Antibody-Targeted Anti-Tumor Toxins. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Nimesh S. Protamine nanoparticles. Gene Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1533/9781908818645.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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