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The cytotoxicity effect of a bis-MPA-based dendron, a bis-MPA-PEG dendrimer and a magnetite nanoparticle on stimulated and non-stimulated human blood lymphocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105377. [PMID: 35550412 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers and dendrons offer a high surface area and nanoscale size and magnetic nanoparticles can be easily detected and manipulated due to their magnetic properties. The aim of the present study is to investigate the in vitro toxicity of Polyester-8-hydroxyl-1-carboxyl bis-MPA dendron, generation 3 (bis-MPA), Hyperbranched G4-PEG6k-OH (PEG) dendrimer and magnetite nanoparticle (Fe3O4), in human lymphocytes. Cell viability assays were performed on non-stimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated lymphocytes, after exposure to various concentrations of the nanoparticles, using the Trypan blue assay, Flow Cytometry with 7-Amino Actinomycin D fluorescent dye (7-AAD), as well as the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric method. The results collectively showed that after 24 h both the dendron and dendrimer at 50 μM concentration exhibited low cytotoxicity to non-stimulated and stimulated lymphocytes. Magnetite nanoparticle (Fe3O4) in concentrations 50-1000 μg/ml revealed negligible cytotoxicity to stimulated and non-stimulated lymphocytes. Moreover, the amount of intercellular Reactive Oxygen Species with or without treatment was assessed by means of the DCFH-DA to evaluate the presence of any oxidative stress. We propose herein simple cytotoxicity tests which indicate that these nanoparticles, after further studying, can serve as ideal drug carriers.
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2
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Gonçalves M, Kairys V, Rodrigues J, Tomás H. Polyester Dendrimers Based on Bis-MPA for Doxorubicin Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:20-33. [PMID: 34870412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most used chemotherapeutic drugs due to its efficacy against a wide group of cancer types, it presents severe side effects. As such, intensive research is being carried out to find new nanoscale systems that can help to overcome this problem. Polyester dendrimers based on the monomer 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (bis-MPA) are very promising systems for biomedical applications due to their biodegradability properties. In this study, bis-MPA-based dendrimers were, for the first time, evaluated as DOX delivery vehicles. Generations 4 and 5 of bis-MPA-based dendrimers with hydroxyl groups at the surface were used (B-G4-OH and B-G5-OH), together with dendrimers partially functionalized with amine groups (B-G4-NH2/OH and B-G5-NH2/OH). Partial functionalization was chosen because the main purpose was to compare the effect of different functional groups on dendrimers' drug delivery behavior without compromising cell viability, which is often affected by dendrimers' cationic charge. Results revealed that bis-MPA-based dendrimers were cytocompatible, independently of the chemical groups that were present at their surface. The B-G4-NH2/OH and B-G5-NH2/OH dendrimers were able to retain a higher number of DOX molecules, but the in vitro release of the drug was faster. On the contrary, the hydroxyl-terminated dendrimers exhibited a lower loading capacity but were able to deliver the drug in a more sustained manner. These results were in accordance with the cytotoxicity studies performed in several models of cancer cell lines and human mesenchymal stem cells. Overall, the results confirmed that it is possible to tune the drug delivery properties of bis-MPA-based dendrimers by modifying surface functionalization. Moreover, molecular modeling studies provided insights into the nature of the interactions established between the drug and the bis-MPA-based dendrimers─DOX molecules attach to their surface rather than being physically encapsulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Gonçalves
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Helena Tomás
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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Lancelot A, González-Pastor R, Clavería-Gimeno R, Romero P, Abian O, Martín-Duque P, Serrano JL, Sierra T. Cationic poly(ester amide) dendrimers: alluring materials for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:3956-3968. [PMID: 32254324 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00639c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel cationic poly(ester amide) dendrimers have been synthesized by copper(i) azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) of a tripropargylamine core and azide-terminated dendrons, in turn prepared by iterative amide coupling of the new monomer 2,2'-bis(glycyloxymethyl)propionic acid (bis-GMPA). The alternation of ester and amide groups provided a dendritic scaffold that was totally biocompatible and degradable in aqueous media at physiological and acidic pH. The tripodal dendrimers naturally formed rounded aggregates with a drug that exhibited low water solubility, camptothecin, thus improving its cell viability and anti-Hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) activity. The presence of numerous peripheral cationic groups enabled these dendrimers to form dendriplexes with both pDNA and siRNA and they showed effective in vitro siRNA transfection in tumoral and non-tumoral cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lancelot
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
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Stenström P, Hjorth E, Zhang Y, Andrén OCJ, Guette-Marquet S, Schultzberg M, Malkoch M. Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation of Monodisperse Amino-Functional Polyester Dendrimers with Rapid Degradability and Antibacterial Properties. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4323-4330. [PMID: 29131611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amine functional polymers, especially cationically charged, are interesting biomacromolecules for several reasons, including easy cell membrane entrance, their ability to escape endosomes through the proton sponge effect, spontaneous complexation and delivery of drugs and siRNA, and simple functionalization in aqueous solutions. Dendrimers, a subclass of precision polymers, are monodisperse and exhibit a large and exact number of peripheral end groups in relation to their size and have shown promise in drug delivery, biomedical imaging and as antiviral agents. In this work, hydroxyl functional dendrimers of generation 1 to 5 based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) were modified to bear 6 to 96 peripheral amino groups through esterification reactions with beta-alanine. All dendrimers were isolated in high yields and with remarkable monodispersity. This was successfully accomplished utilizing the present advantages of fluoride-promoted esterification (FPE) with imidazole-activated monomers. Straightforward postfunctionalization was conducted on a second generation amino-functional dendrimer with tetraethylene glycol through NHS-amidation and carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) activation to full conversion with short reaction times. Fast biodegradation of the dendrimers through loss of peripheral beta-alanine groups was observed and generational- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity was evaluated with a set of cell lines. An increase in neurotoxicity compared to hydroxyl-functional dendrimers was shown in neuronal cells, however, the dendrimers were slightly less neurotoxic than commercially available poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAMs). Additionally, their effect on bacteria was evaluated and the second generation dendrimer was found unique inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli at physiological conditions while being nontoxic toward human cells. Finally, these results cement a robust and sustainable synthetic route to amino-functional polyester dendrimers with interesting chemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Stenström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56-68, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Hjorth
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Section of Neurodegeneration, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet , Blickagången 6, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56-68, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver C J Andrén
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56-68, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Guette-Marquet
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Section of Neurodegeneration, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet , Blickagången 6, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marianne Schultzberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Section of Neurodegeneration, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet , Blickagången 6, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Michael Malkoch
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56-68, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lancelot A, Clavería-Gimeno R, Velázquez-Campoy A, Abian O, Serrano JL, Sierra T. Nanostructures based on ammonium-terminated amphiphilic Janus dendrimers as camptothecin carriers with antiviral activity. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lancelot A, González-Pastor R, Concellón A, Sierra T, Martín-Duque P, Serrano JL. DNA Transfection to Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using a Novel Type of Pseudodendrimer Based on 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic Acid. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1135-1150. [PMID: 28256825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the search for effective vehicles to carry genetic material into cells, we present here new pseudodendrimers that consist of a hyperbranched polyester core surrounded by amino-terminated 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (bis-MPA) dendrons. The pseudodendrimers are readily synthesized from commercial hyperbranched bis-MPA polyesters of the second, third, and fourth generations and third-generation bis-MPA dendrons, bearing eight peripheral glycine moieties, coupled by the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). This approach provides globular macromolecular structures bearing 128, 256, and 512 terminal amino groups, and these can complex pDNA. The toxicity of the three pseudodendrimers was studied on two cell lines, mesenchymal stem cells, and HeLa, and it was demonstrated that these compounds do not affect negatively cell viability up to 72 h. The complexation with DNA was investigated in terms of N-to-P ratio and dendriplex stability. The three generations were found to promote internalizing of pDNA into mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and their transfection capacity was compared with two nonviral commercial transfection agents, Lipofectamine and TransIT-X2. The highest generations were able to transfect these cells at levels comparable to both commercial reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lancelot
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Concellón
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC , Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Teresa Sierra
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC , Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín-Duque
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón, IIS Aragón, Fundación Araid, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria , Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - José L Serrano
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza 50009, Spain
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Leiro V, Garcia JP, Moreno PMD, Spencer AP, Fernandez-Villamarin M, Riguera R, Fernandez-Megia E, Paula Pêgo A. Biodegradable PEG–dendritic block copolymers: synthesis and biofunctionality assessment as vectors of siRNA. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:4901-4917. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New hybrid-biodegradable PEG–dendritic block copolymers as versatile delivery vectors for biomedical applications. Here, their biofunctionality as siRNA vectors is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Leiro
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-135 Porto
- Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica
| | - João Pedro Garcia
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-135 Porto
- Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica
| | - Pedro M. D. Moreno
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-135 Porto
- Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica
| | - Ana Patrícia Spencer
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-135 Porto
- Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica
| | - Marcos Fernandez-Villamarin
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Ricardo Riguera
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Megia
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-135 Porto
- Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica
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Stenström P, Andrén OCJ, Malkoch M. Fluoride-Promoted Esterification (FPE) Chemistry: A Robust Route to Bis-MPA Dendrons and Their Postfunctionalization. Molecules 2016; 21:366. [PMID: 26999090 PMCID: PMC6273928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional dendrons based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) are highly desirable scaffolds for biomedical applications. This is due to their flawless nature and large and exact number of functional groups as well as being biodegradable and biocompatible. Herein, we describe a facile divergent growth approach to their synthesis from monobenzylated tetraethylene glycol and post functionalization utilizing fluoride-promoted esterification (FPE) chemistry protocols. The scaffolds, presenting selectively deprotectable hydroxyls in the periphery and at the focal point, were isolated on a multigram scale with excellent purity up to the fourth generation dendron with a molecular weight of 2346 Da in seven reactions with a total yield of 50%. The third generation dendron was used as a model compound to demonstrate its functionalizability. Selective deprotection of the dendron’s focal point was achieved with an outstanding yield of 94%, and biotin as well as azido functionalities were introduced to its focal point and periphery, respectively, through FPE chemistry. Bulky disperse red dyes were clicked through CuAAC to the dendron’s azido groups, giving a biotinylated dendron with multivalent dyes with a molecular weight of 6252 Da in a total yield of 37% in five reactions with an average yield of 82% starting from the third generation focally and peripherally protected dendron. FPE chemistry proved to be a superb improvement over previous protocols towards bis-MPA dendrons as high purity and yields were obtained with less toxic solvents and greatly improved monomer utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Stenström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Oliver C J Andrén
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael Malkoch
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fedeli E, Hernández-Aínsa S, Lancelot A, González-Pastor R, Calvo P, Sierra T, Serrano JL. Nanoobjects formed by ionic PAMAM dendrimers: hydrophilic/lipophilic modulation and encapsulation properties. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6009-6017. [PMID: 26126988 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the preparation and properties of some ionic PAMAM derivatives, which combine hydrophilic and lipophilic carboxylic acid chains as counter-ions for all protonable inner and outer amino groups. The amphiphilic nature of the final ionic codendrimers and, hence, their self-assembling features can be modulated by using different ratios between hydrophilic and lipophilic chains. In the bulk, these new materials self-organize into smectic A liquid crystal phases. In water, they self-assemble into different types of nano-objects depending on the molecular composition. The study of the morphology of these nano-structures, their cytotoxicity and their capability to encapsulate a lipophilic anticancer drug are reported herein. Some of these nanoobjects are non-cytotoxic and present good drug trapping ability, which make them interesting nanocarriers for applications in nanotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fedeli
- PharmaMar S.L., 28770 Colmenar Viejo (Madrid), Spain
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Zhou Y, Li J, Lu F, Deng J, Zhang J, Fang P, Peng X, Zhou SF. A study on the hemocompatibility of dendronized chitosan derivatives in red blood cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2635-45. [PMID: 25999697 PMCID: PMC4437608 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s77105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are hyperbranched macromolecules with well-defined topological structures and multivalent functionalization sites, but they may cause cytotoxicity due to the presence of cationic charge. Recently, we have introduced alkyne-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrons of different generations (G=2,3) into chitosan to obtain dendronized chitosan derivatives [Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3)], which exhibited a better water solubility and enhanced plasmid DNA transfection efficiency. In this study, we attempted to examine the impact of Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) at different concentrations (25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL) on the morphology, surface structure, and viability of rat red blood cells (RBCs). The results showed that treatment of RBCs with Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL induced a slightly higher hemolysis than Cs, and Cs-g-PAMAM (G=3) caused a slightly higher hemolysis than Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2), but all values were <5.0%. Optical microscopic and atomic force microscopic examinations indicated that Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) caused slight RBC aggregation and lysis. Treatment of RBCs with 100 μg/mL Cs-g-PAMAM (G=3) induced echinocytic transformation, and RBCs displayed characteristic irregular contour due to the folding of the periphery. Drephanocyte-like RBCs were observed when treated with 100 μg/mL Cs-g-PAMAM (G=3). Erythrocytes underwent similar shape transition upon treatment with Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2) or Cs. The roughness values (Rms) of RBCs incubated with Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) were significantly larger than those for RBCs incubated with physiological saline (P<0.01), but the Rms showed no difference for Cs and Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) (P>0.05). Furthermore, Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) exhibited a lower cytotoxicity in human kidney 293T cells. These results indicate that Cs-g-PAMAM (G=2,3) are hemocompatible but may disturb membrane and lipid structures at higher concentrations. Further safety and biocompatibility evaluations are warranted for Cs-g-PAMAM. Our findings prove helpful for a better understanding of the advantages of combining PAMAM dendrimers and chitosan to design and develop new, safe, and effective drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhou
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiemei Li
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Lu
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peijie Fang
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Guangdong Medical Universtity, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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