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Shen T, Zheng SH, Chen J, Zhou ZS, Yang MF, Liu XY, Chen JL, Zheng SS, Xu X. Older liver grafts from donation after circulatory death are associated with impaired survival and higher incidence of biliary non-anastomotic stricture. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:577-583. [PMID: 36775686 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafts from older donors after circulatory death were associated with inferior outcome in liver transplants in the past. But it has seemed to remain controversial in the last decade, as a result of modified clinical protocols, selected recipients, and advanced technology of organ perfusion and preservation. The present study aimed to examine the impact of older donor age on complications and survival of liver transplant using grafts from donation after circulatory death (DCD). METHODS A total of 944 patients who received DCD liver transplantation from 2015 to 2020 were included and divided into two groups: using graft from older donor (aged ≥ 65 years, n = 87) and younger donor (age < 65 years, n = 857). Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to eliminate selection bias. RESULTS A progressively increased proportion of liver transplants with grafts from older donors was observed from 1.68% to 15.44% during the study period. The well-balanced older donor (n = 79) and younger donor (n = 79) were 1:1 matched. There were significantly more episodes of biliary non-anastomotic stricture (NAS) in the older donor group than the younger donor group [15/79 (19.0%) vs. 6/79 (7.6%); P = 0.017]. The difference did not reach statistical significance regarding early allograft dysfunction (EAD) and primary non-function (PNF). Older livers had a trend toward inferior 1-, 2-, 3-year graft and overall survival compared with younger livers, but these differences were not statistically significant (63.1%, 57.6%, 57.6% vs. 76.9%, 70.2%, 67.7%, P = 0.112; 64.4%, 58.6%, 58.6% vs. 76.9%, 72.2%, 72.2%, P = 0.064). The only risk factor for poor survival was ABO incompatible transplant (P = 0.008) in the older donor group. In the subgroup of ABO incompatible cases, it demonstrated a significant difference in the rate of NAS between the older donor group and the younger donor group [6/8 (75.0%) vs. 3/14 (21.4%); P = 0.014]. CONCLUSIONS Transplants with grafts from older donors (aged ≥ 65 years) after circulatory death are more frequently associated with inferior outcome compared to those from younger donors. Older grafts from DCD are more likely to develop NAS, especially in ABO incompatible cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Shan-Hua Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | | | - Meng-Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiang-Yan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jun-Li Chen
- China Liver Transplant Registry, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China; Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China; Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China; Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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2
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Wang L, Yang B, Jiang H, Wei L, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Chen D. Individualized Biliary Reconstruction Techniques in Liver Transplantation: Five Years' Experience of a Single Institution. J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 27:1188-1196. [PMID: 36977864 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-023-05657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To summarize the experience of individualized biliary reconstruction techniques in deceased donor liver transplantation and explore potential risk factors for biliary stricture. METHODS We retrospectively collected medical records of 489 patients undergoing deceased donor liver transplantation at our center between January 2016 and August 2020. According to anatomical and pathological conditions of donor and recipient biliary ducts, patients' biliary reconstruction methods were divided into six types. We summarized the experience of six different reconstruction methods and analyzed the biliary complications' rate and risk factors after liver transplantation. RESULTS Among 489 cases of biliary reconstruction methods during liver transplantation, there were 206 cases of type I, 98 cases of type II, 96 cases of type III, 39 cases of type IV, 34 cases of type V, and 16 cases of type VI. Biliary tract anastomotic complications occurred in 41 cases (8.4%), including 35 cases with biliary stricture (7.2%), 9 cases with biliary leakage (1.8%), 19 cases with biliary stones (3.9%), 1 case with biliary bleeding (0.2%), and 2 cases with biliary infection (0.4%). One of 41 patients died of biliary tract bleeding and one died of biliary infection. Thirty-six patients significantly improved after treatment, and 3 patients received secondary transplantation. Compared with patients without biliary stricture, a higher warm ischemic time was observed in patients with non-anastomotic stricture and more leakage of bile in patients with an anastomotic stricture. CONCLUSION The individualized biliary reconstruction methods are safe and feasible to decrease perioperative anastomotic biliary complications. Biliary leakage may contribute to anastomotic biliary stricture and cold ischemia time to non-anastomotic biliary stricture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1905 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1905 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1905 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1905 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1905 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhishui Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1905 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Dong Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1905 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.
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3
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Ray S, Torres-Hernandez A, Bleszynski MS, Parmentier C, McGilvray I, Sayed BA, Shwaartz C, Cattral M, Ghanekar A, Sapisochin G, Tsien C, Selzner N, Lilly L, Bhat M, Jaeckel E, Selzner M, Reichman TW. Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) as a Source of Liver Grafts: Honouring the Ultimate Gift. Ann Surg 2023; 277:713-718. [PMID: 36515405 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the clinical outcomes of liver transplants from donors after medical assistance in dying (MAiD) versus donors after cardiac death (DCD) and deceased brain death (DBD). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA In North America, the number of patients needing liver transplants exceeds the number of available donors. In 2016, MAiD was legalized in Canada. METHODS All patients undergoing deceased donor liver transplantation at Toronto General Hospital between 2016 and 2021 were included in the study. Recipient perioperative and postoperative variables and donor physiological variables were compared among 3 groups. RESULTS Eight hundred seven patients underwent deceased donor liver transplantation during the study period, including DBD (n=719; 89%), DCD (n=77; 9.5%), and MAiD (n=11; 1.4%). The overall incidence of biliary complications was 6.9% (n=56), the most common being strictures (n=55;6.8%), highest among the MAiD recipients [5.8% (DBD) vs. 14.2% (DCD) vs. 18.2% (MAiD); P =0.008]. There was no significant difference in 1 year (98.4% vs. 96.4% vs. 100%) and 3-year (89.3% vs. 88.7% vs. 100%) ( P =0.56) patient survival among the 3 groups. The 1- and 3- year graft survival rates were comparable (96.2% vs. 95.2% vs. 100% and 92.5% vs. 91% vs. 100%; P =0.37). CONCLUSION With expected physiological hemodynamic challenges among MAiD and DCD compared with DBD donors, a higher rate of biliary complications was observed in MAiD donors, with no significant difference noted in short-and long-term graft outcomes among the 3 groups. While ethical challenges persist, good initial results suggest that MAiD donors can be safely used in liver transplantation, with results comparable with other established forms of donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Ray
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
| | | | | | | | - Ian McGilvray
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blayne Amir Sayed
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chaya Shwaartz
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Cattral
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anand Ghanekar
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Sapisochin
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Tsien
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie Lilly
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mamatha Bhat
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Markus Selzner
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor W Reichman
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Azizieh Y, Westhaver LP, Badrudin D, Boudreau JE, Gala-Lopez BL. Changing liver utilization and discard rates in clinical transplantation in the ex-vivo machine preservation era. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:1079003. [PMID: 36908294 PMCID: PMC9996101 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2023.1079003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is a well-established treatment for many with end-stage liver disease. Unfortunately, the increasing organ demand has surpassed the donor supply, and approximately 30% of patients die while waiting for a suitable liver. Clinicians are often forced to consider livers of inferior quality to increase organ donation rates, but ultimately, many of those organs end up being discarded. Extensive testing in experimental animals and humans has shown that ex-vivo machine preservation allows for a more objective characterization of the graft outside the body, with particular benefit for suboptimal organs. This review focuses on the history of the implementation of ex-vivo liver machine preservation and how its enactment may modify our current concept of organ acceptability. We provide a brief overview of the major drivers of organ discard (age, ischemia time, steatosis, etc.) and how this technology may ultimately revert such a trend. We also discuss future directions for this technology, including the identification of new markers of injury and repair and the opportunity for other ex-vivo regenerative therapies. Finally, we discuss the value of this technology, considering current and future donor characteristics in the North American population that may result in a significant organ discard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Azizieh
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - David Badrudin
- Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeanette E Boudreau
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Boris L Gala-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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5
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Cannon RM, Nassel AF, Walker JT, Sheikh SS, Orandi BJ, Lynch RJ, Shah MB, Goldberg DS, Locke JE. Lost potential and missed opportunities for DCD liver transplantation in the United States. Am J Surg 2022; 224:990-998. [PMID: 35589438 PMCID: PMC9940905 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donation after cardiac death(DCD) has been proposed as an avenue to expand the liver donor pool. METHODS We examined factors associated with nonrecovery of DCD livers using UNOS data from 2015 to 2019. RESULTS There 265 non-recovered potential(NRP) DCD livers. Blood type AB (7.8% vs. 1.1%) and B (16.9% vs. 9.8%) were more frequent in the NRP versus actual donors (p < 0.001). The median driving time between donor hospital and transplant center was similar for NRP and actual donors (30.1 min vs. 30.0 min; p = 0.689), as was the percentage located within a transplant hospital (20.8% vs. 20.9%; p = 0.984).The donation service area(DSA) of a donor hospital explained 27.9% (p = 0.001) of the variability in whether a DCD liver was recovered. CONCLUSION A number of potentially high quality DCD donor livers go unrecovered each year, which may be partially explained by donor blood type and variation in regional and DSA level practice patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Cannon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Ariann F Nassel
- Lister Hill Center for Health Policy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffery T Walker
- Center for the Study of Community Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Saulat S Sheikh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Babak J Orandi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Raymond J Lynch
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Malay B Shah
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jayme E Locke
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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6
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Shimada S, Shamaa T, Ivanics T, Kitajima T, Collins K, Rizzari M, Yoshida A, Abouljoud M, Moonka D, Lu M, Nagai S. Liver Transplant Recipient Characteristics Associated With Worse Post-Transplant Outcomes in Using Elderly Donors. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10489. [PMID: 36090776 PMCID: PMC9452632 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age of liver donor is a risk factor for graft loss after transplant. We sought to identify recipient characteristics associated with negative post-liver transplant (LT) outcomes in the context of elderly donors. Using 2014–2019 OPTN/UNOS data, LT recipients were classified by donor age: ≥70, 40–69, and <40 years. Recipient risk factors for one-year graft loss were identified and created a risk stratification system and validated it using 2020 OPTN/UNOS data set. At transplant, significant recipient risk factors for one-year graft loss were: previous liver transplant (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 4.37, 95%CI 1.98–9.65); mechanical ventilation (aHR 4.28, 95%CI 1.95–9.43); portal thrombus (aHR 1.87, 95%CI 1.26–2.77); serum sodium <125 mEq/L (aHR 2.88, 95%CI 1.34–6.20); and Karnofsky score 10–30% (aHR 2.03, 95%CI 1.13–3.65), 40–60% (aHR 1.65, 95%CI 1.08–2.51). Using those risk factors and multiplying HRs, recipients were divided into low-risk (n = 931) and high-risk (n = 294). Adjusted risk of one-year graft loss in the low-risk recipient group was similar to that of patients with younger donors; results were consistent using validation dataset. Our results show that a system of careful recipient selection can reduce the risks of graft loss associated with older donor age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Shimada
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Tayseer Shamaa
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Tommy Ivanics
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Toshihiro Kitajima
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Kelly Collins
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael Rizzari
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Marwan Abouljoud
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dilip Moonka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Shunji Nagai
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Shunji Nagai,
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7
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Honarmand K, Alshamsi F, Foroutan F, Rochwerg B, Belley-Cote E, Mclure G, D'Aragon F, Ball IM, Sener A, Selzner M, Guyatt G, Meade MO. Antemortem Heparin in Organ Donation After Circulatory Death Determination: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Transplantation 2021; 105:e337-e346. [PMID: 33901108 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Donation after circulatory death determination frequently involves antemortem heparin administration to mitigate peri-arrest microvascular thrombosis. We systematically reviewed the literature to: (1) describe heparin administration practices and (2) explore the effects on transplant outcomes. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies reporting donation after circulatory death determination heparin practices including use, dosage, and timing (objective 1). To explore associations between antemortem heparin and transplant outcomes (objective 2), we (1) summarized within-study comparisons and (2) used meta-regression analyses to examine associations between proportions of donors that received heparin and transplant outcomes. We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and applied the GRADE methodology to determine certainty in the evidence. For objective 1, among 55 eligible studies, 48 reported heparin administration to at least some donors (range: 15.8%-100%) at variable doses (up to 1000 units/kg) and times relative to withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy. For objective 2, 7 studies that directly compared liver transplants with and without antemortem heparin reported lower rates of primary nonfunction, hepatic artery thrombosis, graft failure at 5 y, or recipient mortality (low certainty of evidence). In contrast, meta-regression analysis of 32 liver transplant studies detected no associations between the proportion of donors that received heparin and rates of early allograft dysfunction, primary nonfunction, hepatic artery thrombosis, biliary ischemia, graft failure, retransplantation, or patient survival (very low certainty of evidence). In conclusion, antemortem heparin practices vary substantially with an uncertain effect on transplant outcomes. Given the controversies surrounding antemortem heparin, clinical trials may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Honarmand
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fayez Alshamsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farid Foroutan
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emilie Belley-Cote
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Graham Mclure
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Frederick D'Aragon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Ian M Ball
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alp Sener
- Department of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Markus Selzner
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maureen O Meade
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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8
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Early Allograft Dysfunction and Complications in DCD Liver Transplantation: Expert Consensus Statements From the International Liver Transplantation Society. Transplantation 2021; 105:1643-1652. [PMID: 34291765 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Livers for transplantation from donation after circulatory death donors are relatively more prone to early and ongoing alterations in graft function that might ultimately lead to graft loss and even patient death. In consideration of this fact, this working group of the International Liver Transplantation Society has performed a critical evaluation of the medical literature to create a set of statements regarding the assessment of early allograft function/dysfunction and complications arising in the setting of donation after circulatory death liver transplantation.
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9
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Giorgakis E, Khorsandi SE, Mathur AK, Burdine L, Jassem W, Heaton N. Comparable graft survival is achievable with the usage of donation after circulatory death liver grafts from donors at or above 70 years of age: A long-term UK national analysis. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:2200-2210. [PMID: 33222386 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the UK donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver transplant experience from donors ≥70 years. Nationwide UK DCD retrospective analysis was conducted between 2001 and 2015 (n = 1163). Recipients were divided into group 1 vs. group 2 (donors 70≥ vs. <70 years, respectively). group 1 (n = 69, 5.9%) recipients were older (median 59 vs. 55 years, p = .001) and had longer waitlist time (128 vs. 84 days; p = .039). 94.2% of group 1 clustered in London and Birmingham, where the two busiest centers are located. group 1 allografts had higher UKDRI and UK DCD Risk Scores but similar WIT and CIT and were more likely to have been imported. Both groups had similar 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft survival (group 1, 90%, 81.4%, and 74% vs. group 2, 88.6%, 81.4%, and 78.6%, respectively; p = .54). Both groups had similar ICU stay length (p = .22), 3-month hepatic artery thrombosis rates (4.4% vs 4.0%; p = .9), and 12-month readmission rates for all biliary complications (20.3% vs 25.7%; p = .32). This study demonstrates that acceptable outcomes are achievable using older grafts in a highly selected cohort at experienced centers. Advanced age should not be an absolute contraindication to utilizing a DCD graft from donors aged ≥70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Giorgakis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Amit K Mathur
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Lyle Burdine
- Department of Surgery, Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Wayel Jassem
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nigel Heaton
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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10
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Ly M, Crawford M, Verran D. Biliary complications in donation after circulatory death liver transplantation: the Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit's experience. ANZ J Surg 2020; 91:445-450. [PMID: 32985774 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary complications are the most common complications of donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver transplantation and the international experience with DCD transplants suggests increased rates of biliary complications compared to donation after brain death transplants. Therefore, it is important to understand factors that are associated with the development of biliary complications within the Australian DCD context in order to inform future practice. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of biliary complications after DCD liver transplantation at the Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit and identify factors associated with this outcome. METHODS A retrospective analysis of all adult DCD liver transplants at the Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit from 2007 to 2015 was undertaken. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of biliary complications and was censored on 31 December 2016. Recipients were then stratified into groups based on the development of biliary complications and risk factor analysis was performed. RESULTS Biliary complications occurred in 35% of DCD transplants, including seven anastomotic strictures and 10 non-anastomotic strictures. Higher donor risk index scores (P = 0.03), post-transplant portal vein complications (P = 0.042) and peak gamma-glutamyl transferase levels within 7 days post-transplant (P = 0.047) were associated with biliary complications. CONCLUSION Findings from this study demonstrate that biliary complications remain common in DCD liver recipients. Recipients who developed a biliary complication tended to have higher donor risk index, elevated peak gamma-glutamyl transferase levels within 7 days post-transplant or a portal vein complication. The presence of any of these factors should prompt close monitoring for post-transplant biliary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ly
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Crawford
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Verran
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Hashimoto K. Liver graft from donation after circulatory death donor: Real practice to improve graft viability. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:401-410. [PMID: 32646199 PMCID: PMC7641554 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) is an increasing source of liver grafts for transplantation, yet outcomes have been inferior compared to donation after brain death liver transplantation. These worse outcomes are mainly due to the severe graft injury resulting from mandatory warm ischemia during DCD organ recovery. New evidence, however, indicates that improved donor selection and surgical techniques can decrease the risk of graft failure and ischemic cholangiopathy (IC). Under current best practices, DCD organs are retrieved with the super-rapid technique, optimizing timing and protecting the liver graft from detrimental warm ischemia. Graft viability is influenced by both the quantity and quality of warm ischemia, which is unique to each donor and causes various degrees of pathophysiologic consequences. Evidence also shows that the choice of preservation solution and premortem heparin administration influences graft viability. Additionally, although the precise mechanism of IC remains unknown, stasis of blood during donor warm ischemia may cause the formation of microthrombi in the peribiliary vascular plexus and ischemia of the bile duct. Importantly, thrombolytic protocols show a possible preventive modality for IC. Finally, while ex vivo machine perfusion technology has gained an interest in DCD liver transplantation, further studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of this evolving field to improve graft quality and transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hashimoto
- Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Tun-Abraham ME, Wanis K, Garcia-Ochoa C, Sela N, Sharma H, Al Hasan I, Quan D, Al-Judaibi B, Levstik M, Hernandez-Alejandro R. Can we reduce ischemic cholangiopathy rates in donation after cardiac death liver transplantation after 10 years of practice? Canadian single-centre experience. Can J Surg 2019. [PMID: 30484989 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outcomes in liver transplantation with organs obtained via donation after cardiocirculatory death (DCD) have been suboptimal compared to donation after brain death, attributed mainly to the high incidence of ischemic cholangiopathy (IC). We evaluated the effect of a 10-year learning curve on IC rates among DCD liver graft recipients at a single centre. Methods We analyzed all DCD liver transplantation procedures from July 2006 to July 2016. Patients were grouped into early (July 2006 to June 2011) and late (July 2011 to July 2016) eras. Those with less than 6 months of follow-up were excluded. Primary outcomes were IC incidence and IC-free survival rate. Results Among the 73 DCD liver transplantation procedures performed, 70 recipients fulfilled the selection criteria, 32 in the early era and 38 in the late era. Biliary complications were diagnosed in 19 recipients (27%). Ischemic cholangiopathy was observed in 8 patients (25%) in the early era and 1 patient (3%) in the late era (p = 0.005). The IC-free survival rate was higher in the late era than the early era (98% v. 79%, p = 0.01). The warm ischemia time (27 v. 24 min, p = 0.049) and functional warm ischemia time (21 v. 17 min, p = 0.002) were significantly lower in the late era than the early era. Conclusion We found a significant reduction in IC rates and improvement in ICfree survival among DCD liver transplantation recipients after a learning curve period that was marked by more judicious donor selection with shorter procurement times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Enrique Tun-Abraham
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Kerollos Wanis
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Carlos Garcia-Ochoa
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Nathalie Sela
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Hemant Sharma
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Ibrahim Al Hasan
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Douglas Quan
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Bandar Al-Judaibi
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Mark Levstik
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Alejandro
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
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Can hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) rescue futile DCD liver grafts? HPB (Oxford) 2019; 21:1156-1165. [PMID: 30777695 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new UK-DCD-Risk-Score has been recently developed to predict graft loss in DCD liver transplantation. Donor-recipient combinations with a cumulative risk of >10 points were classified as futile and achieved an impaired one-year graft survival of <40%. The aim of this study was to show, if hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) can rescue such extended DCD livers and improve outcomes. METHODS "Futile"-classified donor-recipient combinations were selected from our HOPE-treated human DCD liver cohort (01/2012-5/2017), with a minimum follow-up of one year. Main risk factors, which contribute to the classification "futile" include: elderly donors>60years, prolonged functional donor warm ischemia time (fDWIT > 30min), long cold ischemia time>6hrs, donor BMI>25 kg/m2, advanced recipient age (>60years), MELD-score>25points and retransplantation status. Endpoints included all outcome measures during and after DCD LT. RESULTS Twenty-one donor-recipient combinations were classified futile (median UK-DCD-Risk-Score:11 points). The median donor age and fDWIT were 62 years and 36 min, respectively. After cold storage, livers underwent routine HOPE-treatment for 120 min. All grafts showed immediate function. One-year and 5-year tumor death censored graft survival was 86%. CONCLUSION HOPE-treatment achieved excellent outcomes, despite high-risk donor and recipient combinations. Such easy, endischemic perfusion approach may open the door for an increased utilization of futile DCD livers in other countries.
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Impact of Donor Hepatectomy Time During Organ Procurement in Donation After Circulatory Death Liver Transplantation: The United Kingdom Experience. Transplantation 2019; 103:e79-e88. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Outcomes of Donation After Circulatory Death Liver Grafts From Donors 50 Years or Older: A Multicenter Analysis. Transplantation 2019; 102:1108-1114. [PMID: 29952924 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the population in the United States continues to age, an increase in the number of potential donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors with advanced chronological age can be expected. The aim of this study was to analyze a multi-institutional experience in liver transplantation using DCD donors 50 years or older. METHODS All DCD liver transplant (LT) performed at Mayo Clinic Florida, Mayo Clinic Rochester, and Mayo Clinic Arizona from 2002 to 2016 were included. Recipients of DCD LT were divided into 2 groups: those with donors 50 years or older (N = 155) and those with donors younger than 50 years(N = 316). RESULTS Graft survival was similar between the DCD donors 50 years or older group and DCD donors younger than 50 group(P = 0.99). Graft survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 87.0%, 75.6%, and 71.8% in the DCD donors 50 years or older group and 85.8%, 76.0%, and 70.4% in the DCD donors younger than 50 group.The rate of total biliary complications (32.3% vs 23.7%; P = 0.049) and of anastomotic strictures (16.1% vs 8.2%; P = 0.01) were higher in the DCD donors 50 years or older compared with the DCD donors younger than 50 group. No statistical significant difference in the rate of ischemic cholangiopathy (11.6% vs 7.6%; P = 0.15) was seen between the 2 groups. Due to homogeneous practice patterns at the involved institutions, additional Cox regression analysis using national data obtained from Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients was used to evaluate predictors of graft failure in DCD donors 50 years or older. Significant predictors of graft failure included: a calculated Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score of 30 or higher (P < 0.001), mechanical ventilation at the time of transplant (P < 0.001), medical condition (in intensive care unit) (P = 0.002), and cold ischemia time (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that acceptable graft and patient survival can be achieved with the usage of DCD LT with donors 50 years or older. Optimizing recipient selection criteria and minimizing cold ischemia time may further improve outcomes.
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16
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Tun-Abraham ME, Wanis K, Garcia-Ochoa C, Sela N, Sharma H, Al Hasan I, Quan D, Al-Judaibi B, Levstik M, Hernandez-Alejandro R. Can we reduce ischemic cholangiopathy rates in donation after cardiac death liver transplantation after 10 years of practice? Canadian single-centre experience. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE CHIRURGIE 2019; 62:44-51. [PMID: 30484989 DOI: 10.503/cjs.012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Outcomes in liver transplantation with organs obtained via donation after cardiocirculatory death (DCD) have been suboptimal compared to donation after brain death, attributed mainly to the high incidence of ischemic cholangiopathy (IC). We evaluated the effect of a 10-year learning curve on IC rates among DCD liver graft recipients at a single centre. Methods We analyzed all DCD liver transplantation procedures from July 2006 to July 2016. Patients were grouped into early (July 2006 to June 2011) and late (July 2011 to July 2016) eras. Those with less than 6 months of follow-up were excluded. Primary outcomes were IC incidence and IC-free survival rate. Results Among the 73 DCD liver transplantation procedures performed, 70 recipients fulfilled the selection criteria, 32 in the early era and 38 in the late era. Biliary complications were diagnosed in 19 recipients (27%). Ischemic cholangiopathy was observed in 8 patients (25%) in the early era and 1 patient (3%) in the late era (p = 0.005). The IC-free survival rate was higher in the late era than the early era (98% v. 79%, p = 0.01). The warm ischemia time (27 v. 24 min, p = 0.049) and functional warm ischemia time (21 v. 17 min, p = 0.002) were significantly lower in the late era than the early era. Conclusion We found a significant reduction in IC rates and improvement in ICfree survival among DCD liver transplantation recipients after a learning curve period that was marked by more judicious donor selection with shorter procurement times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Enrique Tun-Abraham
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Kerollos Wanis
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Carlos Garcia-Ochoa
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Nathalie Sela
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Hemant Sharma
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Ibrahim Al Hasan
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Douglas Quan
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Bandar Al-Judaibi
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Mark Levstik
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Alejandro
- From the Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Tun-Abraham, Wanis, GarciaOchoa, Sela, Sharma, Quan, Hernandez-Alejandro); the Division of Transplantation, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al Hasan); and the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Al-Judaibi, Levstik, Hernandez-Alejandro)
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17
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Vivalda S, Zhengbin H, Xiong Y, Liu Z, Wang Z, Ye Q. Vascular and Biliary Complications Following Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation: A Meta-analysis. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:823-832. [PMID: 30979471 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess biliary and vascular complications after liver transplantations (LTs) sourced from deceased donors. METHODS This study reviewed potentially relevant English-language articles gathered from PubMed and Medline published from 2012 to 2017. One additional study was carried out using our institution's database for articles published from 2013 to 2017. Biliary and vascular complications from adult patients receiving their first deceased-donor LT were included. This meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.2 (Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) and the study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Ten studies met our inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity in donation after cardiac death (DCD) and donation after brain death (DBD) recipients was observed and minimized after pooling a subgroup analysis. This latter analysis focused on biliary stricture, biliary leaks and stones, and vascular thrombosis and stenosis. Meta-analyses showed that patients receiving DCD organs have a greatly increased risk of biliary complications compared to those receiving DBD organs, particularly the following: biliary leaks and stones (odds ratio [OR] = 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-2.34); and biliary stricture (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.21-2.06). DCD grafts tended to be but were not significantly associated with DBD regarding vascular thrombosis (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.05-2.50), and the risk of vascular stenosis in DCD grafts was not statistically significant (OR = 1.25, 95% CI, .70-2.25). CONCLUSION DCD was associated with an increased risk of biliary complications after LT, tended to indicate an increased risk of vascular thrombosis versus, and was not associated with an increased risk of vascular stenosis compared to DBD. There was no significant difference between the grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vivalda
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Zhengbin
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Xiong
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Z Liu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Z Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Q Ye
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology Research Center, National Health Commission, the 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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18
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Kollmann D, Sapisochin G, Goldaracena N, Hansen BE, Rajakumar R, Selzner N, Bhat M, McCluskey S, Cattral MS, Greig PD, Lilly L, McGilvray ID, Ghanekar A, Grant DR, Selzner M. Expanding the donor pool: Donation after circulatory death and living liver donation do not compromise the results of liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2018; 24:779-789. [PMID: 29604237 PMCID: PMC6099346 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of the shortfall between the number of patients listed for liver transplantation (LT) and the available grafts, strategies to expand the donor pool have been developed. Donation after circulatory death (DCD) and living donor (LD) grafts are not universally used because of the concerns of graft failure, biliary complications, and donor risks. In order to overcome the barriers for the implementation of using all 3 types of grafts, we compared outcomes after LT of DCD, LD, and donation after brain death (DBD) grafts. Patients who received a LD, DCD, or DBD liver graft at the University of Toronto were included. Between January 2009 through April 2017, 1054 patients received a LT at our center. Of these, 77 patients received a DCD graft (DCD group); 271 received a LD graft (LD group); and 706 received a DBD graft (DBD group). Overall biliary complications were higher in the LD group (11.8%) compared with the DCD group (5.2%) and the DBD group (4.8%; P < 0.001). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft survival rates were similar between the groups with 88.3%, 83.2%, and 69.2% in the DCD group versus 92.6%, 85.4%, and 84.7% in the LD group versus 90.2%, 84.2%, and 79.9% in the DBD group (P = 0.24). Furthermore, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival was comparable, with 92.2%, 85.4%, and 71.6% in the DCD group versus 95.2%, 88.8%, and 88.8% in the LD group versus 93.1%, 87.5%, and 83% in the DBD group (P = 0.14). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the type of graft did not impact graft survival. In conclusion, DCD, LD, and DBD grafts have similar longterm graft survival rates. Increasing the use of LD and DCD grafts may improve access to LT without affecting graft survival rates. Liver Transplantation 24 779-789 2018 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bettina E. Hansen
- Toronto Centre for Liver DiseaseToronto General HospitalOnatrioCanada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and EvaluationUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Nazia Selzner
- Department of MedicineMulti‐Organ Transplant ProgramToronto General HospitalOnatrioCanada
| | - Mamatha Bhat
- Department of MedicineMulti‐Organ Transplant ProgramToronto General HospitalOnatrioCanada
| | - Stuart McCluskey
- Department of MedicineMulti‐Organ Transplant ProgramToronto General HospitalOnatrioCanada
| | | | - Paul D. Greig
- Department of SurgeryToronto General HospitalOnatrioCanada
| | - Les Lilly
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain ManagementToronto General HospitalOnatrioCanada
| | | | - Anand Ghanekar
- Department of SurgeryToronto General HospitalOnatrioCanada
| | - David R. Grant
- Department of SurgeryToronto General HospitalOnatrioCanada
| | - Markus Selzner
- Department of SurgeryToronto General HospitalOnatrioCanada
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Tullius
- From Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (S.G.T.); and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore (H.R.)
| | - Hamid Rabb
- From Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (S.G.T.); and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore (H.R.)
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20
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DCD Liver Transplant: a Meta-review of the Evidence and Current Optimization Strategies. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-018-0193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Detry O, Meurisse N, Honoré P. Impact of donor age in donation after circulatory death liver transplantation: Is the cutoff "60" still of relevance? Liver Transpl 2018; 24:562. [PMID: 28945953 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Detry
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Meurisse
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Honoré
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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22
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Schlegel A, Scalera I, Perera MTPR, Kalisvaart M, Mergental H, Mirza DF, Isaac J, Muiesan P. Impact of donor age in donation after circulatory death liver transplantation: Is the cutoff "60" still of relevance? Liver Transpl 2018; 24:352-362. [PMID: 28885771 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced donor age has been identified as a risk factor when combined with donor warm ischemia time (WIT), eg, in donation after circulatory death (DCD). In several countries, DCD livers older than 60 years are not considered suitable due to concerns related to poor graft function and development of ischemic cholangiopathy. In this study, we evaluate outcomes after DCD liver transplantation using grafts from donors older than 60 years. We analyzed outcomes after DCD liver transplantation (n = 315), comparing donors > 60 years (n = 93) and donors ≤ 60 years (n = 222) from our center between 2005 and 2015. End points included graft function and complications and patient and graft survival. Multivariate risk analysis was performed to define further key factors that predicted inferior outcome. Donor age at the cutoff 60 years failed to stratify patient and graft survival. The rate of vascular, biliary, and overall complications was comparably low in both cohorts, and the median comprehensive complication index was 42.7 points, independent from the donor age. Second, donor body mass index (BMI) above a threshold of 25 kg/m2 significantly impacted on graft and patient survival at any donor age, whereas donor WIT and cold ischemia times were not predictive for graft loss. In conclusion, older DCD donors can be successfully used for liver transplantation with good longterm outcomes when further risk factors are limited. Additional risk is transmitted by an increased donor BMI regardless of donor age. Liver Transplantation 24 352-362 2018 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schlegel
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Irene Scalera
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Thamara P R Perera
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Liver Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marit Kalisvaart
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hynek Mergental
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Darius F Mirza
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Liver Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Isaac
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Liver Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Liver Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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23
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Schlegel A, Kalisvaart M, Scalera I, Laing RW, Mergental H, Mirza DF, Perera T, Isaac J, Dutkowski P, Muiesan P. The UK DCD Risk Score: A new proposal to define futility in donation-after-circulatory-death liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2018; 68:456-464. [PMID: 29155020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary non-function and ischaemic cholangiopathy are the most feared complications following donation-after-circulatory-death (DCD) liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to design a new score on risk assessment in liver-transplantation DCD based on donor-and-recipient parameters. METHODS Using the UK national DCD database, a risk analysis was performed in adult recipients of DCD liver grafts in the UK between 2000 and 2015 (n = 1,153). A new risk score was calculated (UK DCD Risk Score) on the basis of a regression analysis. This is validated using the United Network for Organ Sharing database (n = 1,617) and our own DCD liver-transplant database (n = 315). Finally, the new score was compared with two other available prediction systems: the DCD risk scores from the University of California, Los Angeles and King's College Hospital, London. RESULTS The following seven strongest predictors of DCD graft survival were identified: functional donor warm ischaemia, cold ischaemia, recipient model for end-stage liver disease, recipient age, donor age, previous orthotopic liver transplantation, and donor body mass index. A combination of these risk factors (UK DCD risk model) stratified the best recipients in terms of graft survival in the entire UK DCD database, as well as in the United Network for Organ Sharing and in our own DCD population. Importantly, the UK DCD Risk Score significantly predicted graft loss caused by primary non-function or ischaemic cholangiopathy in the futile group (>10 score points). The new prediction model demonstrated a better C statistic of 0.79 compared to the two other available systems (0.71 and 0.64, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The UK DCD Risk Score is a reliable tool to detect high-risk and futile combinations of donor-and-recipient factors in DCD liver transplantation. It is simple to use and offers a great potential for making better decisions on which DCD graft should be rejected or may benefit from functional assessment and further optimization by machine perfusion. LAY SUMMARY In this study, we provide a new prediction model for graft loss in donation-after-circulatory-death (DCD) liver transplantation. Based on UK national data, the new UK DCD Risk Score involves the following seven clinically relevant risk factors: donor age, donor body mass index, functional donor warm ischaemia, cold storage, recipient age, recipient laboratory model for end-stage liver disease, and retransplantation. Three risk classes were defined: low risk (0-5 points), high risk (6-10 points), and futile (>10 points). This new model stratified best in terms of graft survival compared to other available models. Futile combinations (>10 points) achieved an only very limited 1- and 5-year graft survival of 37% and less than 20%, respectively. In contrast, an excellent graft survival has been shown in low-risk combinations (≤5 points). The new model is easy to calculate at the time of liver acceptance. It may help to decide which risk combination will benefit from additional graft treatment, or which DCD liver should be declined for a certain recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schlegel
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marit Kalisvaart
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Irene Scalera
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard W Laing
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hynek Mergental
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Darius F Mirza
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thamara Perera
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Isaac
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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24
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Khorsandi SE, Giorgakis E, Vilca-Melendez H, O’Grady J, Heneghan M, Aluvihare V, Suddle A, Agarwal K, Menon K, Prachalias A, Srinivasan P, Rela M, Jassem W, Heaton N. Developing a donation after cardiac death risk index for adult and pediatric liver transplantation. World J Transplant 2017; 7:203-212. [PMID: 28698837 PMCID: PMC5487310 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v7.i3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify objective predictive factors for donor after cardiac death (DCD) graft loss and using those factors, develop a donor recipient stratification risk predictive model that could be used to calculate a DCD risk index (DCD-RI) to help in prospective decision making on organ use.
METHODS The model included objective data from a single institute DCD database (2005-2013, n = 261). Univariate survival analysis was followed by adjusted Cox-regressional hazard model. Covariates selected via univariate regression were added to the model via forward selection, significance level P = 0.3. The warm ischemic threshold was clinically set at 30 min. Points were given to each predictor in proportion to their hazard ratio. Using this model, the DCD-RI was calculated. The cohort was stratified to predict graft loss risk and respective graft survival calculated.
RESULTS DCD graft survival predictors were primary indication for transplant (P = 0.066), retransplantation (P = 0.176), MELD > 25 (P = 0.05), cold ischemia > 10 h (P = 0.292) and donor hepatectomy time > 60 min (P = 0.028). According to the calculated DCD-RI score three risk classes could be defined of low (DCD-RI < 1), standard (DCD-RI 2-4) and high risk (DCD-RI > 5) with a 5 years graft survival of 86%, 78% and 34%, respectively.
CONCLUSION The DCD-RI score independently predicted graft loss (P < 0.001) and the DCD-RI class predicted graft survival (P < 0.001).
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25
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Kohli DR, Vachhani R, Shah TU, BouHaidar DS, Siddiqui MS. Diagnostic Accuracy of Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Imaging in Detecting Biliary Strictures After Liver Transplantation. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1327-1333. [PMID: 28265825 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is often required to diagnose post-liver transplant (LT) biliary strictures. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive laboratory and imaging tests in detecting post-LT biliary strictures. METHODS Adult LT recipients who underwent ERCP between 2008 and 2015 were evaluated. Biliary strictures were diagnosed after blinded review of cholangiograms by three interventional endoscopists. The accuracy of liver enzymes, ultrasound, and MRI was determined using cholangiography as the reference standard. To evaluate the accuracy of change in liver enzymes, the difference between baseline and liver enzymes prior to ERCP (Δlab) was utilized. RESULTS Biliary strictures were present on cholangiogram in 48 (58%) of 82 LT recipients meeting inclusion criteria. Baseline liver enzyme values did not differ significantly between patients with and without strictures. The optimal cutoffs for ΔALT, ΔAST, Δbilirubin, and Δalkaline phosphatase (AP) were determined to be 174 IU/L, 75 IU/L, 3.1 mg/dL, and 225 IU/L, respectively. ΔALT had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity 43%, and negative predictive value 100%. ΔAP had the highest specificity (53%) but modest sensitivity (69%) with a positive predictive value of 67%. Ultrasound had sensitivity of 29% and specificity of 69%, while MRI had sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 56%. DISCUSSION The diagnostic accuracy of liver enzymes and imaging modalities is modest in detecting post-LT biliary strictures and cannot be used solely to identify patients needing further workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyanshoo R Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 14th Floor, West Hospital, 1200 E. Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0341, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Ravi Vachhani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 14th Floor, West Hospital, 1200 E. Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0341, USA
| | - Tilak U Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 14th Floor, West Hospital, 1200 E. Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0341, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Doumit S BouHaidar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 14th Floor, West Hospital, 1200 E. Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0341, USA
| | - M Shadab Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 14th Floor, West Hospital, 1200 E. Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0341, USA
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26
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27
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Firl DJ, Hashimoto K, O'Rourke C, Diago-Uso T, Fujiki M, Aucejo FN, Quintini C, Kelly DM, Miller CM, Fung JJ, Eghtesad B. Role of donor hemodynamic trajectory in determining graft survival in liver transplantation from donation after circulatory death donors. Liver Transpl 2016; 22:1469-1481. [PMID: 27600806 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors show heterogeneous hemodynamic trajectories following withdrawal of life support. Impact of hemodynamics in DCD liver transplant is unclear, and objective measures of graft viability would ease transplant surgeon decision making and inform safe expansion of the donor organ pool. This retrospective study tested whether hemodynamic trajectories were associated with transplant outcomes in DCD liver transplantation (n = 87). Using longitudinal clustering statistical techniques, we phenotyped DCD donors based on hemodynamic trajectory for both mean arterial pressure (MAP) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) following withdrawal of life support. Donors were categorized into 3 clusters: those who gradually decline after withdrawal of life support (cluster 1), those who maintain stable hemodynamics followed by rapid decline (cluster 2), and those who decline rapidly (cluster 3). Clustering outputs were used to compare characteristics and transplant outcomes. Cox proportional hazards modeling revealed hepatocellular carcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.53; P = 0.047), cold ischemia time (HR = 1.50 per hour; P = 0.027), and MAP cluster 1 were associated with increased risk of graft loss (HR = 3.13; P = 0.021), but not SpO2 cluster (P = 0.172) or donor warm ischemia time (DWIT; P = 0.154). Despite longer DWIT, MAP and SpO2 clusters 2 showed similar graft survival to MAP and SpO2 clusters 3, respectively. In conclusion, despite heterogeneity in hemodynamic trajectories, DCD donors can be categorized into 3 clinically meaningful subgroups that help predict graft prognosis. Further studies should confirm the utility of liver grafts from cluster 2. Liver Transplantation 22 1469-1481 2016 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Firl
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Koji Hashimoto
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Colin O'Rourke
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Teresa Diago-Uso
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Masato Fujiki
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Federico N Aucejo
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Cristiano Quintini
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Dympna M Kelly
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Charles M Miller
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - John J Fung
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Bijan Eghtesad
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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28
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Scalea JR, Redfield RR, Foley DP. Liver transplant outcomes using ideal donation after circulatory death livers are superior to using older donation after brain death donor livers. Liver Transpl 2016; 22:1197-204. [PMID: 27314220 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple reports have demonstrated that liver transplantation following donation after circulatory death (DCD) is associated with poorer outcomes when compared with liver transplantation from donation after brain death (DBD) donors. We hypothesized that carefully selected, underutilized DCD livers recovered from younger donors have excellent outcomes. We performed a retrospective study of the United Network for Organ Sharing database to determine graft survivals for patients who received liver transplants from DBD donors of age ≥ 60 years, DBD donors < 60 years, and DCD donors < 50 years of age. Between January 2002 and December 2014, 52,271 liver transplants were performed in the United States. Of these, 41,181 (78.8%) underwent transplantation with livers from DBD donors of age < 60 years, 8905 (17.0%) from DBD donors ≥ 60 years old, and 2195 (4.2%) livers from DCD donors < 50 years of age. DCD livers of age < 50 years with < 6 hours of cold ischemia time (CIT) had superior graft survival when compared with DBD livers ≥ age 60 years (P < 0.001). In 2014, there were 133 discarded DCD livers; of these, 111 (83.4%) were from donors < age 50 years old. Young DCD donor livers (age < 50 years old) with short CITs yield results better than that seen with DBD livers > 60 years old. Careful donor organ and recipient selection can lead to excellent results, despite previous reports suggesting otherwise. Increased acceptance of these DCD livers would lead to shorter wait list times and increased national liver transplant rates. Liver Transplantation 22 1197-1204 2016 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Scalea
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; and
| | - Robert R Redfield
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; and
| | - David P Foley
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; and.,Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
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29
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Blok JJ, Detry O, Putter H, Rogiers X, Porte RJ, van Hoek B, Pirenne J, Metselaar HJ, Lerut JP, Ysebaert DK, Lucidi V, Troisi RI, Samuel U, den Dulk AC, Ringers J, Braat AE. Longterm results of liver transplantation from donation after circulatory death. Liver Transpl 2016; 22:1107-14. [PMID: 27028896 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver transplantation (LT) may imply a risk for decreased graft survival, caused by posttransplantation complications such as primary nonfunction or ischemic-type biliary lesions. However, similar survival rates for DCD and donation after brain death (DBD) LT have been reported. The objective of this study is to determine the longterm outcome of DCD LT in the Eurotransplant region corrected for the Eurotransplant donor risk index (ET-DRI). Transplants performed in Belgium and the Netherlands (January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2007) in adult recipients were included. Graft failure was defined as either the date of recipient death or retransplantation whichever occurred first (death-uncensored graft survival). Mean follow-up was 7.2 years. In total, 126 DCD and 1264 DBD LTs were performed. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed different graft survival for DBD and DCD at 1 year (77.7% versus 74.8%, respectively; P = 0.71), 5 years (65.6% versus 54.4%, respectively; P = 0.02), and 10 years (47.3% versus 44.2%, respectively; P = 0.55; log-rank P = 0.038). Although there was an overall significant difference, the survival curves almost reach each other after 10 years, which is most likely caused by other risk factors being less in DCD livers. Patient survival was not significantly different (P = 0.59). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed a hazard ratio of 1.7 (P < 0.001) for DCD (corrected for ET-DRI and recipient factors). First warm ischemia time (WIT), which is the time from the end of circulation until aortic cold perfusion, over 25 minutes was associated with a lower graft survival in univariate analysis of all DCD transplants (P = 0.002). In conclusion, DCD LT has an increased risk for diminished graft survival compared to DBD. There was no significant difference in patient survival. DCD allografts with a first WIT > 25 minutes have an increased risk for a decrease in graft survival. Liver Transplantation 22 1107-1114 2016 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J Blok
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier Detry
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hein Putter
- Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Xavier Rogiers
- Department of Surgery, Ghent University Hospital Medical School, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert J Porte
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van Hoek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Pirenne
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan P Lerut
- Starzl Unit of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospitals Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk K Ysebaert
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp University, Belgium
| | - Valerio Lucidi
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Unit, Erasme Hospital ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberto I Troisi
- Department of Surgery, Ghent University Hospital Medical School, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Undine Samuel
- Eurotransplant International Foundation, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A Claire den Dulk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Ringers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andries E Braat
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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