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Huo L, Zhang Z, Shi X. Latest research and developing tendency of hyperbranched polymers fabrication. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Gigante A, Li M, Junghänel S, Hirschhäuser C, Knauer S, Schmuck C. Non-viral transfection vectors: are hybrid materials the way forward? MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1692-1718. [PMID: 32180915 PMCID: PMC7053704 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00275h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transfection is a process by which oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) are delivered into living cells. This allows the synthesis of target proteins as well as their inhibition (gene silencing). However, oligonucleotides cannot cross the plasma membrane by themselves; therefore, efficient carriers are needed for successful gene delivery. Recombinant viruses are among the earliest described vectors. Unfortunately, they have severe drawbacks such as toxicity and immunogenicity. In this regard, the development of non-viral transfection vectors has attracted increasing interests, and has become an important field of research. In the first part of this review we start with a tutorial introduction into the biological backgrounds of gene transfection followed by the classical non-viral vectors (cationic organic carriers and inorganic nanoparticles). In the second part we highlight selected recent reports, which demonstrate that hybrid vectors that combine key features of classical carriers are a remarkable strategy to address the current challenges in gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gigante
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - M Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - S Junghänel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany
| | - C Hirschhäuser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - S Knauer
- Faculty of Biology , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - C Schmuck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
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3
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Dai Y, Zhang X. MicroRNA Delivery with Bioreducible Polyethylenimine as a Non‐Viral Vector for Breast Cancer Gene Therapy. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1800445. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of EducationFaculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of EducationFaculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
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4
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Wang F, Huang Q, Wang Y, Shi L, Shen Y, Guo S. NIR-light and GSH activated cytosolic p65-shRNA delivery for precise treatment of metastatic cancer. J Control Release 2018; 288:126-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Xu G, Liu P, Pranantyo D, Xu L, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Antifouling and Antimicrobial Coatings from Zwitterionic and Cationic Binary Polymer Brushes Assembled via “Click” Reactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Dicky Pranantyo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Liqun Xu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Koon-Gee Neoh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
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Johnson RP, Uthaman S, Augustine R, Zhang Y, Jin H, Choi CI, Park IK, Kim I. Glutathione and endosomal pH-responsive hybrid vesicles fabricated by zwitterionic polymer block poly( l -aspartic acid) as a smart anticancer delivery platform. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Wang D, Jin Y, Zhu X, Yan D. Synthesis and applications of stimuli-responsive hyperbranched polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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8
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Yang HK, Bao JF, Mo L, Yang RM, Xu XD, Tang WJ, Lin JT, Wang GH, Zhang LM, Jiang XQ. Bioreducible amphiphilic block copolymers based on PCL and glycopolypeptide as multifunctional theranostic nanocarriers for drug delivery and MR imaging. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01440f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic diblock poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-glycopolypeptides (PCL–SS–GPPs) bearing disulfide bonds were synthesized from a clickable poly(ε-caprolactone)–SS–poly(2-azidoethyl-l-glutamate) diblock copolymer.
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Sun Y, Xian L, Yu J, Yang T, Zhang J, Yang Z, Jiang J, Cai C, Zhao X, Yang L, Ding P. Structure-Function Correlations of Poly(Amido Amine)s for Gene Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Lei Xian
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Jiankun Yu
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Husson University; Bangor ME 04401-2929 USA
| | - Jinmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Jingzheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; School of life Science and Biopharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
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Zhang Z, Wächter T, Kind M, Schuster S, Bats JW, Nefedov A, Zharnikov M, Terfort A. Self-Assembled Monolayers of Perfluoroanthracenylaminoalkane Thiolates on Gold as Potential Electron Injection Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:7308-7319. [PMID: 26926185 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a material with relatively small band gap and low lying valence orbitals, perfluoroanthracene (PFA) is of interest for the modification of electrode surfaces, for example, as charge injection layers for n-type organic semiconductors. To covalently attach PFA in the form of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), we developed a synthesis of derivatives with a sulfur termination, linked to the 2-position of the PFA moieties by an -NH- group and a short alkane chain with two and three methylene groups, respectively. Spectroscopic characterization of the SAMs reveals that the molecules adopt an almost upright orientation on the gold surface, with the packing density mostly determined by the steric demands of the PFA units. The number of the methylene groups in the -NH-alkyl linker has only a minor impact on the SAM structure because of the nonsymmetric attachment of the PFA units, which permits the compensation of the orientational constraints imposed by the bending potential. The investigated SAMs alter the work function of gold by +(0.59-0.64) eV, suggesting comparably strong depolarization effects, affecting the extent of the work function modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Wächter
- Applied Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Swen Schuster
- Applied Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Alexei Nefedov
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Yang HK, Qi M, Mo L, Yang RM, Xu XD, Bao JF, Tang WJ, Lin JT, Zhang LM, Jiang XQ. Reduction-sensitive amphiphilic dextran derivatives as theranostic nanocarriers for chemotherapy and MR imaging. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22373g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduction-sensitive, amphiphilic dextran derivatives were developed from disulfide-linked dextran-g-poly-(N-ε-carbobenzyloxy-l-lysine) graft polymer (Dex-g-SS-PZLL), and used as theranostic nanocarriers for chemotherapy and MR imaging.
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12
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Liu YS, Huang SJ, Huang XS, Wu YT, Chen HY, Lo YL, Wang LF. The synthesis and comparison of poly(methacrylic acid)–poly(ε-caprolactone) block copolymers with and without symmetrical disulfide linkages in the center for enhanced cellular uptake. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15307k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A self-assembled poly(methacrylic acid)–poly(ε-caprolactone) block copolymer with a disulfide linkage, PMAA-b-PCL-SS-PCL-b-PMAA, was synthesized for enhanced cellular uptake due to a reduction response to GSH and pH-sensitive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Medicinal & Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jer Huang
- Department of Medicinal & Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Shan Huang
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology
- National Sun Yat-Sen University
- Kaohsiung 804
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wu
- Department of Medicinal & Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ying Chen
- Department of Medicinal & Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Lo
- Department of Medicinal & Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- Department of Medicinal & Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
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13
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Efficient RNA delivery by integrin-targeted glutathione responsive polyethyleneimine capped gold nanorods. Acta Biomater 2015; 23:136-146. [PMID: 26026304 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) mediated gene silencing holds significant promises in gene therapy. A major obstacle to efficient RNAi is the systemic delivery of the therapeutic RNAs into the cytoplasmon without being trapped in intracellular endo-/lyso-somes. Herein we report the development of a PEGylated, RGD peptide modified, and disulfide cross-linked short polyethylenimines (DSPEIs) functionalized gold nanorod (RDG) for targeted small hairpin (sh)RNA delivery. The RDG effectively condensed shRNAs into stable nanoparticles, allowing for highly specific targeting of model human brain cancer cells (U-87 MG-GFP) via the αvβ3 integrins-mediated endocytosis. The combined effects of endosomal escape (via the proton-sponge effect of the PEIs) and efficient cleavage of the disulfide-cross-linked DSPEIs by the high intracellular glutathione content triggered rapid cytoplasma shRNAs release resulting in excellent RNAi efficiency and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the high stability and prolonged blood circulation afforded by PEGylation allowed for highly effective, targeted tumor accumulation and internalization of the carriers, resulting in outstanding intra-tumor gene silencing efficiency in U-87 MG-GFP tumor bearing BALB/c mice. Combining the capabilities of both passive and active targeting, intracellular glutathione-triggered "off-on" release and endosomal escape, the RDG nanocarrier developed herein appears to be a highly promising non-viral vector for efficient RNAi.
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14
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Zheng Y, Li S, Weng Z, Gao C. Hyperbranched polymers: advances from synthesis to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4091-130. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the advances in hyperbranched polymers from the viewpoint of structure, click synthesis and functionalization towards their applications in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochen Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Sipei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Zhulin Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
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15
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Efficient, dual-stimuli responsive cytosolic gene delivery using a RGD modified disulfide-linked polyethylenimine functionalized gold nanorod. J Control Release 2014; 196:37-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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New amphiphilic glycopolypeptide conjugate capable of self-assembly in water into reduction-sensitive micelles for triggered drug release. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 41:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Reduction biodegradable brushed PDMAEMA derivatives synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and click chemistry for gene delivery. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7758-66. [PMID: 23660547 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel reducible and degradable brushed poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as non-viral gene delivery vectors. First, alkyne-functionalized poly(aspartic acid) with a disulfide linker between the propargyl group and backbone poly([(propargyl carbamate)-cystamine]-α,β-aspartamide) (P(Asp-SS-AL)) was synthesized. Second, linear low molecular weight (LMW) monoazido-functionalized PDMAEMAs synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization were conjugated to the polypeptide side-chains of P(Asp-SS-AL) via click chemistry to yield high molecular weight (HMW) polyaspartamide-based disulfide-containing brushed PDMAEMAs (PAPDEs). The PAPDEs were able to condense plasmid DNA to form 100 to 200nm polyplexes with positive ζ-potentials. Moreover, in the presence of dithiothreitol the PAPDEs degraded into LMW PDAMEMA, resulting in disintegration of the PAPDE/DNA polyplexes and subsequent release of plasmid DNA. In vitro experiments revealed that the PAPDEs were less cytotoxic and more effective in gene transfection than control 25kDa poly(ethyleneimine) and HMW linear PDMAEMA. In conclusion, reducible and degradable polycations composed of LMW PDMAEMAs coupled to a polypeptide backbone via reduction-sensitive disulfide bonds are effective gene vectors with an excellent cytocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Deshayes
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Los Angeles California 90095
| | - Andrea M. Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Los Angeles California 90095
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Yang WJ, Cai T, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Teo SLM, Rittschof D. Barnacle Cement as Surface Anchor for “Clicking” of Antifouling and Antimicrobial Polymer Brushes on Stainless Steel. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2041-51. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing Yang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science
and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576
| | - Tao Cai
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science
and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576
| | - Koon-Gee Neoh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119260
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119260
| | - Serena Lay-Ming Teo
- Tropical
Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Kent
Ridge, Singapore, 119223
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Marine Laboratory, Nicholas
School of the
Environment, Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516-9721,
United States
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Xu F, Zhong J, Qian X, Li Y, Lin X, Wu Q. Multifunctional poly(amine-ester)-type hyperbranched polymers: lipase-catalyzed green synthesis, characterization, biocompatibility, drug loading and anticancer activity. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00156c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Tripathi SK, Gupta S, Gupta KC, Kumar P. Efficient DNA and siRNA delivery with biodegradable cationic hyaluronic acid conjugates. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42013b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Zhang B, Ma X, Murdoch W, Radosz M, Shen Y. Bioreducible poly(amido amine)s with different branching degrees as gene delivery vectors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:990-8. [PMID: 23097245 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on the knowledge that cationic polymers with different topographical structures behave differently in gene transfection process, herein, we synthesized three biodegradable poly(amido amine)s (PAAs) with the same repeating units and molecular weights except for degree of branching: linear PAA (LPAA), low-branched PAA (LBPAA), and high-branched PAA (HBPAA). We found that LBPAA could more effectively compact pDNA into positively charged nanoparticles than both HBPAA and LPAA. LBPAA polyplexes had the highest transfection efficiency among the three PAA polyplexes, and the difference in transfection efficiency is mainly attributed to the endocytosis rate. The cytotoxicity of PAAs was negligible at the transfection doses, probably due to the degradable disulfide bonds. Therefore, we could use branching as a parameter to simply tune a polymer's cellular uptake behavior and transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and the State Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Son S, Namgung R, Kim J, Singha K, Kim WJ. Bioreducible polymers for gene silencing and delivery. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1100-12. [PMID: 22129162 DOI: 10.1021/ar200248u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric gene delivery vectors show great potential for the construction of the ideal gene delivery system. These systems harness their ability to incorporate versatile functional traits to overcome most impediments encountered in gene delivery: from the initial complexation to their target-specific release of the therapeutic nucleic acids at the cytosol. Among the numerous multifunctional polymers that have been designed and evaluated as gene delivery vectors, polymers with redox-sensitive (or bioreducible) functional domains have gained great attention in terms of their structural and functional traits. The redox environment plays a pivotal role in sustaining cellular homeostasis and natural redox potential gradients exist between extra- and intracellular space and between the exterior and interior of subcellular organelles. In some cases, researchers have designed the polymeric delivery vectors to exploit these gradients. For example, researchers have taken advantage of the high redox potential gradient between oxidizing extracellular space and the reducing environment of cytosolic compartments by integrating disulfide bonds into the polymer structure. Such polymers retain their cargo in the extracellular space but selectively release the therapeutic nucleic acids in the reducing space within the cytosol. Furthermore, bioreducible polymers form stable complex with nucleic acids, and researchers can fabricate these structures to impart several important features such as site-, timing-, and duration period-specific gene expression. Additionally, the introduction of disulfide bonds within these polymers promotes their biodegradability and limits their cytotoxicity. Many approaches have demonstrated the versatility of bioreducible gene delivery, but the underlying biological rationale of these systems remains poorly understood. The process of disulfide reduction depends on multiple variables in the cellular redox environment. Therefore, the quest to unravel various issues such as the site and time of disulfide bond reduction during the cellular uptake and trafficking have stimulated a number of interesting studies which have employed disulfide compounds with a variety of reducible linkers. Such studies help researchers understand not only how modifications made to disulfides can alter their thiol-disulfide exchange characteristics but also to decipher the effect of the induced changes on the dynamics of the redox environment. This Account discusses current research trends and recent progress in the disulfide chemistry enabling novel and versatile designs of reducible polymeric gene delivery systems. We present strategies for the introduction of disulfide bonds into polymers. These representative examples and their respective outcomes elaborate the benefit and efficiency of disulfides at the individual stages of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Ran Namgung
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kaushik Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Zhang G, Liu J, Yang Q, Zhuo R, Jiang X. Disulfide-containing brushed polyethylenimine derivative synthesized by click chemistry for nonviral gene delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1290-9. [PMID: 22616912 DOI: 10.1021/bc300133r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyaspartamide-based disulfide-containing brushed polyethylenimine derivatives P(Asp-Az)X-SS-PEIs were synthesized via click chemistry and evaluated as nonviral gene delivery carrier. First, azide-functional poly(aspartic acid) derivatives with various azide-group densities and monoalkyne-terminated PEI with disulfide linkages were synthesized. Then, click reaction between the azide-functional poly(aspartic acid) derivative as main chain and the monoalkyne-terminated PEI as branched chain resulted in high-molecular-weight disulfide-containing brushed PEI derivative. The structure of obtained polymers was confirmed by (1)H NMR and FTIR. It was shown that the disulfide-containing P(Asp-Az)X-SS-PEIs were able to bind plasmid DNA and condense DNA into small positive nanoparticles. The reduction-sensitivity of the P(Asp-Az)X-SS-PEI/DNA polyplexes was confirmed by gel retardation assay and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in the presence of DTT. In vitro experiments revealed that the reducible P(Asp-Az)X-SS-PEI not only had much lower cytotoxicity, but also posed high transfection activity (both in the presence and absence of serum) as compared to the control nondegradable 25 kDa PEI. This study indicates that a reducibly degradable brushed polymer P(Asp-Az)X-SS-PEI composed of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PEI via a disulfide-containing linkage can be a promising gene delivery carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
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Zhao N, Roesler S, Kissel T. Synthesis of a new potential biodegradable disulfide containing poly(ethylene imine)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer cross-linked with click cluster for gene delivery. Int J Pharm 2011; 411:197-205. [PMID: 21439364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted-polyethylenimine (PEG-PEI) are promising non-viral gene delivery systems. Herein, we aimed to synthesize a biodegradable disulfide containing PEGylated PEI to attempt to reduce its cytotoxicity and enhance the gene transfer activity. Using click chemistry, low Mw PEI (br. 2 kDa) and short chain length PEG (tetraethylene glycol, TEG) were cross-linked to a high Mw PEG-PEI copolymer (∼ 22 kDa). The chemical structure of the copolymer was characterized using (1)H NMR and GPC. The degradation behavior was investigated under in vitro conditions in the presence of 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT). The gel retardation assay, dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy showed good DNA condensation ability by forming polyplexes with small particle size and positive zeta potential. In particular, MTT assay indicated that this PEG-PEI polymer is about 22-fold less toxic than PEI 25k and only 2-fold more toxic than PEI 2k in L929 cell line. After coupling of small PEG chains and cross-linking by disulfide bridges, the transfection efficiency is increased approximately 6-fold in comparison to PEI 2k and still reaches approximately 17% of PEI 25k. Hence, this click cluster cross-linked disulfide containing PEG-PEI copolymer could be an attractive cationic polymer for non-viral gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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