1
|
Creamer A, Fiego AL, Agliano A, Prados-Martin L, Høgset H, Najer A, Richards DA, Wojciechowski JP, Foote JEJ, Kim N, Monahan A, Tang J, Shamsabadi A, Rochet LNC, Thanasi IA, de la Ballina LR, Rapley CL, Turnock S, Love EA, Bugeon L, Dallman MJ, Heeney M, Kramer-Marek G, Chudasama V, Fenaroli F, Stevens MM. Modular Synthesis of Semiconducting Graft Copolymers to Achieve "Clickable" Fluorescent Nanoparticles with Long Circulation and Specific Cancer Targeting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300413. [PMID: 36905683 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) are explored for applications in cancer theranostics because of their high absorption coefficients, photostability, and biocompatibility. However, SPNs are susceptible to aggregation and protein fouling in physiological conditions, which can be detrimental for in vivo applications. Here, a method for achieving colloidally stable and low-fouling SPNs is described by grafting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) onto the backbone of the fluorescent semiconducting polymer, poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-5-fluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole), in a simple one-step substitution reaction, postpolymerization. Further, by utilizing azide-functionalized PEG, anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) antibodies, antibody fragments, or affibodies are site-specifically "clicked" onto the SPN surface, which allows the functionalized SPNs to specifically target HER2-positive cancer cells. In vivo, the PEGylated SPNs are found to have excellent circulation efficiencies in zebrafish embryos for up to seven days postinjection. SPNs functionalized with affibodies are then shown to be able to target HER2 expressing cancer cells in a zebrafish xenograft model. The covalent PEGylated SPN system described herein shows great potential for cancer theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Creamer
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alessandra Lo Fiego
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alice Agliano
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lino Prados-Martin
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Håkon Høgset
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Adrian Najer
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel A Richards
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan P Wojciechowski
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James E J Foote
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Amy Monahan
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jiaqing Tang
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - André Shamsabadi
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Léa N C Rochet
- UCL Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Ioanna A Thanasi
- UCL Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Laura R de la Ballina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0450, Norway
| | | | - Stephen Turnock
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Love
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Laurence Bugeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Margaret J Dallman
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Gabriela Kramer-Marek
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- UCL Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Federico Fenaroli
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, 4021, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, Oslo, 0371, Norway
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cong S, Chen J, Ding B, Lan L, Wang Y, Chen C, Li Z, Heeney M, Yue W. Tunable control of the performance of aqueous-based electrochemical devices by post-polymerization functionalization. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3090-3100. [PMID: 37218468 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00418j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors (PMIECs) are highly desired for the development of electrochemical applications, yet are hindered by the limited conventional synthesis techniques. Here, we propose a "graft-onto-polymer" synthesis strategy by post-polymerization functionalization (GOP-PPF) to prepare a family of PMIECs sharing the same backbone while functionalized with varying ethylene glycol (EG) compositions (two, four, and six EG repeating units). Unlike the typical procedure, GOP-PPF uses a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction for the facile and versatile attachment of functional units to a pre-synthesized conjugated-polymer precursor. Importantly, these redox-active PMIECs are investigated as a platform for energy storage devices and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) in aqueous media. The ion diffusivity, charge mobility and charge-storage capacity can be significantly improved by optimizing the EG composition. Specifically, g2T2-gBT6 containing the highest EG density gives the highest charge-storage capacity exceeding 180 F g-1 among the polymer series, resulting from the improved ion diffusivity. Moreover, g2T2-gBT4 with four EG repeating units exhibits a superior performance compared to its two analogues in OECTs, associated with a high μC* up to 359 F V-1 cm-1 s-1, owing to the optimal balance between ionic-electronic coupling and charge mobility. Through the GOP-PPF, PMIECs can be tailored to access desirable performance metrics at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Cong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengke Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wan Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ding B, Jo IY, Yu H, Kim JH, Marsh AV, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Ramos N, Rapley CL, Rimmele M, He Q, Martín J, Gasparini N, Nelson J, Yoon MH, Heeney M. Enhanced Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Modified with Hybrid Glycol/Ionic Side Chains by Postpolymerization Modification. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3290-3299. [PMID: 37123107 PMCID: PMC10134426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emergent bioelectronic technologies are underpinned by the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), which employs an electrolyte medium to modulate the conductivity of its organic semiconductor channel. Here we utilize postpolymerization modification (PPM) on a conjugated polymer backbone to directly introduce glycolated or anionic side chains via fluoride displacement. The resulting polymers demonstrated increased volumetric capacitances, with subdued swelling, compared to their parent polymer in p-type enhancement mode OECTs. This increase in capacitance was attributed to their modified side chain configurations enabling cationic charge compensation for thin film electrochemical oxidation, as deduced from electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements. An overall improvement in OECT performance was recorded for the hybrid glycol/ionic polymer compared to the parent, owing to its low swelling and bimodal crystalline orientation as imaged by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, enabling its high charge mobility at 1.02 cm2·V-1·s-1. Compromised device performance was recorded for the fully glycolated derivative compared to the parent, which was linked to its limited face-on stacking, which hindered OECT charge mobility at 0.26 cm2·V-1·s-1, despite its high capacitance. These results highlight the effectiveness of anionic side chain attachment by PPM as a means of increasing the volumetric capacitance of p-type conjugated polymers for OECTs, while retaining solid-state macromolecular properties that facilitate hole transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Yu
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam V. Marsh
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez-Fernández
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ramos
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Charlotte L. Rapley
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Rimmele
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao He
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Grupo de
Polímeros, Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra,
Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, 15471 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Berl AJ, Sklar JH, Yun YJ, Kalow JA. Side-Chain Engineering in Hydrophilic n-Type π-Conjugated Polymers for Enhanced Reactivity. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:503-509. [PMID: 37011181 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Minor changes to side chains in conjugated polymers (CPs) can have pronounced effects on polymer properties by altering backbone planarity, solubility, and interaction with ions. Here, we report the photocontrolled synthesis of hydrophilic CPs from Grignard monomers and find that switching from alkyl to oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains changes their photoreactivity. Specifically, installing hydrophilic side chains on the same monomer core yields higher molecular weight polymers and allows polymerization to proceed with lower-energy red light. Additionally, we discover a side chain decomposition pathway for N-OEG monomers, which are prevalent in CP research. Decomposition can be overcome by adding an extra methylene unit in the side chains without compromising polymer molecular weight or hydrophilicity. Importantly, this polymerization does not require transition metal catalysts and is a promising approach to the preparation of n-type conjugated block copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Berl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan H Sklar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Young Ju Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen J, Cong S, Wang L, Wang Y, Lan L, Chen C, Zhou Y, Li Z, McCulloch I, Yue W. Backbone coplanarity manipulation via hydrogen bonding to boost the n-type performance of polymeric mixed conductors operating in aqueous electrolyte. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:607-618. [PMID: 36511773 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance n-type semiconducting polymers remains a significant challenge. Reported here is the construction of a coplanar backbone via intramolecular hydrogen bonds to dramatically enhance the performance of n-type polymeric mixed conductors operating in aqueous electrolyte. Specifically, glycolated naphthalene tetracarboxylicdiimide (gNDI) couples with vinylene and thiophene to give gNDI-V and gNDI-T, respectively. The hydrogen bonding functionalities are fused to the backbone to ensure a more coplanar backbone and much tighter π-π stacking of gNDI-V than gNDI-T, which is evidenced by density functional theory simulations and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Importantly, these copolymers are fabricated as the active layer of the aqueous-based electrochromic devices and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). gNDI-V exhibits a larger electrochromic contrast (ΔT = 30%) and a higher coloration efficiency (1988 cm2 C-1) than gNDI-T owing to its more efficient ionic-electronic coupling. Moreover, gNDI-V gives the highest electron mobility (0.014 cm2 V-1 s-1) and μC* (2.31 FV-1 cm-1 s-1) reported to date for NDI-based copolymers in OECTs, attributed to the improved thin-film crystallinity and molecular packing promoted by hydrogen bonds. Overall, this work marks a remarkable advance in the n-type polymeric mixed conductors and the hydrogen bond functionalization strategy opens up an avenue to access desirable performance metrics for aqueous-based electrochemical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Shengyu Cong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Lewen Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengke Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A pH-Responsive Drug Delivery System Based on Conjugated Polymer for Effective Synergistic Chemo-/Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010399. [PMID: 36615594 PMCID: PMC9823741 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive drug release and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have aroused extensive attention for their enormous potential in antitumor treatment. pH-responsive drug delivery systems (PFE-DOX-1 and PFE-DOX-2) based on water-soluble conjugated polymers were constructed in this work for high-performance synergistic chemo-/PDT therapy, in which the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is covalently attached to the side chains of the conjugated polymers via acid-labile imine and acylhydrazone bonds. Concurrently, the intense fluorescence of poly(fluorene-co-ethynylene) (PFE) is effectively quenched due to the energy/electron transfer (ET) between the PFE-conjugated backbone and DOX. Effective pH-responsive drug release from PFE-DOX-2 is achieved by the cleavage of acylhydrazone linkages in the acidic tumor intracellular microenvironment. Additionally, the drug release process can be monitored by the recovered fluorescence of conjugated polymers. Furthermore, the conjugated polymers can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation after drug release in an acidic environment, which prevents possible phototoxicity to normal tissues. It is noted that PFE-DOX-2 demonstrates remarkable antitumor cell performance, which is attributed to its efficient cell uptake and powerful synergistic chemo-/PDT therapeutic effectiveness. This report thus provides a promising strategy for in vivo anticancer treatment with the construction of a stimuli-responsive multifunctional drug delivery system.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zong J, He Q, Liu Y, Qiu M, Wu J, Hu B. Advances in the development of biodegradable coronary stents: A translational perspective. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100368. [PMID: 35937578 PMCID: PMC9352968 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of cardiovascular stents is an important therapeutic method to treat coronary artery diseases. Bare-metal and drug-eluting stents show promising clinical outcomes, however, their permanent presence may create complications. In recent years, numerous preclinical and clinical trials have evaluated the properties of bioresorbable stents, including polymer and magnesium-based stents. Three-dimensional (3D) printed-shape-memory polymeric materials enable the self-deployment of stents and provide a novel approach for individualized treatment. Novel bioresorbable metallic stents such as iron- and zinc-based stents have also been investigated and refined. However, the development of novel bioresorbable stents accompanied by clinical translation remains time-consuming and challenging. This review comprehensively summarizes the development of bioresorbable stents based on their preclinical/clinical trials and highlights translational research as well as novel technologies for stents (e.g., bioresorbable electronic stents integrated with biosensors). These findings are expected to inspire the design of novel stents and optimization approaches to improve the efficacy of treatments for cardiovascular diseases. Bioresorbable stents can overcome the limitations of non-degradable stents. 3D printing of shape-memory polymeric stents can lead to better clinical outcomes. Advances in Mg-, Fe- and Zn-based stents from a translational perspective. Electronic stents integrated with biosensors can covey stent status in real time. Development in the assessment of stent performance in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiehong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rimmele M, Glöcklhofer F, Heeney M. Post-polymerisation approaches for the rapid modification of conjugated polymer properties. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2678-2697. [PMID: 35983884 PMCID: PMC9620492 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00519k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-polymerisation functionalisation provides a facile and efficient way for the introduction of functional groups on the backbone of conjugated polymers. Using post-polymerisation functionalisation approaches, the polymer chain length is usually not affected, meaning that the resulting polymers only differ in their attached functional groups or side chains, which makes them particularly interesting for investigating the influence of the different groups on the polymer properties. For such functionalisations, highly efficient and selective reactions are needed to avoid the formation of complex mixtures or permanent defects in the polymer backbone. A variety of suitable synthetic approaches and reactions that fulfil these criteria have been identified and reported. In this review, a thorough overview is given of the post-polymerisation functionalisations reported to date, with the methods grouped based on the type of reaction used: cycloaddition, oxidation/reduction, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, or halogenation and subsequent cross-coupling reaction. Instead of modifications on the aliphatic side chains of the conjugated polymers, we focus on modifications directly on the conjugated backbones, as these have the most pronounced effect on the optical and electronic properties. Some of the discussed materials have been used in applications, ranging from solar cells to bioelectronics. By providing an overview of this versatile and expanding field for the first time, we showcase post-polymerisation functionalisation as an exciting pathway for the creation of new conjugated materials for a range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schmitt A, Samal S, Thompson BC. Tuning the surface energies in a family of poly-3-alkylthiophenes bearing hydrophilic side-chains synthesized via direct arylation polymerization (DArP). Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00195g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A family of Poly(3-alkylthiophene) copolymers bearing different functional groups was synthesized via direct arylation polymerization and the functional group impact on surface energy, crystallinity, and electronic properties was investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Sanket Samal
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herland
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden.,Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences - AIMES, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|