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Wong PC, Chen KH, Wang WR, Chen CY, Wang YT, Lee YB, Wu JL. Injectable ChitHCl-DDA tissue adhesive with high adhesive strength and biocompatibility for torn meniscus repair and regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132409. [PMID: 38768918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Suture pull-through is a clinical problem in meniscus repair surgery due to the sharp leading edge of sutures. Several tissue adhesives have been developed as an alternative to traditional suturing; however, there is still no suitable tissue adhesive specific for meniscus repair treatment due to unsatisfactory biosafety, biodegradable, sterilizable, and tissue-bonding characteristics. In this study, we used a tissue adhesive composed of chitosan hydrochloride reacted with oxidative periodate-oxidized dextran (ChitHCl-DDA) combined with a chitosan-based hydrogel and oxidative dextran to attach to the meniscus. We conducted viscoelastic tests, viscosity tests, lap shear stress tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, swelling ratio tests, and degradation behavior tests to characterize these materials. An MTT assay, alcian blue staining, migration assay, cell behavior observations, and protein expression tests were used to understand cell viability and responses. Moreover, ex vivo and in vivo tests were used to analyze tissue regeneration and biocompatibility of the ChitHCl-DDA tissue adhesive. Our results revealed that the ChitHCl-DDA tissue adhesive provided excellent tissue adhesive strength, cell viability, and cell responses. This tissue adhesive has great potential for torn meniscus tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Wong
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ying Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, TamKang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Bin Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia-Lin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Orthopedics Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Centers for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Lu YT, Hung PT, Zeng K, Menzel M, Schmelzer CEH, Zhang K, Groth T. Sustained growth factor delivery from bioactive PNIPAM-grafted-chitosan/heparin multilayers as a tool to promote growth and migration of cells. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213589. [PMID: 37598438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of growth factors (GFs) is challenging for regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation due to their rapid inactivation under physiological conditions. Here, a bioactive polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) is engineered by the combination of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and glycosaminoglycans to be used as reservoir for GF storage. PNIPAM-grafted-chitosan (PChi) with two degrees of substitution (DS) are synthesized, namely LMW* (DS 0.14) and HMW (DS 0.03), by grafting low (2 kDa) and high (10 kDa) molecular weight of PNIPAM on the backbone of chitosan (Chi) to be employed as polycations to form PEM with the polyanion heparin (Hep) at pH 4. Subsequently, PEMs are chemically crosslinked to improve their stability at physiological pH 7.4. Resulting surface and mechanical properties indicate that PEM containing HMW is responsive to temperature at 20 °C and 37 °C, while LMW is not. More importantly, Hep as terminal layer combined with HMW allows not only a better retention of the adhesive protein vitronectin but also a sustained release of FGF-2 at 37 °C. With the synergistic effect of vitronectin and matrix-bound FGF-2, significant promotion on adhesion, proliferation, and migration of 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts is achieved on HMW-containing PEM compared to Chi-containing PEM and exogenously added FGF-2. Thus, PEM containing PNIPAM in combination with bioactive glycosaminoglycans like Hep represents a versatile approach to fabricate a GF delivery system for efficient cell culture, which can be potentially served as cell culture substrate for production of (stem) cells and bioactive wound dressing for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tung Lu
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Pei-Tzu Hung
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Kui Zeng
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Dept. Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Menzel
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Interdisciplinary Center of Material Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Kai Zhang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Dept. Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center of Material Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany.
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3
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Hautmann A, Kedilaya D, Stojanović S, Radenković M, Marx CK, Najman S, Pietzsch M, Mano JF, Groth T. Free-standing multilayer films as growth factor reservoirs for future wound dressing applications. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 142:213166. [PMID: 36306555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic skin wounds place a high burden on patients and health care systems. The use of angiogenic and mitogenic growth factors can facilitate the healing but growth factors are quickly inactivated by the wound environment if added exogenously. Here, free-standing multilayer films (FSF) are fabricated from chitosan and alginate as opposing polyelectrolytes in an alternating manner using layer-by-layer technique. One hundred bilayers form an about 450 μm thick, detachable free-standing film that is subsequently crosslinked by either ethyl (dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide combined with N-hydroxysuccinimide (E-FSF) or genipin (G-FSF). The characterization of swelling, oxygen permeability and crosslinking density shows reduced swelling and oxygen permeability for both crosslinked films compared to non-crosslinked films (N-FSF). Loading of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) into the films results in a sustained release from crosslinked FSF in comparison to non-crosslinked FSF. Biocompatibility studies in vitro with human dermal fibroblasts cultured underneath the films demonstrate increased cell growth and cell migration for all films with and without FGF2. Especially G-FSF loaded with FGF2 greatly increases cell proliferation and migration. In vivo biocompatibility studies by subcutaneous implantation in mice show that E-FSF causes an inflammatory tissue response that is absent in the case of G-FSF. N-FSF also represents a biocompatible film but shows early degradation. All FSF possess antibacterial properties against gram+ and gram- bacteria demonstrated by an agar diffusion disc assay. In summary, FSF made of alginate and chitosan crosslinked with genipin can act as a reservoir for the sustained release of FGF2, possessing high biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, G-FSF promotes growth and migration of human dermal fibroblasts and has antibacterial properties, which makes it an interesting candidate for bioactive wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hautmann
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Devaki Kedilaya
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sanja Stojanović
- Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd. Dr Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia; Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Milena Radenković
- Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd. Dr Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Christian K Marx
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stevo Najman
- Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd. Dr Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia; Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Markus Pietzsch
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - João F Mano
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Interdisciplinary Center of Material Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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4
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Kindi H, Willems C, Zhao M, Menzel M, Schmelzer CEH, Herzberg M, Fuhrmann B, Gallego-Ferrer G, Groth T. Metal Ion Doping of Alginate-Based Surface Coatings Induces Adipogenesis of Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4327-4340. [PMID: 36174215 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions are important effectors of protein and cell functions. Here, polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) made of chitosan (Chi) and alginate (Alg) were doped with different metal ions (Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+), which can form bonds with their functional groups. Ca2+ and Fe3+ ions can be deposited in PEM at higher quantities resulting in more positive ζ potentials and also higher water contact angles in the case of Fe3+. An interesting finding was that the exposure of PEM to metal ions decreases the elastic modulus of PEM. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of multilayers provides evidence of interaction of metal ions with the carboxylic groups of Alg but not for hydroxyl and amino groups. The observed changes in wetting and surface potential are partly related to the increased adhesion and proliferation of multipotent C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts in contrast to plain nonadhesive [Chi/Alg] multilayers. Specifically, PEMs doped with Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions greatly promote cell attachment and adipogenic differentiation, which indicates that changes in not only surface properties but also the bioactivity of metal ions play an important role. In conclusion, metal ion-doped multilayer coatings made of alginate and chitosan can promote the differentiation of multipotent cells on implants without the use of other morphogens like growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husnia Kindi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Biomedical Materials, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Willems
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Biomedical Materials, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mingyan Zhao
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, China
| | - Matthias Menzel
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Strasse 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Strasse 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Herzberg
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle- Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bodo Fuhrmann
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center of Materials Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gloria Gallego-Ferrer
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Groth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Biomedical Materials, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center of Materials Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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5
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Lu YT, Zeng K, Fuhrmann B, Woelk C, Zhang K, Groth T. Engineering of Stable Cross-Linked Multilayers Based on Thermo-Responsive PNIPAM- Grafted-Chitosan/Heparin to Tailor Their Physiochemical Properties and Biocompatibility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29550-29562. [PMID: 35737877 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is ubiquitously applied in controlled drug release and tissue engineering. However, the lack of bioactivity of PNIPAM restricts its use in cell-containing systems being a thermo-responsive adhesive substratum with no regulating effect on cell growth and differentiation. In this study, integrating PNIPAM with chitosan into PNIPAM-grafted-chitosan (PNIPAM-Chi) allows a layer-by-layer assembly with bioactive heparin to fabricate PNIPAM-modified polyelectrolyte multilayers (PNIPAM-PEMs). Grafting PNIPAM chains of either 2 (LMW) or 10 kDa (HMW) on the chitosan backbone influences the cloud point (CP) temperature in the range from 31 to 33 °C. PNIPAM-Chi with either a higher molecular weight or a higher degree of substitution of PNIPAM chains exhibiting a significant increase in diameter above CP as ensured by dynamic light scattering is selected to fabricate PEM with heparin as a polyanion at pH 4. Little difference of layer growth is detected between the chosen PNIPAM-Chi used as polycations by surface plasmon resonance, while multilayers formed with HMW-0.02 are more hydrated and show striking swelling-and-shrinking abilities when studied with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Subsequently, the multilayers are covalently cross-linked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide to strengthen the stability of the systems under physiological conditions. Ellipsometry results confirm the layer integrity after exposure to the physiological buffer at pH 7.4 compared to those without cross-linking. Moreover, significantly higher adhesion and more spreading of C3H10T1/2 multipotent embryonic mouse fibroblasts on cross-linked PEMs, particularly with heparin terminal layers, are observed owing to the bioactivity of heparin. The slightly more hydrophobic surfaces of cross-linked PNIPAM-PEMs at 37 °C also increase cell attachment and growth. Thus, layer-by-layer constructed PNIPAM-PEM with cross-linking represents an interesting cell culture system that can be potentially employed for thermally uploading and controlled release of growth factors that further promotes tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tung Lu
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kui Zeng
- Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bodo Fuhrmann
- Interdisciplinary Center of Material Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Woelk
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Material Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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6
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Karakeçili A, Korpayev S, Orhan K. Optimizing Chitosan/Collagen Type I/Nanohydroxyapatite Cross-linked Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3843-3859. [PMID: 35543856 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bio-composite scaffolds mimicking the natural microenvironment of bone tissue offer striking advantages in material-guided bone regeneration. The combination of biodegradable natural polymers and bioactive ceramics that leverage potent bio-mimicking cues has been an active strategy to achieve success in bone tissue engineering. Herein, a competitive approach was followed to point out an optimized bio-composite scaffold in terms of scaffold properties and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation. The scaffolds, composed of chitosan/collagen type I/nanohydroxyapatite (Chi/Coll/nHA) as the most attractive components in bone tissue engineering, were analyzed. The scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying method and cross-linked using different types of cross-linkers. Based on the physicochemical and mechanical characterization, the scaffolds were eliminated comparatively. All types of scaffolds displayed highly porous structures. The cross-linker type and collagen content had prominent effects on mechanical strength. Glyoxal cross-linked structures displayed optimum mechanical and structural properties. The MC3T3-E1 proliferation, osteogenic-related gene expression, and matrix mineralization were better pronounced in collagen presence and triggered as collagen type I amount was increased. The results highlighted that glyoxal cross-linked scaffolds containing equal amounts of Chi and Coll by mass and 1% (w/v) nHA are the best candidates for osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Karakeçili
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Korpayev
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, 06560, Turkey.,Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
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7
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Alavarse AC, Frachini ECG, da Silva RLCG, Lima VH, Shavandi A, Petri DFS. Crosslinkers for polysaccharides and proteins: Synthesis conditions, mechanisms, and crosslinking efficiency, a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:558-596. [PMID: 35038469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides and proteins are important macromolecules for developing hydrogels devoted to biomedical applications. Chemical hydrogels offer chemical, mechanical, and dimensional stability than physical hydrogels due to the chemical bonds among the chains mediated by crosslinkers. There are many crosslinkers to synthesize polysaccharides and proteins based on hydrogels. In this review, we revisited the crosslinking reaction mechanisms between synthetic or natural crosslinkers and polysaccharides or proteins. The selected synthetic crosslinkers were glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide, boric acid, sodium trimetaphosphate, N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, and polycarboxylic acid, whereas the selected natural crosslinkers included transglutaminase, tyrosinase, horseradish peroxidase, laccase, sortase A, genipin, vanillin, tannic acid, and phytic acid. No less important are the reactions involving click chemistry and the macromolecular crosslinkers for polysaccharides and proteins. Literature examples of polysaccharides or proteins crosslinked by the different strategies were presented along with the corresponding highlights. The general mechanism involved in chemical crosslinking mediated by gamma and UV radiation was discussed, with particular attention to materials commonly used in digital light processing. The evaluation of crosslinking efficiency by gravimetric measurements, rheology, and spectroscopic techniques was presented. Finally, we presented the challenges and opportunities to create safe chemical hydrogels for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Carvalho Alavarse
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emilli Caroline Garcia Frachini
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vitoria Hashimoto Lima
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denise Freitas Siqueira Petri
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ionic Cross-Linkable Alendronate-Conjugated Biodegradable Polyurethane Films for Potential Guided Bone Regeneration. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Condi Mainardi J, Rezwan K, Maas M. Genipin-crosslinked chitosan/alginate/alumina nanocomposite gels for 3D bioprinting. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:171-185. [PMID: 34664115 PMCID: PMC8732963 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immobilizing microorganisms inside 3D printed semi-permeable substrates can be desirable for biotechnological processes since it simplifies product separation and purification, reducing costs, and processing time. To this end, we developed a strategy for synthesizing a feedstock suitable for 3D bioprinting of mechanically rigid and insoluble materials with embedded living bacteria. The processing route is based on a highly particle-filled alumina/chitosan nanocomposite gel which is reinforced by (a) electrostatic interactions with alginate and (b) covalent binding between the chitosan molecules with the mild gelation agent genipin. To analyze network formation and material properties, we characterized the rheological properties and printability of the feedstock gel. Stability measurements showed that the genipin-crosslinked chitosan/alginate/alumina gels did not dissolve in PBS, NaOH, or HCl after 60 days of incubation. Alginate-containing gels also showed less swelling in water than gels without alginate. Furthermore, E. coli bacteria were embedded in the nanocomposites and we analyzed the influence of the individual bioink components as well as of the printing process on bacterial viability. Here, the addition of alginate was necessary to maintain the effective viability of the embedded bacteria, while samples without alginate showed no bacterial viability. The experimental results demonstrate the potential of this approach for producing macroscopic bioactive materials with complex 3D geometries as a platform for novel applications in bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Condi Mainardi
- Keramische Werkstoffe und Bauteile/Advanced Ceramics, Universität Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, IW 3, Raum 2140, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kurosch Rezwan
- Keramische Werkstoffe und Bauteile/Advanced Ceramics, Universität Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, IW 3, Raum 2140, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Michael Maas
- Keramische Werkstoffe und Bauteile/Advanced Ceramics, Universität Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, IW 3, Raum 2140, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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10
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Im SH, Im DH, Park SJ, Chung JJ, Jung Y, Kim SH. Stereocomplex Polylactide for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2846. [PMID: 34064789 PMCID: PMC8150862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is among the most common biodegradable polymers, with applications in various fields, such as renewable and biomedical industries. PLA features poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) enantiomers, which form stereocomplex crystals through racemic blending. PLA emerged as a promising material owing to its sustainable, eco-friendly, and fully biodegradable properties. Nevertheless, PLA still has a low applicability for drug delivery as a carrier and scaffold. Stereocomplex PLA (sc-PLA) exhibits substantially improved mechanical and physical strength compared to the homopolymer, overcoming these limitations. Recently, numerous studies have reported the use of sc-PLA as a drug carrier through encapsulation of various drugs, proteins, and secondary molecules by various processes including micelle formation, self-assembly, emulsion, and inkjet printing. However, concerns such as low loading capacity, weak stability of hydrophilic contents, and non-sustainable release behavior remain. This review focuses on various strategies to overcome the current challenges of sc-PLA in drug delivery systems and biomedical applications in three critical fields, namely anti-cancer therapy, tissue engineering, and anti-microbial activity. Furthermore, the excellent potential of sc-PLA as a next-generation polymeric material is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyuk Im
- NBIT, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.H.I.); (S.J.P.)
- enoughU Inc., 114 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02856, Korea
| | - Dam Hyeok Im
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Su Jeong Park
- NBIT, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.H.I.); (S.J.P.)
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.J.C.); (Y.J.)
| | - Justin Jihong Chung
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.J.C.); (Y.J.)
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.J.C.); (Y.J.)
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- NBIT, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.H.I.); (S.J.P.)
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.J.C.); (Y.J.)
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbrueken, Germany
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11
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Indurkar A, Pandit A, Jain R, Dandekar P. Plant based cross-linkers for tissue engineering applications. J Biomater Appl 2020; 36:76-94. [PMID: 33342347 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220979273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Utility of plant-based materials in tissue engineering has exponentially increased over the years. Recent efforts in this area have been focused on substituting synthetic cross-linkers with natural ones derived from biological sources. These cross-linkers are essentially derived from the vegetative components of plants therefore suitably categorised as 'green' and renewable materials. Utilization of plant based cross-linkers in scaffolds and hydrogels offers several advantages compared to the synthetic ones. Natural compounds, like ferulic acid and genipin, when incorporated into scaffolds can promote cellular proliferation and growth, by regulation of growth factors. They participate in crucial activities, thus providing impetus for cell growth, function, differentiation and angiogenesis. Several natural compounds inherently possess anti-microbial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which enhance the inherent characteristics of the scaffolds. Versatility of natural cross-linkers can be exploited for diverse applications. Integrating such potent molecules can enable the scaffold to display relevant characteristics for each function. This review article focuses on the recent developments with plant based cross-linkers that are employed for scaffold synthesis and their applications, which may be explored to synthesize scaffolds suitable for diverse biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Indurkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashish Pandit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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12
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Figueroa-Lopez KJ, Torres-Giner S, Angulo I, Pardo-Figuerez M, Escuin JM, Bourbon AI, Cabedo L, Nevo Y, Cerqueira MA, Lagaron JM. Development of Active Barrier Multilayer Films Based on Electrospun Antimicrobial Hot-Tack Food Waste Derived Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Cellulose Nanocrystal Interlayers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2356. [PMID: 33260904 PMCID: PMC7761208 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Active multilayer films based on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) with and without high barrier coatings of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were herein successfully developed. To this end, an electrospun antimicrobial hot-tack layer made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) derived from cheese whey, a by-product from the dairy industry, was deposited on a previously manufactured blown film of commercial food contact PHA-based resin. A hybrid combination of oregano essential oil (OEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were incorporated during the electrospinning process into the PHBV nanofibers at 2.5 and 2.25 wt%, respectively, in order to provide antimicrobial properties. A barrier CNC coating was also applied by casting from an aqueous solution of nanocellulose at 2 wt% using a rod at 1m/min. The whole multilayer structure was thereafter assembled in a pilot roll-to-roll laminating system, where the blown PHA-based film was located as the outer layers while the electrospun antimicrobial hot-tack PHBV layer and the barrier CNC coating were placed as interlayers. The resultant multilayer films, having a final thickness in the 130-150 µm range, were characterized to ascertain their potential in biodegradable food packaging. The multilayers showed contact transparency, interlayer adhesion, improved barrier to water and limonene vapors, and intermediate mechanical performance. Moreover, the films presented high antimicrobial and antioxidant activities in both open and closed systems for up to 15 days. Finally, the food safety of the multilayers was assessed by migration and cytotoxicity tests, demonstrating that the films are safe to use in both alcoholic and acid food simulants and they are also not cytotoxic for Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Figueroa-Lopez
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benllonch 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (K.J.F.-L.); (S.T.-G.); (M.P.-F.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benllonch 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (K.J.F.-L.); (S.T.-G.); (M.P.-F.)
| | - Inmaculada Angulo
- Gaiker Technological Centre, Department of Plastics and Composites, Parque Tecnológico Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain;
| | - Maria Pardo-Figuerez
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benllonch 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (K.J.F.-L.); (S.T.-G.); (M.P.-F.)
- Bioinicia R&D, Bioinicia S.L., Calle Algepser 65, Nave 3, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Escuin
- Tecnopackaging S.L., Poligono Industrial Empresarium, Calle Romero 12, 50720 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Ana Isabel Bourbon
- Food Processing and Nutrition Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (A.I.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain;
| | - Yuval Nevo
- Melodea Bio-Based Solutions, Faculty of Agriculture-Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Miguel A. Cerqueira
- Food Processing and Nutrition Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (A.I.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Jose M. Lagaron
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benllonch 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (K.J.F.-L.); (S.T.-G.); (M.P.-F.)
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13
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Campbell J, Vikulina AS. Layer-By-Layer Assemblies of Biopolymers: Build-Up, Mechanical Stability and Molecular Dynamics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1949. [PMID: 32872246 PMCID: PMC7564420 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development of versatile layer-by-layer technology has resulted in important breakthroughs in the understanding of the nature of molecular interactions in multilayer assemblies made of polyelectrolytes. Nowadays, polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) are considered to be non-equilibrium and highly dynamic structures. High interest in biomedical applications of PEMs has attracted attention to PEMs made of biopolymers. Recent studies suggest that biopolymer dynamics determines the fate and the properties of such PEMs; however, deciphering, predicting and controlling the dynamics of polymers remains a challenge. This review brings together the up-to-date knowledge of the role of molecular dynamics in multilayers assembled from biopolymers. We discuss how molecular dynamics determines the properties of these PEMs from the nano to the macro scale, focusing on its role in PEM formation and non-enzymatic degradation. We summarize the factors allowing the control of molecular dynamics within PEMs, and therefore to tailor polymer multilayers on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Campbell
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Anna S. Vikulina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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14
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Volkov AV, Muraev AA, Zharkova II, Voinova VV, Akoulina EA, Zhuikov VA, Khaydapova DD, Chesnokova DV, Menshikh KA, Dudun AA, Makhina TK, Bonartseva GA, Asfarov TF, Stamboliev IA, Gazhva YV, Ryabova VM, Zlatev LH, Ivanov SY, Shaitan KV, Bonartsev AP. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/hydroxyapatite/alginate scaffolds seeded with mesenchymal stem cells enhance the regeneration of critical-sized bone defect. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 114:110991. [PMID: 32994018 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A critical-sized calvarial defect in rats is employed to reveal the osteoinductive properties of biomaterials. In this study, we investigate the osteogenic efficiency of hybrid scaffolds based on composites of a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with hydroxyapatite (HA) filled with alginate (ALG) hydrogel containing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the regeneration of the critical-sized radial defect of the parietal bone in rats. The scaffolds based on PHB and PHB/HA with desired shapes were prepared by two-stage salt leaching technique using a mold obtained by three-dimensional printing. To obtain PHB/HA/ALG/MSC scaffolds seeded with MSCs, the scaffolds were filled with ALG hydrogel containing MSCs; acellular PHB/ALG and PHB/ALG filled with empty ALG hydrogel were prepared for comparison. The produced scaffolds have high porosity and irregular interconnected pore structure. PHB/HA scaffolds supported MSC growth and induced cell osteogenic differentiation in a regular medium in vitro that was manifested by an increase in ALP activity and expression of the CD45 phenotype marker. The data of computed tomography and histological studies showed 94% and 92%, respectively, regeneration of critical-sized calvarial bone defect in vivo at 28th day after implantation of MSC-seeded PHB/HA/ALG/MSC scaffolds with 3.6 times higher formation of the main amount of bone tissue at 22-28 days in comparison with acellular PHB/HA/ALG scaffolds that was shown at the first time by fluorescent microscopy using the original technique of intraperitoneal administration of fluorescent dyes to living postoperative rats. The obtained in vivo results can be associated with the MSC-friendly microstructure and in vitro osteogenic properties of PHB/HA base-scaffolds. Thus, the obtained data demonstrate the potential of MSCs encapsulated in the bioactive biopolymer/mineral/hydrogel scaffold to improve the bone regeneration process in critical-sized bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Volkov
- The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Priorova Str. 10, 127299 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Muraev
- The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St. 8/2, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina I Zharkova
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera V Voinova
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; A.N.Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta A Akoulina
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; A.N.Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod A Zhuikov
- A.N.Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dolgor D Khaydapova
- Faculty of Soil Science, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1, bld. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dariana V Chesnokova
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia A Menshikh
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrej A Dudun
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; A.N.Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana K Makhina
- A.N.Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Garina A Bonartseva
- A.N.Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Teymur F Asfarov
- The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan A Stamboliev
- The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V Gazhva
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Valentina M Ryabova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Lubomir H Zlatev
- The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Ivanov
- The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St. 8/2, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Shaitan
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton P Bonartsev
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; A.N.Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Xuan H, Tang X, Zhu Y, Ling J, Yang Y. Freestanding Hyaluronic Acid/Silk-Based Self-healing Coating toward Tissue Repair with Antibacterial Surface. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1628-1635. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Xuan
- College of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Yanxi Zhu
- Central Laboratory of Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi 276003, PR China
| | - Jue Ling
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
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