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Furuya T, Koga T. Comparison of gels synthesized by controlled radical copolymerization and free radical copolymerization: molecular dynamics simulation. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1164-1172. [PMID: 38165233 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01431b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The structures of gels synthesized by controlled radical copolymerization (CRP) and conventional free radical copolymerization (FRP) were studied by a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. It was confirmed that the CRP gel has a larger number of elastically effective chains and fewer cyclic structures and entanglements than the FRP gel, i.e., the network structure of the CRP gel is more uniform than that of the FRP gel. However, the difference in the shear modulus between the two gels was small due to the opposing changes in the number of elastically effective chains and that of entanglements. The relatively uniform structure of the CRP gel is attributed to the suppression of intramolecular cross-linking by the fast initiation and slow propagation, and the development of cross-linked structures in the post-gel region due to the limited termination. The effects of these CRP characteristics were studied in detail. From the results, it was found that all of these characteristics of CRP cooperatively act to improve the homogeneity of the structure of the CRP gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Furuya
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Koga
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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2
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Xiu Y, Bobrin VA, Corrigan N, Zhang J, Boyer C. Effect of Macromolecular Structure on Phase Separation Regime in 3D Printed Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300236. [PMID: 37289980 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the fabrication of 3D-printed polymer materials with controlled phase separation using polymerization induced microphase separation (PIMS) via photoinduced 3D printing is demonstrated. While many parameters affecting the nanostructuration in PIMS processes are extensively investigated, the influence of the chain transfer agent (CTA) end group, i.e., Z-group, of macromolecular chain transfer agent (macroCTA) remains unclear as previous research has exclusively employed trithiocarbonate as the CTA end group. Herein, the effect of macroCTAs containing four different Z-groups on the formation of nanostructure of 3D printed materials is explored. The results show that the different Z-groups lead to distinct network formation and phase separation behaviors between the resins, influencing both the 3D printing process and the resulting material properties. Specifically, less reactive macroCTAs toward acrylic radical addition, such as O-alkyl xanthate and N-alkyl-N-aryl dithiocarbamate, result in translucent and brittle materials with macrophase separation morphology. In contrast, more reactive macroCTAs such as S-alkyl trithiocarbonate and 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylpyrazo dithiocarbamate produce transparent and rigid materials with nano-scale morphology. Findings of this study provide a novel approach to manipulate the nanostructure and properties of 3D printed PIMS materials, which can have important implications for materials science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiu
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Valentin A Bobrin
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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3
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Wang S, Hu Y, Kouznetsova TB, Sapir L, Chen D, Herzog-Arbeitman A, Johnson JA, Rubinstein M, Craig SL. Facile mechanochemical cycloreversion of polymer cross-linkers enhances tear resistance. Science 2023; 380:1248-1252. [PMID: 37347867 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of covalent polymer networks often arise from the permanent end-linking or cross-linking of polymer strands, and molecular linkers that break more easily would likely produce materials that require less energy to tear. We report that cyclobutane-based mechanophore cross-linkers that break through force-triggered cycloreversion lead to networks that are up to nine times as tough as conventional analogs. The response is attributed to a combination of long, strong primary polymer strands and cross-linker scission forces that are approximately fivefold smaller than control cross-linkers at the same timescales. The enhanced toughness comes without the hysteresis associated with noncovalent cross-linking, and it is observed in two different acrylate elastomers, in fatigue as well as constant displacement rate tension, and in a gel as well as elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yixin Hu
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liel Sapir
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Danyang Chen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Abraham Herzog-Arbeitman
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Stephen L Craig
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Fang H, Guymon CA. Thermo-mechanical properties of urethane acrylate networks modulated by RAFT mediated photopolymerization. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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5
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Shi X, Bobrin VA, Yao Y, Zhang J, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Designing Nanostructured 3D Printed Materials by Controlling Macromolecular Architecture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206272. [PMID: 35732587 PMCID: PMC9544629 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured polymeric materials play important roles in many advanced applications, however, controlling the morphologies of polymeric thermosets remains a challenge. This work uses multi-arm macroCTAs to mediate polymerization-induced microphase separation (PIMS) and prepare nanostructured materials via photoinduced 3D printing. The characteristic length scale of microphase-separated domains is determined by the macroCTA arm length, while nanoscale morphologies are controlled by the macroCTA architecture. Specifically, using 2- and 4- arm macroCTAs provides materials with different morphologies compared to analogous monofunctional linear macroCTAs at similar compositions. The mechanical properties of these nanostructured thermosets can also be tuned while maintaining the desired morphologies. Using multi-arm macroCTAs can thus broaden the scope of accessible nanostructures for extended applications, including the fabrication of actuators and potential drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Shi
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanomedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Valentin A. Bobrin
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanomedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Yin Yao
- Electron Microscope UnitMark Wainwright Analytical CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanomedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanomedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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6
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Shi X, Bobrin VA, Yao Y, Zhang J, Corrigan N, Boyer CAJM. Designing Nanostructured 3D Printed Materials by Controlling Macromolecular Architecture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Shi
- UNSW: University of New South Wales Chemical Engineering 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Valentin A. Bobrin
- UNSW: University of New South Wales Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Yin Yao
- UNSW: University of New South Wales Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Jin Zhang
- UNSW: University of New South Wales School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- UNSW: University of New South Wales School of Chemical Engineering UNSWSchool of Chemical Engineering 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Cyrille Andre Jean Marie Boyer
- University of New South Wales Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design High streetApplied science building 2052 Sydney AUSTRALIA
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7
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Shi X, Zhang J, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Controlling mechanical properties of 3D printed polymer composites through photoinduced reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01283e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been exploited to design silica-nanoparticle-incorporated photocurable resins for 3D printing of materials with enhanced mechanical properties and complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Shi
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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8
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Monfared M, Nothling MD, Mawad D, Stenzel MH. Effect of cell culture media on photopolymerizations. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4295-4305. [PMID: 34533298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radical polymerization is one of the most widely used methods for the synthesis of polymeric materials for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, 3D cell culture, and regenerative medicine. Among radical polymerization reactions, thiol-ene click chemistry has shown excellent orthogonality in diverse reaction conditions. However, our preliminary investigations revealed that it fails in cell culture environment. Herein, we investigate the mechanisms by which cell culture media interfere with radical photoreactions. Three different models including free radical linear photopolymerization (N,N-dimethylacrylamide photopolymerization), free radical photohydrogelation (poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate photohydrogelation), and thiol-ene photohydrogelation (4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-norbornene thiol-ene photohydrogelation) were investigated. We showed that common cell culture media ingredients can interfere with radical polymerization by two different pathways; namely, radical chain transfer and radical scavenging effects. Thiol-ene photoclick hydrogelation was seriously affected by cell culture media especially under the alkaline conditions of many of them, due to the impact of deprotonation of the thiol reactant. We intend these findings to serve as a reference guide to researchers employing free radical-based molecular synthesis in cell culture settings. The nonbenign impact of media components, pH, and concentration should provide a cue for future studies that aim to prepare well-defined polymeric materials in the presence of cell culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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9
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RAFT polymerization within high internal phase emulsions: Porous structures, mechanical behaviors, and uptakes. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Pfeifer C, Cavalli F, Huber B, Theato P, Barner L, Wilhelm M. Investigation of the Porosity of Poly(sodium methacrylate) Hydrogels by
1
H‐NMR
T
2
‐Relaxation and Inverse Size‐Exclusion Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pfeifer
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Federica Cavalli
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Birgit Huber
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory Institute for Biological Interfaces III (IBG3) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory Institute for Biological Interfaces III (IBG3) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
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11
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Masuda T, Takai M. Structure and properties of thermoresponsive gels formed by RAFT polymerization: effect of the RAFT agent content. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Cavalli F, Pfeifer C, Arens L, Barner L, Wilhelm M. Analysis of the Local Mobility of RAFT Mediated Poly(acrylic acid) Networks via Low Field
1
H‐NMR Techniques for Investigation of the Network Topology. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cavalli
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratories Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christoph Pfeifer
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lukas Arens
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratories Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology 2 George St Brisbane Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mengguo Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric W. Cochran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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14
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Corrigan N, Manahan R, Lew ZT, Yeow J, Xu J, Boyer C. Copolymers with Controlled Molecular Weight Distributions and Compositional Gradients through Flow Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers respond to a variety of external stimuli, which include optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, redox, pH, chemical, environmental and biological signals. This paper is concerned with the process of forming such polymers by RAFT polymerization.
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16
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Yan M, Huang Y, Lu M, Lin FY, Hernández NB, Cochran EW. Gel Point Suppression in RAFT Polymerization of Pure Acrylic Cross-Linker Derived from Soybean Oil. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2701-9. [PMID: 27359245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), a cross-linker molecule, to high conversion (>50%) and molecular weight (>100 kDa) without macrogelation. Surprisingly, gelation is suppressed in this system far beyond the expectations predicated both on Flory-Stockmeyer theory and multiple other studies of RAFT polymerization featuring cross-linking moieties. By varying AESO and initiator concentrations, we show how intra- versus intermolecular cross-linking compete, yielding a trade-off between the degree of intramolecular linkages and conversion at gel point. We measured polymer chain characteristics, including molecular weight, chain dimensions, polydispersity, and intrinsic viscosity, using multidetector gel permeation chromatography and NMR to track polymerization kinetics. We show that not only the time and conversion at macrogelation, but also the chain architecture, is largely affected by these reaction conditions. At maximal AESO concentration, the gel point approaches that predicted by the Flory-Stockmeyer theory, and increases in an exponential fashion as the AESO concentration decreases. In the most dilute solutions, macrogelation cannot be detected throughout the entire reaction. Instead, cyclization/intramolecular cross-linking reactions dominate, leading to microgelation. This work is important, especially in that it demonstrates that thermoplastic rubbers could be produced based on multifunctional renewable feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengguo Yan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Yuerui Huang
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Mingjia Lu
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Fang-Yi Lin
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Nacú B Hernández
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Eric W Cochran
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa, United States
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17
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Oh J, Seo M. Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Microphase Separation for the Preparation of Nanoporous Polymer Films. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1244-1248. [PMID: 35614821 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of photoinitiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for the facile fabrication of cross-linked nanoporous polymer films with three-dimensionally (3D) continuous pore structure. The photoinitiated polymerization of isobornyl acrylate (IBA) in the presence of 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (CTA) and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone as a photoinitiator proceeded in a controlled manner, yet more rapidly compared to thermally initiated polymerization. When polylactide-macroCTA (PLA-CTA) was used, PLA-b-PIBA with high molar mass was obtained after several minutes of irradiation at room temperature. We confirmed that microphase separation occurs in the PLA-b-PIBA and that nanoporous PIBA can be derived from the PLA-b-PIBA precursor by selective PLA etching. To fabricate the cross-linked nanoporous polymer, IBA was copolymerized with ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) in the presence of PLA-CTA to produce a cross-linked block polymer precursor consisting of bicontinuous PLA and P(IBA-co-EGDA) microdomains, via polymerization-induced microphase separation. We demonstrated that nanoporous P(IBA-co-EGDA) monoliths and films with 3D continuous pores can be readily obtained via this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Oh
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience
and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience
and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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18
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Scherf R, Müller LS, Grosch D, Hübner EG, Oppermann W. Investigation on the homogeneity of PMMA gels synthesized via RAFT polymerization. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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UCHIDA N, KOUZAI H. Synthesis of Novel UV-Curable Resin Using Castor Oil with 2-Acryloyloxyethyl Isocyanate. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2015. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2014-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu UCHIDA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University
| | - Hiroaki KOUZAI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University
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20
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Stabilizing the Microphase Separation of Block Copolymers by Controlled Photo-crosslinking. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Moad G. RAFT (Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) crosslinking (co)polymerization of multi-olefinic monomers to form polymer networks. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bag 10; Clayton South Victoria 3169 Australia
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