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Rubinsztajn S, Chojnowski J, Mizerska U. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane-catalyzed Hydride Transfer Reactions in Polysiloxane Chemistry-Piers-Rubinsztajn Reaction and Related Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:5941. [PMID: 37630197 PMCID: PMC10459531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFPB) is a unique Lewis acid that catalyzes the condensation between hydrosilanes (Si-H) and alkoxysilanes (Si-OR), leading to the formation of siloxane bonds (Si-OSi) with the release of hydrocarbon (R-H) as a byproduct-the so-called Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction. The analogous reactions of hydrosilanes with silanols (Si-OH), alcohols (R-OH), ethers (R-OR') or water in the presence of TPFPB leads to the formation of a siloxane bond, alkoxysilane (Si-OR or Si-OR') or silanol (Si-OH), respectively. The above processes, often referred to as Piers-Rubinsztajn reactions, provide new synthetic tools for the controlled synthesis of siloxane materials under mild conditions with high yields. The common feature of these reactions is the TPFPB-mediated hydride transfer from silicon to carbon or hydrogen. This review presents a summary of 20 years of research efforts related to this field, with a focus on new synthetic methodologies leading to numerous previously difficult to synthesize well-defined siloxane oligomers, polymers and copolymers of a complex structure and potential applications of these new materials. In addition, the mechanistic aspects of the recently discovered reactions involving hydride transfer from silicon to silicon are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Rubinsztajn
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-636 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Julian Chojnowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-636 Lodz, Poland;
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2
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Sun A'B, Li S, Kou X. Applications of MALDI-TOF-MS in structural characterization of synthetic polymers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:868-883. [PMID: 36745057 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01583h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has been utilized to rapidly and precisely characterize the detailed molecular structures of synthetic polymers. This review summarizes recent progress regarding MALDI-TOF-MS for the characterization of synthetic polymers with a focus on specific important experimental aspects including sample preparation, the choice of matrix, the effects of cationizing agents and solvents, data processing and various applications. Finally, the recent trend of MALDI-TOF-MS development is discussed. We hope this review will be instructive for graduate students and junior users who need to use MALDI-TOF-MS as a necessary characterization technique for new synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A 'Bin Sun
- Shandong Provincial Education Department, Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Siting Li
- Shandong Provincial Education Department, Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xinhui Kou
- Shandong Provincial Education Department, Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- Analyses and Testing Center, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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3
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Cationic Polymerization of Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane in Excess Water. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154402. [PMID: 34361555 PMCID: PMC8348616 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring-opening ionic polymerization of cyclosiloxanes in dispersed media has long been discovered, and is nowadays both fundamentally studied and practically used. In this short communication, we show some preliminary results on the cationic ring-opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), a crystalline strained cycle, in water. Depending on the catalyst or/and surfactants used, polymers of various molar masses are prepared in a straightforward way. Emphasis is given here on experiments conducted with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF), where high-molar polymers were generated at room temperature. In surfactant-free conditions, µm-sized droplets are stabilized by silanol end-groups of thus generated amphiphilic polymers, the latter of which precipitate in the course of reaction through chain extension. Introducing various surfactants in the recipe allows generating smaller emulsions in size with close polymerization ability, but better final colloidal stability, at the expense of low small cycles’ content. A tentative mechanism is finally proposed.
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4
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When Attempting Chain Extension, Even Without Solvent, It Is Not Possible to Avoid Chojnowski Metathesis Giving D 3. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010231. [PMID: 33466286 PMCID: PMC7795595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, mild and efficient method to prepare HSi- or HOSi-telechelic, high-molecular-weight polydimethylsiloxane polymers (to 41,600 g·mol-1) using the one-shot hydrolysis of MHMH is reported; titration of the water allowed for higher molecular weights (to 153,900 g·mol-1). The "living" character of the chain extension processes was demonstrated by adding a small portion of MHMH and B(C6F5)3 (BCF) to a first formed polymer, which led to a ~2-fold, second growth in molecular weight. The heterogeneous reaction reached completion in less than 30 min, much less in some cases, regardless of whether it was performed neat or 50 wt% in dry toluene; homogeneous reactions in toluene were much slower. The process does not involve traditional redistribution, as judged by the low quantities (<3%) of D4 produced. However, it is not possible to avoid Chojnowski metathesis from MHDDMH giving D3, which occurs competitively with chain extension.
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5
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Rabanzo-Castillo KM, Kumar VB, Söhnel T, Leitao EM. Catalytic Synthesis of Oligosiloxanes Mediated by an Air Stable Catalyst, (C 6F 5) 3B(OH 2). Front Chem 2020; 8:477. [PMID: 32656180 PMCID: PMC7325218 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of (C6F5)3B(OH2) as catalyst for the simple and environmentally benign synthesis of oligosiloxanes directly from hydrosilanes, is reported. This protocol offers several advantages compared to other methods of synthesizing siloxanes, such as mild reaction conditions, low catalyst loading, and a short reaction time with high yields and purity. The considerable H2O-tolerance of (C6F5)3B(OH2) promoted a catalytic route to disiloxanes which showed >99% conversion of three tertiary silanes, Et3SiH, PhMe2SiH, and Ph3SiH. Preliminary data on the synthesis of unsymmetrical disiloxanes (Si-O-Si') suggests that by modifying the reaction conditions and/or using a 1:1 combination of silane to silanol the cross-product can be favored. Intramolecular reactions of disilyl compounds with catalytic (C6F5)3B(OH2) led to the formation of novel bridged siloxanes, containing a Si-O-Si linkage within a cyclic structure, as the major product. Moreover, the reaction conditions enabled recovery and recycling of the catalyst. The catalyst was re-used 5 times and demonstrated excellent conversion for each substrate at 1.0 mol% catalyst loading. This seemingly simple reaction has a rather complicated mechanism. With the hydrosilane (R3SiH) as the sole starting material, the fate of the reaction largely depends on the creation of silanol (R3SiOH) from R3SiH as these two undergo dehydrocoupling to yield a disiloxane product. Generation of the silanol is based on a modified Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction. Once the silanol has been produced, the mechanism involves a series of competitive reactions with multiple catalytically relevant species involving water, silane, and silanol interacting with the Lewis acid and the favored reaction cycle depends on the concentration of various species in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel M Rabanzo-Castillo
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vipin B Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erin M Leitao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Li G, Liu Y. Cyclosiloxane-containing Polymers and the Formation of Highly Stable Elastomer. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Li
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhou Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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7
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Schneider AF, Chen Y, Brook MA. Trace water affects tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane catalytic activity in the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:13599-13606. [PMID: 31455970 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02756d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Improved methods to control silicone synthesis are required due to the sensitivity of siloxane bonds to acid/base-mediated chain redistribution/depolymerization. The Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction employs tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as an efficient catalyst (<0.1 mol%) for siloxane bond formation from hydro- and alkoxysilanes - typical reactions proceed in open flasks at room temperature within minutes. While advantageous under ideal conditions, the boron catalyst activity may be affected by age, storage conditions and various environmental factors, particularly humidity. Under conditions of high humidity it may be necessary to apply heat and/or use increased catalyst loading in the reactions; there is often an induction time. We examine induction times in the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction as a function of water concentrations in the reagent or catalyst solution and show that water in the reagent solution or atmosphere is less problematic than water found in the catalyst stock solution. A relatively linear increase in induction time accompanied higher water concentrations in the catalyst solution - no such effect was observed when the water was in the reagent solution. Reaction rates in both scenarios were similar, i.e., not affected by the induction time. Improvements in the stability of catalyst solutions were observed when B(C6F5)3 was stored in low molecular weight silicone oils, and pre-complexed with HSi(OSiMe3)3. These outcomes are ascribed to the ability of HSi groups to outcompete water in binding with B(C6F5)3 to initiate reaction, unless the boron is pre-complexed with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa F Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4 M1, Canada.
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8
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Peng J, Bai Y, Li J. Piers-Rubinsztajn Reaction and the Application in Siloxane/Polysiloxane Chemistry. LETT ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178615666181016114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
By using the Piers-Rubinsztajn processes, elastomers, foams, silicone surfactants and copolymers with alkoxy-functional arylamines and ethers can be prepared. The preparation and applications of siloxane-based materials through Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction synthesis pathway have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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9
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Liao M, Schneider AF, Laengert SE, Gale CB, Chen Y, Brook MA. Living synthesis of silicone polymers controlled by humidity. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Brook MA. New Control Over Silicone Synthesis using SiH Chemistry: The Piers-Rubinsztajn Reaction. Chemistry 2018; 24:8458-8469. [PMID: 29468751 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong imperative to synthesize polymers with highly controlled structures and narrow property ranges. Silicone polymers do not lend themselves to this paradigm because acids or bases lead to siloxane equilibration and loss of structure. By contrast, elegant levels of control are possible when using the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction and analogues, in which the hydrophobic, strong Lewis acid B(C6 F5 )3 activates SiH groups, permitting the synthesis of precise siloxanes under mild conditions in high yield; siloxane decomposition processes are slow under these conditions. A broad range of oxygen nucleophiles including alkoxysilanes, silanols, phenols, and aryl alkyl ethers participate in the reaction to create elastomers, foams and green composites, for example, derived from lignin. In addition, the process permits the synthesis of monofunctional dendrons that can be assembled into larger entities including highly branched silicones and dendrimers either using the Piers-Rubinsztajn process alone, or in combination with hydrosilylation or other orthogonal reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brook
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
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11
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Sodkhomkhum R, Ervithayasuporn V. Synthesis of poly(siloxane/double-decker silsesquioxane) via dehydrocarbonative condensation reaction and its functionalization. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Oestreich M, Hermeke J, Mohr J. A unified survey of Si-H and H-H bond activation catalysed by electron-deficient boranes. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:2202-20. [PMID: 25679769 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The bond activation chemistry of B(C6F5)3 and related electron-deficient boranes is currently experiencing a renaissance due to the fascinating development of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). B(C6F5)3's ability to catalytically activate Si-H bonds through η(1) coordination opened the door to several unique reduction processes. The ground-breaking finding that the same family of fully or partially fluorinated boron Lewis acids allows for the related H-H bond activation, either alone or as a component of an FLP, brought considerable momentum into the area of transition-metal-free hydrogenation and, likewise, hydrosilylation. This review comprehensively summarises synthetic methods involving borane-catalysed Si-H and H-H bond activation. Systems corresponding to an FLP-type situation are not covered. Aside from the broad manifold of C=X bond reductions and C=X/C-X defunctionalisations, dehydrogenative (oxidative) Si-H couplings are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Wakabayashi R, Kuroda K. Siloxane-Bond Formation Promoted by Lewis Acids: A Nonhydrolytic Sol-Gel Process and the Piers-Rubinsztajn Reaction. Chempluschem 2013; 78:764-774. [PMID: 31986688 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Siloxane formation reactions of both the nonhydrolytic sol-gel process and Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction can be integrated as Lewis acid promoted siloxane syntheses without involving silanol groups. The former was developed in the field of inorganic materials chemistry and the latter was initiated in polymer chemistry. We have realized both reactions are quite similar, in terms of 1) the nonhydrolytic reaction, 2) the use of alkoxysilanes, 3) the group-exchange reactions competing with the siloxane formation, and 4) the proposed reaction mechanisms. This Minireview focuses on the above two reactions. The evolution of both reactions should realize a more sophisticated molecular design of siloxane compounds, which surely contributes to the development of advanced functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Wakabayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Ohkubo-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3-5286-3199 http://www.waseda.jp/sem-kuroda_lab/.,Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials, Science and Technology, Waseda University, Nishiwaseda-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051 (Japan).,Research Fellow Laboratories Yokkaichi, JSR Corporation, 100 Kawajiri-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-8552 (Japan)
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Ohkubo-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3-5286-3199 http://www.waseda.jp/sem-kuroda_lab/.,Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials, Science and Technology, Waseda University, Nishiwaseda-2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051 (Japan)
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14
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Hounjet LJ, Bannwarth C, Garon CN, Caputo CB, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Combinations of Ethers and B(C6F5)3Function as Hydrogenation Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Hounjet LJ, Bannwarth C, Garon CN, Caputo CB, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Combinations of Ethers and B(C6F5)3Function as Hydrogenation Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7492-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Wang Y, Wang F, Song Q, Xin Q, Xu S, Xu J. Heterogeneous Ceria Catalyst with Water-Tolerant Lewis Acidic Sites for One-Pot Synthesis of 1,3-Diols via Prins Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1506-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310498c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian
National
Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian
National
Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Qi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian
National
Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Qin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian
National
Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian
National
Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian
National
Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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17
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Chojnowski J, Kurjata J, Fortuniak W, Rubinsztajn S, Trzebicka B. Hydride Transfer Ring-Opening Polymerization of a Cyclic Oligomethylhydrosiloxane. Route to a Polymer of Closed Multicyclic Structure. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202687u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Chojnowski
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular
Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza
112, 94-011 Łódź Poland
| | - Jan Kurjata
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular
Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza
112, 94-011 Łódź Poland
| | - Witold Fortuniak
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular
Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza
112, 94-011 Łódź Poland
| | - Slawomir Rubinsztajn
- Global Research Center, General Electric Company, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, Schenectady,
New York 12309, United States
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Center of Polymers and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Skłodowskiej Curie 34, 41-819
Zabrze, Poland
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18
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Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes with Controlled Structure: Formation and Application in New Si-Based Polymer Systems. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2010_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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19
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Brook MA, Grande JB, Ganachaud F. New Synthetic Strategies for Structured Silicones Using B(C6F5)3. SILICON POLYMERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2009_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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B(C6F5)3 catalyzed dehydrocarbon polycondensation of PhSiH3 with (MeO)4Si as model polyfunctional comonomers in new route to hydrophobic silicone TQ resins. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Pouget E, Holgado-Garcia E, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV, Campagne JM, Ganachaud F. Oligomerization of electron-deficient vinyl monomers through an ate-complex mechanism: a new role for b(c(6) f(5) )(3) lewis Acid. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:1128-32. [PMID: 21706577 DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Lewis acid B(C(6) F(5) )(3) in combination with hydrosilanes exhibits remarkable activity in the oligomerization of sulfone- and phosphonate-based monomers. This process opens new routes to high-tech silicone-based materials, i.e., thermoplastic elastomers and heat-resistant polysiloxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pouget
- Institut Charles Gerhardt - UMR 5253 CNRS/UM2/ENSCM/UM1, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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22
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On the feasibility of chemical reactions in the presence of siloxane-based surfactants. Colloid Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-008-1991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Chojnowski J, Rubinsztajn S, Fortuniak W, Kurjata J. Synthesis of Highly Branched Alkoxysiloxane−Dimethylsiloxane Copolymers by Nonhydrolytic Dehydrocarbon Polycondensation Catalyzed by Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801130y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Chojnowski
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland, and General Electric Company, Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309
| | - Slawomir Rubinsztajn
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland, and General Electric Company, Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309
| | - Witold Fortuniak
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland, and General Electric Company, Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309
| | - Jan Kurjata
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland, and General Electric Company, Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309
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Abstract
Few routes to well-defined 3D silicone structures exist because of their susceptibility to depolymerization/metathesis in the presence of acids or bases. The Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 can be employed to condense hydrosilanes with alkoxysilanes, producing siloxanes and alkanes (R3SiH+R'OSiR' '3 --> R3SiOSiR' '3 + R'H). We demonstrate that balancing the steric demands at both the hydrosilane and alkoxysilanes, and the careful control of reaction conditions, permits clean condensation reactions to occur in the absence of competing metathesis processes. The resulting linear or highly branched siloxane compounds can be rapidly and easily assembled into explicit, complex 3D silicone structures in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1
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