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Nidetzky B, Zhong C. Phosphorylase-catalyzed bottom-up synthesis of short-chain soluble cello-oligosaccharides and property-tunable cellulosic materials. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 51:107633. [PMID: 32966861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-based materials are produced industrially in countless varieties via top-down processing of natural lignocellulose substrates. By contrast, cellulosic materials are only rarely prepared via bottom up synthesis and oligomerization-induced self-assembly of cellulose chains. Building up a cellulose chain via precision polymerization is promising, however, for it offers tunability and control of the final chemical structure. Synthetic cellulose derivatives with programmable material properties might thus be obtained. Cellodextrin phosphorylase (CdP; EC 2.4.1.49) catalyzes iterative β-1,4-glycosylation from α-d-glucose 1-phosphate, with the ability to elongate a diversity of acceptor substrates, including cellobiose, d-glucose and a range of synthetic glycosides having non-sugar aglycons. Depending on the reaction conditions leading to different degrees of polymerization (DP), short-chain soluble cello-oligosaccharides (COS) or insoluble cellulosic materials are formed. Here, we review the characteristics of CdP as bio-catalyst for synthetic applications and show advances in the enzymatic production of COS and reducing end-modified, tailored cellulose materials. Recent studies reveal COS as interesting dietary fibers that could provide a selective prebiotic effect. The bottom-up synthesized celluloses involve chains of DP ≥ 9, as precipitated in solution, and they form ~5 nm thick sheet-like crystalline structures of cellulose allomorph II. Solvent conditions and aglycon structures can direct the cellulose chain self-assembly towards a range of material architectures, including hierarchically organized networks of nanoribbons, or nanorods as well as distorted nanosheets. Composite materials are also formed. The resulting materials can be useful as property-tunable hydrogels and feature site-specific introduction of functional and chemically reactive groups. Therefore, COS and cellulose obtained via bottom-up synthesis can expand cellulose applications towards product classes that are difficult to access via top-down processing of natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz 8010, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz 8010, Austria
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Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Yamashita K, Yamamoto K, Kadokawa JI. Synthesis of Non-Natural Heteroaminopolysaccharides by α-Glucan Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Copolymerization: α(1→4)-Linked Glucosaminoglucans. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3989-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Yamashita
- Department
of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School
of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School
of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School
of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Kadokawa JI, Shimohigoshi R, Yamashita K, Yamamoto K. Synthesis of chitin and chitosan stereoisomers by thermostable α-glucan phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization of α-d-glucosamine 1-phosphate. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4336-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan and chitin stereoisomers were successfully synthesized by thermostable α-glucan phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization of α-d-glucosamine 1-phosphate and subsequent N-acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Biotechnology
- and Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Kagoshima University
| | - Riko Shimohigoshi
- Department of Chemistry
- Biotechnology
- and Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Kagoshima University
| | - Kento Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry
- Biotechnology
- and Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Kagoshima University
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- Biotechnology
- and Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Kagoshima University
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Hebelstrup KH, Sagnelli D, Blennow A. The future of starch bioengineering: GM microorganisms or GM plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:247. [PMID: 25954284 PMCID: PMC4407504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant starches regularly require extensive modification to permit subsequent applications. Such processing is usually done by the use of chemical and/or physical treatments. The use of recombinant enzymes produced by large-scale fermentation of GM microorganisms is increasingly used in starch processing and modification, sometimes as an alternative to chemical or physical treatments. However, as a means to impart the modifications as early as possible in the starch production chain, similar recombinant enzymes may also be expressed in planta in the developing starch storage organ such as in roots, tubers and cereal grains to provide a GM crop as an alternative to the use of enzymes from GM microorganisms. We here discuss these techniques in relation to important structural features and modifications of starches such as: starch phosphorylation, starch hydrolysis, chain transfer/branching and novel concepts of hybrid starch-based polysaccharides. In planta starch bioengineering is generally challenged by yield penalties and inefficient production of the desired product. However, in some situations, GM crops for starch bioengineering without deleterious effects have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H. Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Kim H. Hebelstrup, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Domenico Sagnelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Synthesis of New Polysaccharide Materials by Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic α-Glycosylations Using Polymeric Glycosyl Acceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1144.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ohmae M, Fujita Y, Takada J, Kimura S. Synthesis of a Heparan Sulfate Disaccharide Fluoride for Detection of Heparanase Activity. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ohmae
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Junko Takada
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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Ohmae M, Koide S, Fujita Y, Kimura S. Enzymatic polymerization to an alternating N-l-cysteinyl chitin derivative: a novel class of multivalent glycopeptidomimetics. Carbohydr Res 2013; 377:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Synthesis of Amylose-Grafted Polysaccharide Materials by Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1105.ch015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:183-311. [PMID: 21850673 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Ohmae M, Kurosaki K, Makino A, Kobayashi S. Enzymatic Polymerization to an AlternatingN-Phthaloyl Chitin Derivative Catalyzed by Chitinase. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Makino A, Kobayashi S. Chemistry of 2-oxazolines: A crossing of cationic ring-opening polymerization and enzymatic ring-opening polyaddition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kobayashi S, Makino A. Enzymatic polymer synthesis: an opportunity for green polymer chemistry. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5288-353. [PMID: 19824647 DOI: 10.1021/cr900165z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kobayashi
- R & D Center for Bio-based Materials, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Kobayashi S. Recent Developments in Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polyesters. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:237-66. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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