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Zdovc B, Li H, Zhao J, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Influence of Microstructure on the Elution Behavior of Gradient Copolymers in Different Modes of Liquid Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7844-7852. [PMID: 35604324 PMCID: PMC9178556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the influence of microstructure on the chromatographic behavior of gradient copolymers with different gradient strengths and block copolymer with completely segregated blocks by using gradient liquid adsorption chromatography (gLAC) and liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCC) for one of the copolymer constituents. The copolymers consist of repeating units of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(propylene phthalate) and have comparable average chemical composition and molar mass, and a narrow molar mass distribution to avoid as much as possible the influence of these parameters on the elution behavior of the copolymers. On both reversed stationary phases, the elution volume of gradient copolymers increases with the increasing strength of the gradient. The results indicate that for both modes of liquid interaction chromatography, it is important to consider the effect of microstructure on the elution behavior of the gradient copolymers in addition to the copolymer chemical composition and molar mass in the case of gLAC and the length of the chromatographically visible copolymer constituent in the case of LCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Zdovc
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Heng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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Xue Y, Li X, Zhang S, Guo R. Direct Determination of Interchain Transfer Constants for Radical Polymerization of Benzyl Acrylate by RAFT Polymerization and Polymer Chromatography. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Khatoon R, Rahim S, Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Characterization of Polystyrene-block-Poly(2-vinyl pyridine) Copolymers and Blends of Their Homopolymers by Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Khatoon
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sana Rahim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Malik MI. Critical parameters of liquid chromatography at critical conditions in context of poloxamers: Pore diameter, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460440. [PMID: 31416625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At the borderline between size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and interaction chromatography (IC) there is a special mobile phase composition and temperature at which polymer chains become "chromatographically invisible". This point is termed as "chromatographic critical point" and chromatographic separations performed using these conditions are called "liquid chromatography at critical conditions" (LCCC). LCCC is a powerful technique in the analysis of functional polymers and block copolymers. At these so-called critical conditions molar mass discrimination of any specific homopolymer is suppressed rendering elution of whole range of molar mass at same elution volume. These conditions allow enhanced separation with regard to non-critical segment either in exclusion or interaction regime of the polymer chromatography. This article is intended to critically discuss different parameters that can be maneuvered to improve separation and in turn characterization of non-critical segment of block copolymers at LCCC. Different experimental parameters evaluated in this study include pore size of the column, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. These parameters can be adeptly adjusted to improve separation of non-critical segment while keeping the other segment close to critical conditions. Current study demonstrates that pore diameter and mobile phase are the only practical variable that can be used for improvement of characterization of non-critical block in the block copolymer while non-critical block is in exclusion regime. On the other hand, pore diameter of the column, temperature, solvent composition and gradients are important parameters that can be skillfully tuned for improvement of separation of non-critical block while non-critical block elutes in interaction regime. The above-mentioned variations are evaluated for di-block as well as tri-block copolymers of A-B-A and B-A-B type. Moreover, LCCC-IC is especially important for analysis of poloxamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Irfan M, Bhayo AM, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Chromatographic characterization of amphiphilic di- and tri-block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone). J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3352-3359. [PMID: 30010243 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic di- and tri-block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) as a hydrophilic segment and poly(ε-caprolactone) as a hydrophobic part are synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone while using poly(ethylene glycol)s and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s of varying molar masses as macro-initiators. The synthesized block copolymers are characterized with respect to their total relative molar mass and its distribution by size exclusion chromatography. Liquid chromatography at critical conditions of both blocks is established for the analysis of individual block lengths and tracking presence of unwanted homopolymers of both types in the block copolymer samples. New critical conditions of polycaprolactone on reversed phase column are reported using organic mobile phase. The established critical conditions of polycaprolactone extended the applicable molar mass range significantly compared to already reported critical conditions of polycaprolactone in aqueous mobile phase. Block copolymers are also analyzed at critical conditions of poly(ethylene glycol). Complete analysis of the di- and tri-block copolymers at corresponding critical conditions provided a fair estimate of molar mass of non-critical block besides information regarding presence of homopolymers of both types in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Murad Bhayo
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Bhayo AM, Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Synthesis and characterization of 4-arm star-shaped amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone). RSC Adv 2018; 8:28569-28580. [PMID: 35542455 PMCID: PMC9084348 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05000g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Star-shaped polymers exhibit lower hydrodynamic volume, glass transition temperature, critical micelles concentration (CMC), and higher viscosity and drug-loading capacity compared to their linear counterparts. In the present study, amphiphilic biodegradable 4-arm star-shaped block copolymers, based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a hydrophilic part and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as a hydrophobic segment, are synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone employing pentaerythritol as an initiator and stannous octoate as a catalyst, followed by the coupling reaction with carboxyl-functionalized monomethoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (MeO-PEO-COOH). The structures of intermediates were deduced through 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Average chemical composition of the star block copolymer is determined by proton NMR. Information related to molar mass distribution of targeted products and their precursors is obtained by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). However, due to its inherent poor resolution SEC could not reveal whether all the parent homopolymers are coupled to each other or remained unattached to the other segment. In order to comprehensively characterize the synthesized star-block copolymers, liquid chromatography at critical conditions of both blocks is employed. The study allowed for separation of homopolymer precursors from targeted star-block copolymers. The study exposed heterogeneity of star block copolymers that was not possible by conventional techniques. LCCC on RP columns proves to be efficient for separation of precursors from targeted star block copolymers in a single run.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Murad Bhayo
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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Bhati S, Macko T, Brüll R. Estimation of critical conditions of polymers based on monitoring the polymer recovery. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:91-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Berek D. Critical assessment of “critical” liquid chromatography of block copolymers. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:93-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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Bhati SS, Macko T, Brüll R, Mekap D. Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions of Poly(propylene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampat Singh Bhati
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
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Characterization of poly(2-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers and blends of their homopolymers by liquid chromatography at critical conditions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6311-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Application of the evaporative light scattering detector to analytical problems in polymer science. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Weidner SM, Falkenhagen J, Bressler I. Copolymer Composition Determined by LC-MALDI-TOF MS Coupling and “MassChrom2D” Data Analysis. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Sinha P, Hiller W, Bellas V, Pasch H. Analysis of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene copolymers by coupling of liquid chromatography at critical conditions to NMR at critical conditions of polystyrene and polyisoprene. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1731-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Sinha
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Matieland; South Africa
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry; Technical University of Dortmund; Dortmund; Germany
| | | | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Matieland; South Africa
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Malik MI, Harding GW, Grabowsky ME, Pasch H. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of polystyrene–polyethylene oxide block copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1244:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Sinha P, Grabowsky M, Malik MI, Harding GW, Pasch H. Characterization of Polystyrene-block-Polyethylene Oxide Diblock Copolymers and Blends of Homopolymers by Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions (LCCC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201250318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Malik MI, Harding GW, Pasch H. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of PDMS–PS block copolymers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:601-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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