1
|
Yasa M, Toppare L. Thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione‐based conjugated polymers for non‐fullerene organic solar cells. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yasa
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- The Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GUNAM) Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao C, Yang F, Xia D, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Yan N, You S, Li W. Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-based conjugated polymers for organic solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10394-10408. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04150e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) based conjugated polymers as an electron donor, acceptor and single-component for application in organic solar cells in the past ten years have been intensively reviewed in this Feature Article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences
- Nanchang 330096
- P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences
- Nanchang 330096
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences
- Nanchang 330096
- P. R. China
| | - Nanfu Yan
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences
- Nanchang 330096
- P. R. China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences
- Nanchang 330096
- P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences
- Nanchang 330096
- P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Ekiz S, Gobalasingham NS, Thompson BC. Exploring the influence of acceptor content on semi-random conjugated polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Ekiz
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
| | - Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
|
7
|
Noh S, Gobalasingham NS, Thompson BC. Facile Enhancement of Open-Circuit Voltage in P3HT Analogues via Incorporation of Hexyl Thiophene-3-carboxylate. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Howard JB, Ekiz S, Cuellar De Lucio AJ, Thompson BC. Investigation of Random Copolymer Analogues of a Semi-Random Conjugated Polymer Incorporating Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Howard
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Seyma Ekiz
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alejandro J. Cuellar De Lucio
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kang TE, Choi J, Cho HH, Yoon SC, Kim BJ. Donor–Acceptor Random versus Alternating Copolymers for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells: Importance of Optimal Composition in Random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Eui Kang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Joonhyeong Choi
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Han-Hee Cho
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sung Cheol Yoon
- Advanced
Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khlyabich PP, Rudenko AE, Burkhart B, Thompson BC. Contrasting performance of donor-acceptor copolymer pairs in ternary blend solar cells and two-acceptor copolymers in binary blend solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2322-2330. [PMID: 25590225 DOI: 10.1021/am5066267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here two contrasting approaches to polymer-fullerene solar cells are compared. In the first approach, two distinct semi-random donor-acceptor copolymers are blended with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) to form ternary blend solar cells. The two poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based polymers contain either the acceptor thienopyrroledione (TPD) or diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP). In the second approach, semi-random donor-acceptor copolymers containing both TPD and DPP acceptors in the same polymer backbone, termed two-acceptor polymers, are blended with PC61BM to give binary blend solar cells. The two approaches result in bulk heterojunction solar cells that have the same molecular active-layer components but differ in the manner in which these molecular components are mixed, either by physical mixing (ternary blend) or chemical "mixing" in the two-acceptor (binary blend) case. Optical properties and photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies of the binary and ternary blends were found to have similar features and were described as a linear combination of the individual components. At the same time, significant differences were observed in the open-circuit voltage (Voc) behaviors of binary and ternary blend solar cells. While in case of two-acceptor polymers, the Voc was found to be in the range of 0.495-0.552 V, ternary blend solar cells showed behavior inherent to organic alloy formation, displaying an intermediate, composition-dependent and tunable Voc in the range from 0.582 to 0.684 V, significantly exceeding the values achieved in the two-acceptor containing binary blend solar cells. Despite the differences between the physical and chemical mixing approaches, both pathways provided solar cells with similar power conversion efficiencies, highlighting the advantages of both pathways toward highly efficient organic solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr P Khlyabich
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dai S, Cheng P, Lin Y, Wang Y, Ma L, Ling Q, Zhan X. Perylene and naphthalene diimide polymers for all-polymer solar cells: a comparative study of chemical copolymerization and physical blend. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00665a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five copolymers, having 4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]-dithiophene as a donor unit, and perylene diimide (PDI) and/or naphthalene diimide (NDI) as acceptor moieties, were synthesized, and used as electron acceptors in polymer solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuixing Dai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
| | - Pei Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yuze Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Lanchao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Qidan Ling
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi Z, Hoi Ka IW, Wang X, Vijila C, Wang F, Li G, Tjiu WW, Li J, Xu J. Low band-gap weak donor–strong acceptor conjugated polymer for organic solar cell. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19715e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With an additional weak acceptor, the low band-gap donor–acceptor conjugated polymer displayed a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 5.36%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zugui Shi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A* STAR)
- Singapore 117602
| | - Ivy Wong Hoi Ka
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A* STAR)
- Singapore 117602
| | - Xizu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A* STAR)
- Singapore 117602
| | - Chellappan Vijila
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A* STAR)
- Singapore 117602
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A* STAR)
- Singapore 117602
| | - Gongqiang Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A* STAR)
- Singapore 117602
| | - Weng Weei Tjiu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A* STAR)
- Singapore 117602
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A* STAR)
- Singapore 117602
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A* STAR)
- Singapore 117602
- Department of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hardeman T, Koeckelberghs G. Steering Poly(thiophene) Properties by Incorporation of Phenyl Groups. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Hardeman
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Division of Polymer Chemistry & Materials, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven), Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Division of Polymer Chemistry & Materials, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven), Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kozycz LM, Gao D, Tilley AJ, Seferos DS. One donor-two acceptor (D-A1)-(D-A2) random terpolymers containing perylene diimide, naphthalene diimide, and carbazole units. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Kozycz
- Department of Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Dong Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Andrew J. Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Science; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3ES Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu B, Noh S, Thompson BC. Fine Tuning of Polymer Properties by Incorporating Strongly Electron-Donating 3-Hexyloxythiophene Units into Random and Semi-random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5012107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Braunecker WA, Oosterhout SD, Owczarczyk ZR, Kopidakis N, Ratcliff EL, Ginley DS, Olson DC. Semi-random vs Well-Defined Alternating Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:622-627. [PMID: 35590757 DOI: 10.1021/mz5002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of backbone composition on the physical properties of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers composed of varying amounts of benzodithiophene (BDT) donor with the thienoisoindoledione (TID) acceptor is investigated. First, the synthesis of bis- and tris-BDT monomers is reported; these monomers are subsequently used in Stille copolymerizations to create well-defined alternating polymer structures with repeating (D-A), (D-D-A), and (D-D-D-A) units. For comparison, five semi-random D-A copolymers with a D:A ratio of 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 7 were synthesized by reacting trimethyltin-functionalized BDT with various ratios of iodinated BDT and brominated TID. While the HOMO levels of all the resultant polymers are very similar, a systematic red shift in the absorbance spectra onset of the D-A copolymer films from 687 to 883 nm is observed with increasing acceptor content, suggesting the LUMO can be fine-tuned over a range of 0.4 eV. When the solid-state absorbance spectra of well-defined alternating copolymers are compared to those of semi-random copolymers with analogous D:A ratios, the spectra of the alternating copolymers are significantly more red-shifted. Organic photovoltaic device efficiencies show that the semi-random materials all outperform the well-defined alternating copolymers, and an optimal D:A ratio of 2 produces the highest efficiency. Additional considerations concerning fine-tuning the lifetimes of the photoconductance transients of copolymer:fullerene films measured by time-resolved microwave conductivity are discussed. Overall, the results of this work indicate that the semi-random approach is a powerful synthetic strategy for fine-tuning the optoelectronic and photophysical properties of D-A materials for a number of systematic studies, especially given the ease with which the D:A ratios in the semi-random copolymers can be tuned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wade A. Braunecker
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Stefan D. Oosterhout
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zbyslaw R. Owczarczyk
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Nikos Kopidakis
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Erin L. Ratcliff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - David S. Ginley
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dana C. Olson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neubig A, Thelakkat M. Random vs. alternating donor-acceptor copolymers: A comparative study of absorption and field effect mobility. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Rudenko AE, Latif AA, Thompson BC. Influence of β-linkages on the morphology and performance of DArP P3HT-PC61BM solar cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:014005. [PMID: 24334441 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/1/014005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) has emerged as a greener and more atom-efficient alternative to Stille polymerization. Despite the attractiveness of this method, DArP is known to produce β-linkages in polymers, which have β-protons available for activation. Here, we report the influence of the β-defect content in DArP poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on the performance of bulk-heterojunction solar cells and the morphology of pristine polymers and their blends with PC61BM in thin films and compare with Stille P3HT containing 0% β-defects as a reference point. The optical and electrochemical properties as well as the hole mobilities of pristine polymers remain virtually the same when the amount of β-defects is limited to 0.75% or lower, as evidenced by UV-visible absorption spectra, cyclic voltammetry and space-charge-limited current (SCLC) mobility measurements. However, an increase of β-defect concentration to 1.41% significantly affects the oxidation onset, UV-visible absorption profile and hole mobility of P3HT. The key result of this study is that the photovoltaic performance of DArP P3HT with 0% β-defects is remarkably close to that of Stille P3HT, whereas the performance of DArP P3HT with 0-0.75% β-defects does not differ dramatically from that of Stille P3HT and could potentially be improved upon by individual optimization of the processing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1661, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khlyabich PP, Burkhart B, Rudenko AE, Thompson BC. Optimization and simplification of polymer–fullerene solar cells through polymer and active layer design. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
Kang TE, Cho HH, Kim HJ, Lee W, Kang H, Kim BJ. Importance of Optimal Composition in Random Terpolymer-Based Polymer Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401274r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Eui Kang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon
305-701, Korea
| | - Han-Hee Cho
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon
305-701, Korea
| | - Hyeong jun Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon
305-701, Korea
| | - Wonho Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon
305-701, Korea
| | - Hyunbum Kang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon
305-701, Korea
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon
305-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|