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Shakoei S, Mohamadi F, Ghiasvand F, Khosravi AR, Kamyab K, Salahshour F. Disseminated protothecosis: Case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2024. [PMID: 38863080 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human protothecosis is an uncommon infection caused by Prototheca spp that rarely infects humans. AIM Description of a rare disease and a review of its articles. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reported a 24-year-old man who presented with red-brown papules and plaques on the trunk's lateral side. We reviewed the literature about disseminated protothecosis and reported our experience with a patient with protothecosis between 2021 and 2023. RESULTS Overall, 54 cases of disseminated protothecosis were evaluated, 39 were due to P. wickerhamii, 12 were due to P. zopfii (22.2%), and three were due to Prototheca spp. We found that males were more affected (37 cases, 68.5%) than females (16 cases, 29.6%). The mean age of patients was 39.53 ± 22.48 years. However, disseminated protothecosis can affect people of any age (1-80 years). In contrast to P. wickerhamii, which causes blood, skin, brain, and gastrointestinal tract infections, P. zopfii was mainly found in the blood (7/22) and did not have a significant difference in the mortality rate (P = 0.11). DISCUSSION Disseminated protothecosis is a rare disease in immunocompromised patients but is generally rarer in immunocompetent hosts. Several underlying disorders include immunocompromised patients, prolonged application of steroids, diabetes mellitus, malignancies, organ transplantation, AIDS, and surgeries. Amphotericin B has been the most effective agent for protothecosis and is reserved for visceral and disseminated infections. Regarding localized cutaneous types, excision or surgical debridement is used. CONCLUSION Mulberry's appearance and appropriate cultural environments are helpful in diagnosing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Shakoei
- Department of Dermatology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Mohamadi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ghiasvand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Kamyab
- Department of Pathology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Faeze Salahshour
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Wang X, Ran Y, Jia S, Ahmed S, Long X, Jiang Y, Jiang Y. Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”? Front Immunol 2022; 13:880196. [PMID: 35774787 PMCID: PMC9238287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human disseminated protothecosis is a rare infection caused by members of the genus Prototheca, an achlorophyllic algae always associated with debilitated hosts. The presence of non-budding cells and large, spherical cells (sporangia) with endosporulation (morula) in histology is proof of Prototheca infection. Regrettably, due to the lack of specificity of clinical features and low awareness among clinicians, protothecosis is always underestimated and misdiagnosed. The available data on a species-specific analysis of this infection are limited. In this review, we summarize the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of disseminated protothecosis. The potential pathogenicity and clinical differences between P. zopfii and P. wickerhamii were observed. Additionally, the skin not only became the main invasion site but also the most involved organ by the pathogen. With the increasing numbers of immunocompromised individuals throughout the world, the incidence of disseminated infection caused by Prototheca is bound to increase, and disseminated protothecosis that accompanies skin symptoms should be taken into account by clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanshuai Ran
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Songgan Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Xuemei Long
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yinhui Jiang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Yanping Jiang,
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3
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Teh JSK, Wilke AE, Overstall SM, Teng JC, Chin R, Couper JM, Lo CA, Waring LJ, Sheffield DA. Prototheca wickerhamii breast implant infection after reconstructive surgery: a new level of complexity. Med Mycol Case Rep 2021; 34:22-26. [PMID: 34584835 PMCID: PMC8455647 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first published case of Prototheca wickerhamii breast implant infection. This occurred after mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, breast reconstruction, implant revisions and breast seroma aspirations and was preceded by polymicrobial infection. Definitive treatment required implant removal and intravenous liposomal amphotericin B. The management of breast prosthesis infections is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne S K Teh
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Cabrini Health, 181-183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, Victoria, 3144, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Amalie E Wilke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cabrini Health, 181-183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, Victoria, 3144, Australia
| | - Simon M Overstall
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cabrini Health, 181-183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, Victoria, 3144, Australia
| | - Jasmine C Teng
- Department of Microbiology, Melbourne Pathology, 103 Victoria Parade, Collingwood, Victoria, 3066, Australia
| | - Ruth Chin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cabrini Health, 181-183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, Victoria, 3144, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Couper
- Department of Microbiology, Cabrini Pathology, Cabrini Health, 181-183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, Victoria, 3144, Australia
| | - Christine A Lo
- Department of Pharmacy, Cabrini Health, 181-183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, Victoria, 3144, Australia
| | - Lynette J Waring
- Department of Microbiology, Melbourne Pathology, 103 Victoria Parade, Collingwood, Victoria, 3066, Australia
| | - David A Sheffield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cabrini Health, 181-183 Wattletree Road, Malvern, Victoria, 3144, Australia.,Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
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4
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Zeng X, Kudinha T, Kong F, Zhang QQ. Comparative Genome and Transcriptome Study of the Gene Expression Difference Between Pathogenic and Environmental Strains of Prototheca zopfii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:443. [PMID: 30899253 PMCID: PMC6416184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii commonly exists in the environment, and causes invasive infections (protothecosis) in humans. The morbidity of protothecosis has increased rapidly in recent years, especially in systemic infections of patients with an impaired immune system. The infection in immunocompromised patients has a poor prognosis due to limited understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, as most previous studies mainly focused on classification and recognition of pathogenic strains. In this study, we constructed the genome and transcriptome of two pathogenic strains and one environmental strain, by next generation sequencing methods. Based on our preliminary gene expression findings, genes in P. zopfii pathogenic strains are significantly up-regulated in metabolism in peroxisome, such as glyoxylate cycle, which may improve the organism's resistance to the harsh environment in phagolysosome of macrophage and its ability to survive in an anaerobic environment. We also found some significant up-regulated genes, which are related to adherence and penetration in dermatophytes, and we speculate that this may enhance the virulence capacity of pathogenic strains. Finally, the genomes and transcriptomes of P. zopfii described here provide some base for further studies on the pathogenesis of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhao Zeng
- Division of Mycology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Timothy Kudinha
- Charles Sturt University, Leeds Parade, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Fanrong Kong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Qiang-Qiang Zhang
- Division of Mycology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Telkes G, Dezsö K, Doros A, Mathe Z. Successful Treatment of the Gastrointestinal Manifestation of Prototheca in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case Report. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:3928-3931. [PMID: 30503523 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Prototheca species are achlorophyllic algae and they are recognized pathogens in animals. They have been reported to cause infections in humans; the majority of the infected patients are immunocompromised. Organ transplant recipients are at risk of infection caused by such unusual organisms. THE CASE Here we present a highly atypical case report of Prototheca mimicking a cecum tumor in a kidney recipient 7 years after the transplantation. Three years before this Prototheca infection, after a native nephrectomy, the patient underwent a complicated duodeno-jejunal reconstruction with feeding catheter jejunostomy. Imaging studies indicated a tumor-like space occupying lesion in the cecum. The patient was treated successfully with colon resection. Detailed histology excluded malignancy and proved Prototheca wickerhamii. DISCUSSION The pathogenesis and many biological aspects of human protothecosis are unclear. Usually, treatment involves both medical and surgical approaches. The surgical treatment should be complete excision. The literature suggests an extremely high mortality rate, and therefore we advocate aggressive surgery in organ transplant recipients. This case is the first report of a successfully treated gastrointestinal manifestation of protothecosis in an organ transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Telkes
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - K Dezsö
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Doros
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Mathe
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Rao PV, Sethuraman N, Ramanathan Y, Gopalakrishnan R. Disseminated Protothecosis Caused by Prototheca zopfii in a Liver Transplant Recipient. J Glob Infect Dis 2018; 10:228-229. [PMID: 30581267 PMCID: PMC6276319 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_55_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prototheca is a genus of achlorophyllic algae present ubiquitously in the environment. Human infections are rare affecting immunocompromised individuals. We report a case of fatal algaemia caused by Prototheca zopfii in a patient who underwent liver transplant. Tissue diagnosis is mandatory for diagnosing rare entities in seriously ill, immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polati Vishnu Rao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nandini Sethuraman
- Department of Microbiology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ram Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Prototheca wickerhamii in a Patient With Chronic Hepatitis C. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Ramírez I, Nieto-Ríos JF, Ocampo-Kohn C, Aristizábal-Alzate A, Zuluaga-Valencia G, Muñoz Maya O, Pérez JC. Protothecal bursitis after simultaneous kidney/liver transplantation: a case report and review. Transpl Infect Dis 2016; 18:266-74. [PMID: 26779785 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is an accepted therapy for end-stage diseases of the kidneys, liver, heart, and lungs. Unfortunately, transplantation is associated with infectious complications. Here, we present a case report of Prototheca wickerhamii olecranon bursitis and review all of the cases in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients published in the literature to date. In our patient, the infection resolved with surgical therapy and limited antifungal therapy, and no symptoms have recurred over 24 months of follow-up. A review of the literature suggests that 50% of SOT recipients with Prototheca infection present with disseminated infection, and the overall mortality is 75%. More studies are required to determine the optimal management of protothecosis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ramírez
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J F Nieto-Ríos
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C Ocampo-Kohn
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - A Aristizábal-Alzate
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G Zuluaga-Valencia
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - O Muñoz Maya
- Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J C Pérez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Dinámica IPS, Medellín, Colombia
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9
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Bandaranayake TD, Paniz Mondolfi A, Peaper DR, Malinis MF. Prototheca wickerhamii algaemia: an emerging infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:599-604. [PMID: 26040253 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca wickerhamii is an alga that rarely causes human disease but has been reported increasingly among immunocompromised individuals. We report a fatal case of P. wickerhamii in a renal transplant recipient who presented with a cutaneous lesion that led to disseminated disease despite treatment with voriconazole. We reviewed previous cases of protothecosis involving solid organ transplant recipients in the literature and discussed the value of newer microbiology platforms, i.e., matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), to achieve early diagnosis and impact outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Bandaranayake
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - A Paniz Mondolfi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - D R Peaper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - M F Malinis
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Tan RMR, Aw MM, Quak SH, Chan SM. Pulmonary Protothecosis in a Pediatric Liver Transplant Patient. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2014; 3:e31-4. [PMID: 26625394 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pit034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to infections from common and unusual microorganisms. Protothecosis is seldom suspected on clinical grounds, yet it is readily diagnosed once detected in the laboratory. We report the first pediatric liver transplant recipient with pulmonary protothecosis, detected during an episode of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and we conducted a review of the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M R Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Marion M Aw
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Seng Hock Quak
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Si Min Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Micafungin versus amphotericin B lipid complex for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2013; 96:573-8. [PMID: 23842191 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31829d674f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist regarding echinocandins as antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients. METHODS The efficacy and safety of targeted prophylaxis with micafungin or amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) was assessed in a sequential cohort of high-risk patients (posttransplantation dialysis, retransplantation, or reoperation) and compared with those without high risk who did not receive prophylaxis. Outcomes were assessed at 90 days. RESULTS Micafungin versus ABLC recipients were older (P=0.0065) and more likely to have hepatocellular carcinoma (P=0.025). High-risks, that is, dialysis (55.6% vs. 79.2%), retransplantation (5.6% vs. 12.5%), and reoperation (38.9% vs. 20.8%) did not differ between the two groups. Invasive fungal infections developed in 11.1% (2 of 18) of micafungin recipients, 8.3% (2 of 24) of ABLC recipients, and 3% (7 of 234) of patients without high risks (P=0.12). In nondialyzed patients, ABLC versus micafungin recipients had significantly higher serum creatinine on day 14 (P=0.04). However, renal and hepatic function, rejection, graft loss, and mortality did not differ for the two groups on day 90. CONCLUSIONS Targeted prophylaxis with micafungin or ABLC decreased the risk of mycoses in high-risk recipients compared with that in low-risk recipients. Compared with ABLC, however, micafungin appeared to be associated with lower early-renal dysfunction and no additional risk of hepatic dysfunction.
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12
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Prototheca wickerhamii algaemia presenting as cholestatic hepatitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report and literature review. Med Mycol Case Rep 2012; 2:19-22. [PMID: 24432207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human protothecal infection is uncommon and could be localized or systemic disease. Disseminated Prototheca algaemia tends to occur in immunocompromised patients (solid organ transplants, hematological malignancies) with high mortality. Diagnosis could be missed or delayed due to unusual clinical presentation and/or under-recognition of characteristic microscopic features of Prototheca species. Combined approach that includes removal of source of infection and intravenous amphotericin B provides the best chance of cure.
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Abstract
Protothecosis is a rare infection caused by achlorophyllic algae that are members of the genus Prototheca. They are ubiquitous in nature in organic material. The clinical manifestations can be acute or chronic and local or disseminated. The disease is classified as cutaneous, causing bursitis or disseminated/systemic, affecting both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, with more severe and disseminated infections occurring in immunocompromised individuals. Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii are the most frequent organisms reported in humans. Diagnosis is made by observing asexual sporangia (thecas) on histopathological examination of tissue. Medical and surgical treatment should be considered. Ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and amphotericin B are the most commonly used antifungals. Voriconazole and amphotericin B are highly effective against Prototheca spp. Treatment failure is not uncommon because of the comorbidities that limit the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mayorga
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco Dr. José Barba Rubio, Zapopan, Avenida Federalismo #3102, Colonia Atemajac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Todd JR, King JW, Oberle A, Matsumoto T, Odaka Y, Fowler M, Pore RS, Shahan TA, Yin L, Sanusi ID. Protothecosis: report of a case with 20-year follow-up, and review of previously published cases. Med Mycol 2012; 50:673-89. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.677862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Galactomannan enzymatic immunoassay cross-reactivity caused by Prototheca species. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:3371-3. [PMID: 22837317 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01028-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a reactive Aspergillus galactomannan enzymatic immunoassay against the serum of a patient with invasive Prototheca zopfii infection. Analysis of the supernatants of suspensions of P. zopfii and other Prototheca isolates revealed positive results as well. These data suggest cross-reactivity with the serum Aspergillus galactomannan assay in invasive protothecosis.
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16
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Zhang QQ, Li L, Zhu LP, Zhao Y, Wang YR, Zhu JH, Zhu M. Cutaneous Protothecosis in Patient with Diabetes Mellitus and Review of Published Case Reports. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:163-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Mohd Tap R, Sabaratnam P, Mohd Salleh MA, Abd Razak MF, Ahmad N. Characterization of Prototheca wickerhamii Isolated from Disseminated Algaemia of Kidney Transplant Patient from Malaysia. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:173-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Infections play a crucial role in organ transplantations as possible complications. Viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites are potential agents. The relevance of individual diseases depends on the organ transplanted. Morphology of the inflammatory reaction is given by the agent involved, but often several reactions can be caused by the same agent and different agents can also lead to the same reaction. Histology therefore provides concrete identification of the causal agent only in some cases, such that additional microbiological diagnostics are necessary. Results from these investigations should be transferred to the pathologist to distinguish between infection-associated changes and transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Theegarten
- Institut für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Deutschland.
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Marques S, Silva E, Carvalheira J, Thompson G. Short communication: Temperature sensibility of Prototheca blaschkeae strains isolated from bovine mastitic milk. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:5110-3. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marques S, Silva E, Carvalheira J, Thompson G. Phenotypic characterization of mastitic Prototheca spp. isolates. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:5-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chlorella infection in a sheep in Mexico and minireview of published reports from humans and domestic animals. Mycopathologia 2010; 169:461-6. [PMID: 20165921 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Algal infections are rare in humans and domestic animals. Prototheca spp. and Chlorella spp. are among the most commonly reported. Herein, we present a brief review on Chlorella spp. infections and related pathologies and discuss this information including a natural case in a sheep in Mexico with a disseminated form of the disease.
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Lanotte P, Baty G, Senecal D, Dartigeas C, Bailly E, Duong TH, Chandenier J, Goudeau A. Fatal algaemia in patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1129-30. [PMID: 19624939 PMCID: PMC2744238 DOI: 10.3201/eid1507.090373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Microbicidal Action of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Combined with Horseradish Peroxidase on Prototheca zopfii from Bovine Mastitis. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:99-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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