1
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Tacias-Pascacio VG, Castañeda-Valbuena D, Tavano O, Abellanas-Perez P, de Andrades D, Santiz-Gómez JA, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Fernandez-Lafuente R. A review on the immobilization of bromelain. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133089. [PMID: 38878936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
This review shows the endeavors performed to prepare immobilized formulations of bromelain extract, usually from pineapple, and their use in diverse applications. This extract has a potent proteolytic component that is based on thiol proteases, which differ depending on the location on the fruit. Stem and fruit are the areas where higher activity is found. The edible origin of this enzyme is one of the features that determines the applications of the immobilized bromelain to a more significant degree. The enzyme has been immobilized on a wide diversity of supports via different strategies (covalent bonds, ion exchange), and also forming ex novo solids (nanoflowers, CLEAs, trapping in alginate beads, etc.). The use of preexisting nanoparticles as immobilization supports is relevant, as this facilitates one of the main applications of the immobilized enzyme, in therapeutic applications (as wound dressing and healing components, antibacterial or anticancer, mucus mobility control, etc.). A curiosity is the immobilization of this enzyme on spores of probiotic microorganisms via adsorption, in order to have a perfect in vivo compatibility. Other outstanding applications of the immobilized enzyme are in the stabilization of wine versus haze during storage, mainly when immobilized on chitosan. Curiously, the immobilized bromelain has been scarcely applied in the production of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Castañeda-Valbuena
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | | | - Diandra de Andrades
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - José Alfredo Santiz-Gómez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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2
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Jančič U, Gorgieva S. Bromelain and Nisin: The Natural Antimicrobials with High Potential in Biomedicine. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:76. [PMID: 35056972 PMCID: PMC8778819 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases along with various cancer types are among the most significant public health problems and the leading cause of death worldwide. The situation has become even more complex with the rapid development of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. New drugs are urgently needed to curb the increasing spread of diseases in humans and livestock. Promising candidates are natural antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, and therapeutic enzymes, extracted from medicinal plants. This review highlights the structure and properties of plant origin bromelain and antimicrobial peptide nisin, along with their mechanism of action, the immobilization strategies, and recent applications in the field of biomedicine. Future perspectives towards the commercialization of new biomedical products, including these important bioactive compounds, have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Jančič
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Selestina Gorgieva
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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3
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Gupta SS, Mishra V, Mukherjee MD, Saini P, Ranjan KR. Amino acid derived biopolymers: Recent advances and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:542-567. [PMID: 34384802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, amino acids (AA) have emerged as promising biomaterials for the synthesis of functional polymers. Owing to the diversity of functional groups in amino acids, various polymerization methods may be used to make a wide range of well-defined functional amino-acid/peptide-based optically active polymers with varying polymer lengths, compositions, and designs. When incorporated with chirality and self-assembly, they offer a wide range of applications and are particularly appealing in the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. There are several classes of these polymers that include polyamides (PA), polyesters (PE), poly(ester-amide)s (PEA)s, polyurethanes (PU)s, poly(depsipeptide)s (PDP)s, etc. They offer the ability to control functionality, conjugation, crosslinking, stimuli responsiveness, and tuneable mechanical/thermal properties. In this review, we present the recent advancements in the synthesis strategies for obtaining these amino acid-derived bio-macromolecules, their self-assembly properties, and the wealth of prevalent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, NOIDA, India.
| | | | | | - Kumar Rakesh Ranjan
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, NOIDA, India.
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4
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Sogawa H, Katashima T, Numata K. A covalently crosslinked silk fibroin hydrogel using enzymatic oxidation and chemoenzymatically synthesized copolypeptide crosslinkers consisting of a GPG tripeptide motif and tyrosine: control of gelation and resilience. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00187b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A covalently crosslinked silk fibroin hydrogel was successfully formedviaan enzymatic crosslinking reaction using copolypeptides, which consist of a glycine–proline–glycine tripeptide motif and tyrosine, as linker molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Sogawa
- Biomacromolecules Research Team
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
- Saitama
- Japan
| | - Takuya Katashima
- Biomacromolecules Research Team
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
- Saitama
- Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Biomacromolecules Research Team
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
- Saitama
- Japan
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5
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Xu Z, Huang JW, Xia CJ, Zou SP, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Enhanced catalytic stability and reusability of nitrilase encapsulated in ethyleneamine-mediated biosilica for regioselective hydrolysis of 1-cyanocycloalkaneacetonitrile. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:117-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Ataide JA, Gérios EF, Mazzola PG, Souto EB. Bromelain-loaded nanoparticles: A comprehensive review of the state of the art. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 254:48-55. [PMID: 29622269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem bromelain is a common available cysteine protease derived from pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). Bromelain finds widespread applications in several areas, such as medicine, health, food, and cosmetics, and its strong proteolytic activity supports its future application in many additional fields. However, most proteins and/or enzymes are fragile, leading to important considerations about increase storage and operational stability to enable their practical application. In this scenario, the use of nanoparticles to deliver proteins is increasing exponentially, given that these systems are capable of enhance active's stability, solubility and permeability, and decrease toxicity. In the pharmaceutical nanotechnology field, bromelain has played different roles and thus this paper aims to review the available literature for the use of nanoparticles and bromelain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Artem Ataide
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | | | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE - Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Liang Y, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Xia B, Lin X, Wu Q. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of chiral poly(ester amide)s with an alternating sequence of hydroxy acid and l/d-aspartate units. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01936j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alternating poly(hydroxyhexanoic acid-alt-l/d-β-aspartate)s with α-benzyl or α-methyl ester side groups were prepared via the enzymatic polycondensation of N-(6-hydroxyhexanoyl) l/d-aspartate diesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Liang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Yujing Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Xia
- Department of Biological Environment
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University
- Zhuji 311800
- P. R. China
| | - Xianfu Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
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8
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Tsuchiya K, Numata K. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Polypeptides for Use as Functional and Structural Materials. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [PMID: 28722358 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptides inspired by the natural functional and structural proteins present in living systems are promising materials for various fields in terms of their versatile functionality and physical properties. Designing and synthesizing mimetic sequences of specific peptide motifs in proteins are important for exploring the functionality of natural proteins. Chemoenzymatic polymerization, which utilizes aminolysis (i.e., the reverse reaction of hydrolysis catalyzed by proteases), is a useful technique for synthesizing artificial polypeptide materials and has several advantages, including facile synthesis protocols, environmental friendliness, scalability, and atom economy. In this review, recent progress in chemoenzymatic polypeptide synthesis for the production of functional and structural materials for various applications is summarized in conjunction with the current status of technical challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Tsuchiya
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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9
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Tsuchiya K, Numata K. Chemical Synthesis of Multiblock Copolypeptides Inspired by Spider Dragline Silk Proteins. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:103-106. [PMID: 35632900 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel multiblock polypeptides with a structure similar to the unique sequence observed in spider silk proteins (spidroins) were synthesized via a two-step chemical synthesis method, that is, chemoenzymatic polymerization, using papain followed by postpolycondensation. Two types of polypeptide fragments were prepared by chemoenzymatic polymerization: polyalanine as a hard block, which forms β-sheets in the spider silk fibers, and poly(glycine-random-leucine) as a soft block. These two fragments were ligated by postpolycondensation using polyphosphoric acid as a condensing agent. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and IR measurements revealed that the resulting multiblock polypeptides formed an antiparallel β-sheet structure with a degree of crystallinity similar to that of spider silk, which resulted in a fibrous morphology. This work provides the first example of a synthetic multiblock polypeptide mimicking the secondary structures of spider silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Tsuchiya
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN
Center for
Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN
Center for
Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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10
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Annenkov V, Danilovtseva EN, Pal'shin VA, Verkhozina ON, Zelinskiy SN, Krishnan UM. Silicic acid condensation under the influence of water-soluble polymers: from biology to new materials. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01310h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicic acid condensation under the influence of functional polymers is reviewed starting from biology to new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V. Annenkov
- Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Irkutsk
- Russia
| | - Elena N. Danilovtseva
- Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Irkutsk
- Russia
| | - Viktor A. Pal'shin
- Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Irkutsk
- Russia
| | - Ol'ga N. Verkhozina
- Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Irkutsk
- Russia
| | - Stanislav N. Zelinskiy
- Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Irkutsk
- Russia
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur – 613401
- India
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11
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Papain-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polyglutamate Containing a Nylon Monomer Unit. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8050194. [PMID: 30979286 PMCID: PMC6432315 DOI: 10.3390/polym8050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides have the potential to serve as an alternative for petroleum-based polymers to support a sustainable society. However, they lack thermoplasticity, owing to their strong intermolecular interactions. In contrast, nylon is famous for its thermoplasticity and chemical resistance. Here, we synthesized peptides containing a nylon unit to modify their thermal properties by using papain-catalyzed chemoenzymatic polymerization. We used l-glutamic acid alkyl ester as the amino acid monomer and nylon 1, 3, 4, and 6 alkyl esters as the nylon unit. Papain catalyzed the copolymerization of glutamic acid with nylon 3, 4, and 6 alkyl esters, whereas the nylon 1 unit could not be copolymerized. Other proteases used in this study, namely, bromelain, proteinase K, and Candida antarctica lipase (CALB), were not able to copolymerize with any nylon units. The broad substrate specificity of papain enabled the copolymerization of l-glutamic acid with a nylon unit. The peptides with nylon units demonstrated different thermal profiles from that of oligo(l-glutamic acid). Therefore, the resultant peptides with various nylon units are expected to form fewer intermolecular hydrogen bonds, thus altering their thermal properties. This finding is expected to broaden the applications of peptide materials and chemoenzymatic polymerization.
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12
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Ma Y, Li Z, Numata K. Synthetic Short Peptides for Rapid Fabrication of Monolayer Cell Sheets. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:697-706. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Ma
- Laboratory
of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Enzyme
Research Team, Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, Center
for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhibo Li
- Laboratory
of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme
Research Team, Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, Center
for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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13
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Tsuchiya K, Numata K. Papain-Catalyzed Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Telechelic Polypeptides Using Bis(Leucine Ethyl Ester) Initiator. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1001-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Tsuchiya
- Enzyme Research Team; Biomass Engineering Research Division; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team; Biomass Engineering Research Division; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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14
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Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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15
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Ageitos JM, Yazawa K, Tateishi A, Tsuchiya K, Numata K. The Benzyl Ester Group of Amino Acid Monomers Enhances Substrate Affinity and Broadens the Substrate Specificity of the Enzyme Catalyst in Chemoenzymatic Copolymerization. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:314-23. [PMID: 26620763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemoenzymatic polymerization of amino acid monomers by proteases involves a two-step reaction: the formation of a covalent acyl-intermediate complex between the protease and the carboxyl ester group of the monomer and the subsequent deacylation of the complex by aminolysis to form a peptide bond. Although the initiation with the ester group of the monomer is an important step, the influence of the ester group on the polymerization has not been studied in detail. Herein, we studied the effect of the ester groups (methyl, ethyl, benzyl, and tert-butyl esters) of alanine and glycine on the synthesis of peptides using papain as the catalyst. Alanine and glycine were selected as monomers because of their substantially different affinities toward papain. The efficiency of the polymerization of alanine and glycine benzyl esters was much greater than that of the other esters. The benzyl ester group therefore allowed papain to equally polymerize alanine and glycine, even though the affinity of alanine toward papain is substantially higher. The characterization of the copolymers of alanine and glycine in terms of the secondary structure and thermal properties revealed that the thermal stability of the peptides depends on the amino acid composition and resultant secondary structure. The current results indicate that the nature of the ester group drastically affects the polymerization efficiency and broadens the substrate specificity of the protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Ageitos
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Yazawa
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tateishi
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kousuke Tsuchiya
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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16
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Ma Y, Sato R, Li Z, Numata K. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Oligo(L-cysteine) for Use as a Thermostable Bio-Based Material. Macromol Biosci 2015; 16:151-9. [PMID: 26388290 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oligomerization of thiol-unprotected L-cysteine ethyl ester (Cys-OEt) catalyzed by proteinase K in aqueous solution has been used to synthesize oligo(L-cysteine) (OligoCys) with a well-defined chemical structure and relatively large degree of polymerization (DP) up to 16-17 (average 8.8). By using a high concentration of Cys-OEt, 78.0% free thiol content was achieved. The thermal properties of OligoCys are stable, with no glass transition until 200 °C, and the decomposition temperature could be increased by oxidation. Chemoenzymatically synthesized OligoCys has great potential for use as a thermostable bio-based material with resistance to oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Ma
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ryota Sato
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhibo Li
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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17
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Numata K. Poly(amino acid)s/polypeptides as potential functional and structural materials. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Yazawa K, Numata K. Recent advances in chemoenzymatic peptide syntheses. Molecules 2014; 19:13755-74. [PMID: 25191871 PMCID: PMC6271809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic peptide synthesis is the hydrolase-catalyzed stereoselective formation of peptide bonds. It is a clean and mild procedure, unlike conventional chemical synthesis, which involves complicated and laborious protection-deprotection procedures and harsh reaction conditions. The chemoenzymatic approach has been utilized for several decades because determining the optimal conditions for conventional synthesis is often time-consuming. The synthesis of poly- and oligopeptides comprising various amino acids longer than a dipeptide continues to pose a challenge owing to the lack of knowledge about enzymatic mechanisms and owing to difficulty in optimizing the pH, temperature, and other reaction conditions. These drawbacks limit the applications of the chemoenzymatic approach. Recently, a variety of enzymes and substrates produced using recombinant techniques, substrate mimetics, and optimal reaction conditions (e.g., frozen aqueous media and ionic liquids) have broadened the scope of chemoenzymatic peptide syntheses. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the chemoenzymatic syntheses of various peptides and their use in developing new materials and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Yazawa
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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