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Wang Z, Li Y, Sun C, Cui P, Han Y, Wu T, Xu B, Zhang C, Shi L, Dai J. Locally controlled release of immunosuppressive promotes survival of transplanted adult spinal cord tissue. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac097. [PMID: 36683735 PMCID: PMC9845520 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of adult spinal cord tissue (aSCT) is a promising treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) basing on various types of neural cells and matrix components inside aSCT. However, long-term systemic administration of immunosuppressors (e.g. tacrolimus, TAC) is required for the survival of allogeneic tissue, which often associated with severe side effects such as infection, liver damageand renal failure. In this study, a triglycerol monostearate (TGM)-based TAC delivery system (e.g. TAC@TGM) with high drug loading concentration was developed, which possessed injectable properties as well as sustainable and immune-responsive drug release behaviors. In complete transected SCI model, locally injected TAC@TGM could reduce the infiltration of inflammation cells, enhance the survival of transplanted aSCT (e.g. Tuj-1+ and NF+ neurons) and promote the recovery of locomotor function. Moreover, controlled release of TAC by TAC@TGM attenuated side effects of TAC on liver and kidneys compared with traditional systemic administration. More importantly, the developed TAC@TGM system provided a facile single dose of long-term immunosuppressive effect not just for aSCT transplantation, but also for other tissue/organ and cell transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chenxuan Sun
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Pukong Cui
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Tong Wu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Bai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular, Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Correspondence address. E-mail: (J.D.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Liyang Shi
- Correspondence address. E-mail: (J.D.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Correspondence address. E-mail: (J.D.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
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Lu Y, Ma S, Ding W, Sun P, Zhou Q, Duan Y, Sartorius K. Resident Immune Cells of the Liver in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:931995. [PMID: 35965506 PMCID: PMC9365660 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.931995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a central immunomodulator that ensures a homeostatic balance between protection and immunotolerance. A hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the deregulation of this tightly controlled immunological network. Immune response in the liver involves a complex interplay between resident innate, innate, and adaptive immune cells. The immune response in the liver is modulated by its continuous exposure to toxic molecules and microorganisms that requires a degree of immune tolerance to protect normal tissue from damage. In HCC pathogenesis, immune cells must balance a dual role that includes the elimination of malignant cells, as well as the repair of damaged liver tissue to maintain homeostasis. Immune response in the innate and adaptive immune systems extends to the cross-talk and interaction involving immune-regulating non-hematopoietic cells, myeloid immune cells, and lymphoid immune cells. In this review, we discuss the different immune responses of resident immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Current FDA-approved targeted therapies, including immunotherapy options, have produced modest results to date for the treatment of advanced HCC. Although immunotherapy therapy to date has demonstrated its potential efficacy, immune cell pathways need to be better understood. In this review article, we summarize the roles of specific resident immune cell subsets and their cross-talk subversion in HCC pathogenesis, with a view to identifying potential new biomarkers and therapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Lu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chanozhou, China
| | - Shiying Ma
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chanozhou, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Sun
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chanozhou, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chanozhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhou, ; Yunfei Duan, ; Kurt Sartorius,
| | - Yunfei Duan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chanozhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhou, ; Yunfei Duan, ; Kurt Sartorius,
| | - Kurt Sartorius
- Hepatitis Diversity Research Unit, School of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium (AHPBCC), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- University of Kwazulu-Natal Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Unit (UKZN/GICRC), Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhou, ; Yunfei Duan, ; Kurt Sartorius,
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Lymphocyte function based on IFN-γ secretion assay may be a promising indicator for assessing different immune status in renal transplant recipients. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:247-259. [PMID: 34626603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological monitoring plays a crucial role in organ recipients for allowing tailoring of immunosuppression. However, there is still a paucity of promising indicators for detecting immune status in recipients. METHODS We conducted a prospective study to characterize the immune status by detecting dynamically lymphocyte subsets and function (represented by the abilities to secrete IFN-γ) in the first 6 months posttransplant in renal recipients. Participants were classified into an immune stable group, infected group, and rejected group. RESULTS In the stable group, our study suggested that the counts and function of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK lymphocytes decreased to their nadir at week 2, and thereafter these indicators were gradually restored. The counts exceeded pre-operative levels, whereas function did not reach the pre-transplant levels by 6 months. We demonstrated that function of lymphocytes was considerably decreased in infected recipients compared with the stable group when infection occurred. By contrast, the function of lymphocytes was obviously increased at the point of rejection. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in the combination of subsets and function of lymphocytes presented a superior clinical value with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.903 in the diagnosis of infected receivers, and IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells% is the highest indicator with the auROC curve of 0.862. Another ROC analysis confirmed that IFN-γ+CD4 T cells% presented a preferable diagnostic value with an area of 0.887 for rejected recipients. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the ability of lymphocyte subsets secreting IFN-γ may provide a promising assessment of immune status in recipients and allow timely modifying immunosuppression.
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Huganbuzure Granule Attenuates Concanavalin-A-Induced Immune Liver Injury in Mice via Regulating the Balance of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg Cells and Inhibiting Apoptosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5578021. [PMID: 34539800 PMCID: PMC8443346 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5578021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Uygur medicine, Huganbuzure granule (HBG) is one of the classical prescriptions for liver protection. However, its role in immune liver injury remains unknown. This study evaluates the effect of HBG on concanavalin-A- (ConA-) induced immune liver injury and investigates its protective underlying mechanism. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = 24 mice per group): control, ConA, 1.6 g/kg HBG + ConA, 3.2 g/kg HBG + ConA, and 6 mg/kg prednisolone + ConA. HBG was intragastrically administrated once daily for ten consecutive days, prior to ConA (20 mg/kg) injection. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in mouse serum were measured after ConA injection. Moreover, liver-related mRNA levels were evaluated by qPCR. The detection of liver-related proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Compared with the ConA group, HBG reduced the mRNA expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ and the protein expression of T-bet and ROR-γt. In addition, HBG increased the mRNA expression of IL-4 and TGF-β and protein expression of GATA3 and Foxp3, indicating that HBG regulated the balance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg. Furthermore, HBG alleviated immune liver injury by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, and decreasing the expression of p-JNK, p-ERK, p-p38, p-JAK1, p-STAT1, p-STAT3, and IRF1. Our data suggested that HBG attenuated ConA-induced immune liver injury by regulating the immune balance and inhibiting JAK1/STATs/IRF1 signaling, thereby reducing apoptosis induced by JNK activation. The findings indicate that HBG may be a promising drug for immune liver injury.
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Qin T, Fu J, Verkade HJ. The role of the gut microbiome in graft fibrosis after pediatric liver transplantation. Hum Genet 2021; 140:709-724. [PMID: 32920649 PMCID: PMC8052232 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving option for children with end-stage liver disease. However, about 50% of patients develop graft fibrosis in 1 year after LT, with normal liver function. Graft fibrosis may progress to cirrhosis, resulting in graft dysfunction and ultimately the need for re-transplantation. Previous studies have identified various risk factors for the post-LT fibrogenesis, however, to date, neither of the factors seems to fully explain the cause of graft fibrosis. Recently, evidence has accumulated on the important role of the gut microbiome in outcomes after solid organ transplantation. As an altered microbiome is present in pediatric patients with end-stage liver diseases, we hypothesize that the persisting alterations in microbial composition or function contribute to the development of graft fibrosis, for example by bacteria translocation due to increased intestinal permeability, imbalanced bile acids metabolism, and/or decreased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Subsequently, an immune response can be activated in the graft, together with the stimulation of fibrogenesis. Here we review current knowledge about the potential mechanisms by which alterations in microbial composition or function may lead to graft fibrosis in pediatric LT and we provide prospective views on the efficacy of gut microbiome manipulation as a therapeutic target to alleviate the graft fibrosis and to improve long-term survival after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Research Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Research Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Research Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sendra L, Herrero MJ, Montalvá EM, Noguera I, Orbis F, Díaz A, Fernández-Delgado R, López-Andújar R, Aliño SF. Efficacy of interleukin 10 gene hydrofection in pig liver vascular isolated 'in vivo' by surgical procedure with interest in liver transplantation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224568. [PMID: 31689315 PMCID: PMC6830756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Liver transplantation is the only curative strategy for final stage liver diseases. Despite the great advances achieved during the last 20 years, the recipient immune response after transplantation is not entirely controlled. This results in high rates of acute cell rejection and, approximately, 10% of early mortality. Therapeutic treatment could be improved by efficiently transfecting genes that encode natural immunosuppressant proteins, employing safe procedures that could be transferred to clinical setting. In this sense, interleukin 10 plays a central role in immune tolerance response by acting at different levels. Methods hIL10 gene was hydrofected by retrograde hydrodynamic injection in pig liver with complete vascular exclusion mediated by an ‘in vivo’ surgical procedure. Levels of IL10 DNA, RNA and protein were determined within liver tissue 1 and 10 days after the injection and, more frequently, also the interleukin-10 protein in peripheral blood. Results The procedure was safe for the animals and neither hemodynamic parameters nor liver function determinations showed relevant alterations. The hIL10 hydrofection in watertight liver mediated efficient gene transfer and this was transcribed and translated to protein, achieving up to 110 pg/ml of IL10 in peripheral blood. This value is close to that considered able to reduce the activity of TNFα by half (IL10 IC50 for TNFα = 124 pg/ml). Conclusions Results of this work suggest that IL10 liver hydrofection with vascular exclusion in vivo is a safe and transferable procedure that mediates plasma protein levels with potential clinical interest in immune modulation after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sendra
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Gene Therapy Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Herrero
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Gene Therapy Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva María Montalvá
- Unit of Experimental Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- HPB Surgery and Transplant Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Noguera
- SCSIE, Central Services of Experimental Support, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Orbis
- HPB Surgery and Transplant Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Díaz
- SCSIE, Central Services of Experimental Support, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Delgado
- Pediatrics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Andújar
- Unit of Experimental Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- HPB Surgery and Transplant Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador F Aliño
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Gene Therapy Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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