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G S, Devadiga D, B M S, T N A. Synthetic Strategies for 3,6-Substituted Carbazole-based Polymers and Their Opto-Electronic Applications-A Review. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-023-03535-2. [PMID: 38252218 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of conducting polymers in devices makes them desirable due to their allowance for the fabrication of flexible, lightweight, and potentially inexpensive devices. This review explores the synthetic strategies and characterizations of 3,6-substituted carbazole-based polymers, emphasizing the influence of these modifications on their electronic structure and absorption properties. Polymers containing carbazole substituents are widely studied due to their unique optical and electronic properties, high electron-donating ability, and photoconductivity. The structural adaptability of the carbazole with the 3,6-substitution makes it as an outstanding candidate for their integration into polymers and also possesses improved stability and triplet energy. The role of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) was highlighted by donor-acceptor architectures with tailoring energy levels to extract their advantageous physicochemical characteristics and optimized performances. Collectively, this comprehensive review delves into the burgeoning field of 3,6-substituted carbazole-based polymers and their crucial role in advancing optoelectronic applications. By amalgamating materials design, synthetic strategies, and application-driven insights, the review serves as a valuable resource for researchers to understand the structure-property relationships and foster innovative solutions for next-generation opto-electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth G
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-Be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 562112
| | - Deepak Devadiga
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-Be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 562112
| | - Samrudhi B M
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-Be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 562112
| | - Ahipa T N
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-Be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 562112.
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Maeda B, Mori G, Sakakibara Y, Yagi A, Murakami K, Itami K. Photo‐Induced Arylation of Carbazoles With Aryldiazonium Salts. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bumpei Maeda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Genki Mori
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki Osaka 569-1125 Japan
| | - Yota Sakakibara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
- JST-PRESTO 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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Hendrich CM, Sekine K, Koshikawa T, Tanaka K, Hashmi ASK. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Gold Catalysis for Materials Science. Chem Rev 2020; 121:9113-9163. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph M. Hendrich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Kohei Sekine
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takumi Koshikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Sun L, Xu X, Song S, Zhang Y, Miao C, Liu X, Xing G, Zhang S. Medium‐Bandgap Conjugated Polymer Donors for Organic Photovoltaics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900074. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Sun
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiangfei Xu
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Shan Song
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yangqian Zhang
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Miao
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Macau Macao SAR 999078 China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Kong L, Du H, Zhao J, Xie Y. Three novel donor-acceptor type electrochromic polymers containing 2,3-bis(5-methylfuran-2-yl)thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine acceptor and different thiophene donors: Low-band-gap, neutral green-colored, fast-switching materials. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Upadhyay A, Karpagam S. Investigation of Photophysical Properties on Carbazole and Pyrazine Based Conjugated Polymer: Excellent Fluorescence Sensing Towards to Cadmium Ion. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x18050127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Deng J, Chen J, Tao Q, Yan D, Fu Y, Tan H. Improved photovoltaic performance of 2,7-pyrene based small molecules via the use of 3-carbazole as terminal unit. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Maiti S, Burgula L, Chakraborti G, Dash J. Palladium-Catalyzed Pyridine-Directed Regioselective Oxidative C-H Acylation of Carbazoles by Using Aldehydes as the Acyl Source. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Maiti
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Laxminarayana Burgula
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Gargi Chakraborti
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur 700032 Kolkata India
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Akbayrak M, Önal AM. Synthesis and electrochemical polymerization of diketopyrrolopyrrole based donor–acceptor–donor monomers containing 3,6- and 2,7-linked carbazoles. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01489e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three new donor–acceptor–donor type monomers bearing 2,7- or 3,6-linked carbazoles as the donor unit and diketopyrrolopyrrole as the acceptor unit were synthesized via a Suzuki cross coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Akbayrak
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Ahmet M. Önal
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara
- Turkey
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11
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Wu HC, Lai YC, Chiu YC, Lee WY, Chen WC. Syntheses of Biaxially Extended Octithiophene-Based Conjugated Copolymers for High-Open-Circuit-Voltage Photovoltaic-Cell Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical, Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cang Lai
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Chemical, Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ya Lee
- Department of Chemical, Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical, Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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Schwiderski RL, Rasmussen SC. Synthesis and characterization of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-based terthienyls: tunable precursors for low band gap conjugated materials. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5453-62. [PMID: 23692204 DOI: 10.1021/jo400577q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methods have been developed for the preparation of new 2,3-dihalo- and 2,3-ditriflato-5,7-bis(2-thienyl)thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines. From these reactive intermediates, a variety of new 2,3-difunctionalized 5,7-bis(2-thienyl)thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines have been produced as precursors to conjugated materials. Structural, electronic, and optical characterization of these new analogues illustrate the extent to which the electronic nature of the functional groups can be used to tune the electronic properties of these thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-based terthienyl units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Schwiderski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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Chu JH, Wu CC, Chang DH, Lee YM, Wu MJ. Direct Ortho Arylation of 9-(Pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazoles Bearing a Removable Directing Group via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C–H Bond Activation. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om301071m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chiu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ming Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
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Kularatne RS, Magurudeniya HD, Sista P, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Donor–acceptor semiconducting polymers for organic solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruvini S. Kularatne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | | | - Prakash Sista
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - Michael C. Biewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - Mihaela C. Stefan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
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Fu Y, Cha H, Song S, Lee GY, Eon Park C, Park T. Low-bandgap quinoxaline-based D-A-type copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Willot P, De Cremer L, Koeckelberghs G. The Use of Cyclopenta[2,1-b
;3,4-b
′]dithiophene Analogues for the Development of Low-Bandgap Materials. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Synthesis of new donor–acceptor–donor materials via Au-catalyzed double cascade cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Zhang L, Zhou J, Zhang L. Synthesis and Fluorescent Properties of Carbazole-Substituted Hydroxyethylcelluloses. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Chu JH, Lin PS, Lee YM, Shen WT, Wu MJ. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed One-Pot Syntheses of 9-(Pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazoles through a Tandem CH Activation/CX (X=C or N) Formation Process. Chemistry 2011; 17:13613-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li Y, Fang R, Ding S, Shen Y. Rewritable and Non-Volatile Memory Effects Based on Polyimides Containing Pendant Carbazole and Triphenylamine Groups. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Patra D, Sahu D, Padhy H, Kekuda D, Chu CW, Wei KH, Lin HC. Fine Tuning of HOMO Energy Levels for Low-Band-Gap Photovoltaic Copolymers Containing Cyclopentadithienopyrrole and Bithiazole Units. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fu Y, Kim J, Siva A, Shin WS, Moon SJ, Park T. Parameters influencing the molecular weight of 3,6-carbazole-based D-π-A-type copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rasmussen SC, Schwiderski RL, Mulholland ME. Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines and their applications to low band gap organic materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11394-410. [PMID: 21785759 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12754c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of fused-ring thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines in conjugated organic polymers has been found to be a powerful approach to the production of low band gap materials. While thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-based materials date back to the early 1990s, significant advances in the preparation and scope of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-based materials have been reported in recent years, primarily in response to the increasing demand for reduced band gap materials in photovoltaic devices. In this review, we provide an overview of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines and their application to conjugated materials, highlighting in particular the recent advances in the breadth of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine building blocks and the promise of tuning materials to achieve optimal properties for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth C Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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Synthesis and characterization of n-type conjugated copolymers bearing perylene diimide moieties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim J, Kwon YS, Shin WS, Moon SJ, Park T. Carbazole-Based Copolymers: Effects of Conjugation Breaks and Steric Hindrance. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102467w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseck Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Young Soo Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Won Suk Shin
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 100 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Moon
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 100 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Taiho Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Li YQ, Fang RC, Zheng AM, Chu YY, Tao X, Xu HH, Ding SJ, Shen YZ. Nonvolatile memory devices based on polyimides bearing noncoplanar twisted biphenyl units containing carbazole and triphenylamine side-chain groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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