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Hardy D, Isbel SR, Bugarin A, Wagle DV. Quantum Chemical Insight into 1,2-Shift Rearrangement in Bromination of Allylaryls. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42311-42318. [PMID: 38024757 PMCID: PMC10652718 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have provided mechanistic insight into the addition of bromine to an allylic double bond of allylaryl derivatives using experimental and DFT-based electronic structure methods. The experimental yields indicate the influence of the functional group on the aryl ring on the ratio of 1,2-dibromo and 1,3-dibromo adducts formed in the reaction. The optimized geometry and the electron density maps of the allylaryls and their cationic intermediates from DFT simulations revealed that electron-rich aryl rings promoted formation of cationic spiro[2.5] intermediate II, whereas electron-poor aryl rings resulted in formation of bromonium intermediate I. It was observed that electron-rich allylaryls promoted the 1,2-shift of the aryl ring that resulted in bond formation between the carbon atom (C1) on the aryl ring and the central carbon atom (C3) in the allylic double bond and formed spiro[2.5] intermediate II, a trend which was confirmed by harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity index. Also, Wiberg bond order analysis is in good agreement with the experimental work. Thermochemical analysis indicates that smaller C1···C3 distance resulted in favorable values for the difference in free energy change (ΔΔG). The favorable ΔΔG values are a result of higher electron density on the aryl ring, making it more nucleophilic toward C3 carbon and promoting 1,2-shift that led to formation of the spiro[2.5] intermediate. Thus, the underlying mechanism indicates that the electron-rich allylaryls promote the formation of 1,3-dibromo compounds through formation and stabilization of the spiro[2.5] intermediate II.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hardy
- Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd S, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Stephen R. Isbel
- Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd S, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Alejandro Bugarin
- Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd S, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Durgesh V. Wagle
- Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd S, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
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2
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Kumar D, Sahu B, Arif Mohammad S, Banerjee S. Phosphorus-containing smart, multifunctional polymers towards materials with dual stimuli responsivity, self-aggregation ability and tunable wettability. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Watanabe H, Kanazawa A, Okumoto S, Aoshima S. Role of the Counteranion in the Stereospecific Living Cationic Polymerization of N-Vinylcarbazole and Vinyl Ethers: Mechanistic Investigation and Synthesis of Stereo-Designed Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Watanabe
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kanazawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | | | - Sadahito Aoshima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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4
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Kumar D, Mohammad SA, Kumar A, Mane SR, Banerjee S. Amino acid-derived ABCBA-type antifouling biohybrid with multi-stimuli responsivity and contaminant removal capability. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multi-stimuli (pH/thermo/redox)-responsive amphiphilic poly(cysteine methacrylamide)-block-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block-polybutadiene-block-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(cysteine methacrylamide) (PCysMAM-b-PDMAEMA-b-PB-b-PDMAEMA-b-PCysMAM) pentablock copolymer biohybrids, based on hydrophobic PB, ampholytic redox responsive PCysMAM and dual (pH and temperature) stimuli responsive PDMAEMA segments,...
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Shingdilwar S, Kumar D, Sahu B, Banerjee S. Straightforward synthesis of multifunctional porous polymer nanomaterials for CO 2 capture and removal of contaminants. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of multifunctional mesoporous polymer nanomaterials suitable for the removal of contaminants and CO2 capture is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikant Shingdilwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Bhanendra Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanjib Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
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6
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Jozaghkar MR, Ziaee F, Azar AS. Investigation of poly(α-methyl styrene) tacticity synthesized by photo-polymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Ojo O, Bugarin A. One-Pot Synthesis of α-Alkyl Styrene Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20619-20628. [PMID: 34396007 PMCID: PMC8359136 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant need to develop more rapid and efficient routes to styrene derivatives, since they are extensively used in polymer sciences. This manuscript reports a one-pot synthesis of an array of α-alkyl styrene derivatives from readily available natural products (i.e., estragole and safrole). This method is regioselective, producing a rearranged adduct, under transition metal-free conditions. This methodology has broad nucleophile scope, even tolerating sterically hindered nucleophiles; it is general for carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunji
S. Ojo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Alejandro Bugarin
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast
University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
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Dutra GVS, Silvério Neto W, Araújo PHHD, Sayer C, Silveira Neto BAD, Machado F. Cationic polymerization of styrene using iron-containing ionic liquid catalysts in an aqueous dispersed medium. POLIMEROS 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.04620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Teator AJ, Varner TP, Knutson PC, Sorensen CC, Leibfarth FA. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: The Past, Present, and Future of Stereocontrolled Vinyl Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1638-1654. [PMID: 35617075 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The thermomechanical properties exhibited by synthetic macromolecules can be directly linked to their tacticity, or the relative stereochemistry of repeat units. The development of stereoselective coordination-insertion polymerization, for example, led to the discovery of isotactic polypropylene, now one of the most widely produced commodity plastics in the world. Widespread interest in controlling polymer tacticity has led to a variety of stereoselective polymerization methodologies; however, this area of polymer science has lagged behind when compared to the ability to control molecular weight, dispersity, and composition. Despite decades of advancements, many stereoregular vinyl polymers remain unknown, particularly those comprised of polar functionality or derived from renewable resources. This Viewpoint provides an overview of recent developments in stereocontrolled polymerization, with an emphasis on propagation mechanism, and highlights successes, limitations, and future challenges for continued innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Teator
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Travis P. Varner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Phil C. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cole C. Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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10
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Destephen A, Lezama L, Ballard N. Lewis acid-surfactant complex catalyzed polymerization in aqueous dispersed media: cationic or radical polymerization? Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00363h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is presented that shows Lewis acid-surfactant complex catalyzed polymerization proceeds via a radical, not a cationic, mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Destephen
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Luis Lezama
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU
- Bilbao
- Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
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Worch JC, Prydderch H, Jimaja S, Bexis P, Becker ML, Dove AP. Stereochemical enhancement of polymer properties. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Yang HJ, Yoon SW, Park HS, Lee KH, Hur NH. Highly efficient ring‐opening polymerization of tetrahydrofuran by anhydrous ferric chloride. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Yang
- Department of ChemistrySogang University Seoul 04107 South Korea
| | - Seok Won Yoon
- Department of ChemistrySogang University Seoul 04107 South Korea
| | - Hee Sun Park
- Department of ChemistrySogang University Seoul 04107 South Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Lee
- Department of ChemistrySogang University Seoul 04107 South Korea
| | - Nam Hwi Hur
- Department of ChemistrySogang University Seoul 04107 South Korea
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Watanabe H, Kanazawa A, Aoshima S. Stereospecific Living Cationic Polymerization of N-Vinylcarbazole through the Design of ZnCl 2-Derived Counteranions. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:463-467. [PMID: 35610845 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly stereospecific living polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) successfully proceeded via a cationic mechanism as a result of the elaborate design of counteranions using an initiating system consisting of CF3SO3H, nBu4NX (X = Cl, Br, I), and a Lewis acid catalyst. The use of ZnCl2 and an appropriate amount of nBu4NCl quantitatively generated highly isotactic polymers (mm = 94%) with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.3) and molecular weights proportional to monomer conversion. In this system, a ZnCl42- species, which was formed as a counteranion of the propagating carbocation, most likely contributed to the stereoregulation of the polymers because the mm value drastically varied depending on the polymerization conditions, such as the Lewis acid catalyst and amount of added salt. Isotactic poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) showed different properties than atactic PVK based on fluorescence and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Watanabe
- Department of Macromolecular
Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kanazawa
- Department of Macromolecular
Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Sadahito Aoshima
- Department of Macromolecular
Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Kigoshi S, Kanazawa A, Kanaoka S, Aoshima S. In situ and readily prepared metal catalysts and initiators for living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether: dual-purpose salphen as a ligand framework for ZrCl4and an initiating proton source. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A well-defined catalyst, generated quantitativelyin situsimply by mixing ZrCl4and a salphen ligand was shown to induce the living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensho Kigoshi
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Arihiro Kanazawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Shokyoku Kanaoka
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Sadahito Aoshima
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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15
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Graft copolymers via combination of cationic polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization and their phase separation into spherical/worm-like nanostructures. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Banerjee S, Maji T, Paira TK, Mandal TK. Diblock Copolymers with Miscible Blocks via One-Pot Sequential Cationic Polymerization and Their Block-Length-Dependent Vesicular Aggregation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Banerjee
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700 032 India
| | - Tanmoy Maji
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700 032 India
| | - Tapas K. Paira
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700 032 India
| | - Tarun K. Mandal
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700 032 India
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