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De Maeseneer T, Van Damme L, Aktan MK, Braem A, Moldenaers P, Van Vlierberghe S, Cardinaels R. Powdered Cross-Linked Gelatin Methacryloyl as an Injectable Hydrogel for Adipose Tissue Engineering. Gels 2024; 10:167. [PMID: 38534585 DOI: 10.3390/gels10030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The tissue engineering field is currently advancing towards minimally invasive procedures to reconstruct soft tissue defects. In this regard, injectable hydrogels are viewed as excellent scaffold candidates to support and promote the growth of encapsulated cells. Cross-linked gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) gels have received substantial attention due to their extracellular matrix-mimicking properties. In particular, GelMA microgels were recently identified as interesting scaffold materials since the pores in between the microgel particles allow good cell movement and nutrient diffusion. The current work reports on a novel microgel preparation procedure in which a bulk GelMA hydrogel is ground into powder particles. These particles can be easily transformed into a microgel by swelling them in a suitable solvent. The rheological properties of the microgel are independent of the particle size and remain stable at body temperature, with only a minor reversible reduction in elastic modulus correlated to the unfolding of physical cross-links at elevated temperatures. Salts reduce the elastic modulus of the microgel network due to a deswelling of the particles, in addition to triple helix denaturation. The microgels are suited for clinical use, as proven by their excellent cytocompatibility. The latter is confirmed by the superior proliferation of encapsulated adipose tissue-derived stem cells in the microgel compared to the bulk hydrogel. Moreover, microgels made from the smallest particles are easily injected through a 20G needle, allowing a minimally invasive delivery. Hence, the current work reveals that powdered cross-linked GelMA is an excellent candidate to serve as an injectable hydrogel for adipose tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess De Maeseneer
- Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lana Van Damme
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University (UGent), Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Merve Kübra Aktan
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annabel Braem
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paula Moldenaers
- Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University (UGent), Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruth Cardinaels
- Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Processing and Performance of Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, TU Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Tytgat L, Markovic M, Qazi TH, Vagenende M, Bray F, Martins JC, Rolando C, Thienpont H, Ottevaere H, Ovsianikov A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Photo-crosslinkable recombinant collagen mimics for tissue engineering applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:3100-3108. [PMID: 31441462 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03308k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin is frequently used in various biomedical applications. However, gelatin is generally extracted from an animal source, which can result in issues with reproducibility as well as pathogen transmittance. Therefore, we have investigated the potential of a recombinant peptide based on collagen I (RCPhC1) for tissue engineering applications and more specifically for adipose tissue regeneration. In the current paper, RCPhC1 was functionalized with photo-crosslinkable methacrylamide moieties to enable subsequent UV-induced crosslinking in the presence of a photo-initiator. The resulting biomaterial (RCPhC1-MA) was characterized by evaluating the crosslinking behaviour, the mechanical properties, the gel fraction, the swelling properties and the biocompatibility. The obtained results were compared with the data obtained for methacrylamide-modified gelatin (Gel-MA). The results indicated that the properties of RCPhC1-MA networks are comparable to those of animal-derived Gel-MA. RCPhC1-MA is thus an attractive synthetic alternative for animal-derived Gel-MA and is envisioned to be applicable for a wide range of tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Tytgat
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium and Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Taimoor H Qazi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxime Vagenende
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium and Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Fabrice Bray
- Miniaturisation pour l'Analyse, la Synthèse et la Protéomique, USR 3290 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - José C Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis Unit - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Rolando
- Miniaturisation pour l'Analyse, la Synthèse et la Protéomique, USR 3290 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium and Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Van Hoorick J, Tytgat L, Dobos A, Ottevaere H, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Ovsianikov A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. (Photo-)crosslinkable gelatin derivatives for biofabrication applications. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:46-73. [PMID: 31344513 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent decades gelatin has proven to be very suitable as an extracellular matrix mimic for biofabrication and tissue engineering applications. However, gelatin is prone to dissolution at typical cell culture conditions and is therefore often chemically modified to introduce (photo-)crosslinkable functionalities. These modifications allow to tune the material properties of gelatin, making it suitable for a wide range of biofabrication techniques both as a bioink and as a biomaterial ink (component). The present review provides a non-exhaustive overview of the different reported gelatin modification strategies to yield crosslinkable materials that can be used to form hydrogels suitable for biofabrication applications. The different crosslinking chemistries are discussed and classified according to their mechanism including chain-growth and step-growth polymerization. The step-growth polymerization mechanisms are further classified based on the specific chemistry including different (photo-)click chemistries and reversible systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each chemistry are also briefly discussed. Furthermore, focus is placed on different biofabrication strategies using either inkjet, deposition or light-based additive manufacturing techniques, and the applications of the obtained 3D constructs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Gelatin and more specifically gelatin-methacryloyl has emerged to become one of the gold standard materials as an extracellular matrix mimic in the field of biofabrication. However, also other modification strategies have been elaborated to take advantage of a plethora of crosslinking chemistries. Therefore, a review paper focusing on the different modification strategies and processing of gelatin is presented. Particular attention is paid to the underlying chemistry along with the benefits and drawbacks of each type of crosslinking chemistry. The different strategies were classified based on their basic crosslinking mechanism including chain- or step-growth polymerization. Within the step-growth classification, a further distinction is made between click chemistries as well as other strategies. The influence of these modifications on the physical gelation and processing conditions including mechanical properties is presented. Additionally, substantial attention is put to the applied photoinitiators and the different biofabrication technologies including inkjet, deposition or light-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Tytgat
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Agnes Dobos
- Research Group 3D Printing and Biofabrication, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Research Group 3D Printing and Biofabrication, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Moore MJ, Malaxos L, Doyle BJ. Development of a shear-thinning biomaterial as an endovascular embolic agent for the treatment of type B aortic dissection. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 99:66-77. [PMID: 31344524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
False lumen embolisation is a promising treatment strategy in type B aortic dissection (TBAD) but it is limited by the lack of a disease-specific embolic agent. Our aim was to develop a biomaterial that could be delivered minimally-invasively into the TBAD false lumen and embolise the region. We created 24 shear-thinning biomaterials from blends of gelatin, silicate nanoparticles and silk fibroin, and evaluated their suitability as a false lumen embolic agent in TBAD. We determined the stability of mechanical properties by measuring the compressive modulus of samples stored in physiological conditions over a 21 day period. We quantified injectability by measuring the force required to inject each biomaterial through catheters of varying diameter. We also assessed in vitro degradation rates by measuring weight change over 30 days. Finally, we developed an in vitro experimental pulsatile flow setup with two different anatomically-correct TBAD geometries and performed 78 false lumen occlusion experiments under different operating conditions. We found that the compressive moduli changed rapidly on exposure to 37 °C before stabilising by Day 7. A high silicate nanoparticle to gelatin ratio resulted in greater compressive moduli, with a maximum of 117.6 ± 15.2 kPa. By reducing the total solid concentration, we could improve injectability and biomaterials with 8% (w/v) solids required <80 N force to be injected through a 4.0 mm catheter. Our in vitro degradation rates showed that the biomaterial only degraded by 1.5-8.4% over a 30 day period. We found that the biomaterial could occlude flow to the false lumen in 99% of experiments. In conclusion, blends with high silicate nanoparticle and low silk fibroin content warrant further investigation for their potential as false lumen embolic agents and could be a promising alternative to current TBAD repair methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Moore
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lauren Malaxos
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Barry J Doyle
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia; BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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5
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Shuai C, Xu Y, Feng P, Xu L, Peng S, Deng Y. Co-enhance bioactive of polymer scaffold with mesoporous silica and nano-hydroxyapatite. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2019; 30:1097-1113. [PMID: 31156060 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2019.1622221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA15) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) were introduced in poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold fabricated by selective laser sintering to co-enhance the bioactivity. On the one hand, the active elements silicon and calcium released respectively by the degradation of SBA15 and nHA were favorable for stimulating cell response. On the other hand, the hydrated silica gel layer derived from SBA15 could adsorb calcium ions released from nHA, thereby co-promoting apatite nucleation and growth. The experimental results showed that the formation of bone-like apatite on the scaffold was accelerated under simulated body fluid, indicating a good biomineralization capacity. Moreover, the scaffold demonstrated a good cell response in promoting the attachment of cell and the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity. Besides, SBA15 and nHA not only improved the hydrophilicity of the scaffold (the water contact angle changed from 107.4° to 57.8°), but also retarded the pH reduction by neutralizing the acidic hydrolysate of PLLA. These results indicated that the PLLA-SBA15-nHA scaffold may be potential candidates for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cijun Shuai
- a State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing , College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University , Changsha , China.,b Jiangxi University of Science and Technology , Ganzhou , China.,c Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology , Shenzhen , China
| | - Yong Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing , College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University , Changsha , China.,d Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Efficient Power System and Intelligent Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University , Shaoyang , China
| | - Pei Feng
- a State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing , College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Liang Xu
- b Jiangxi University of Science and Technology , Ganzhou , China
| | - Shuping Peng
- e NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,f Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Youwen Deng
- g g Department of Emergency Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Gelation of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Solutions in Native and Organically Modified Silica Nanopores. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113025. [PMID: 30463293 PMCID: PMC6278663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to highlight the surface and size effects of the nanopores on the thermodynamics and kinetics of gelation. The effects have been probed by applying differential scanning calorimetry to poly(vinylidene fluoride) solutions in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme) and γ-butyrolactone. Nanoconfinement has been accomplished by introducing gels into native and organically modified silica nanopores (4–30 nm). Nanoconfinement has produced two major effects. First, the heat of gelation has decreased three to four times compared to that for the bulk systems. Second, the temperature of gelation has increased by ~40 °C (tetraglyme based systems) and ~70 °C (γ-butyrolactone based systems), the increase being stronger in native nanopores. The effects are discussed in terms of acceleration of gelation due to heterogeneous nucleation at the confining surface, and retardation of gelation due to constricted polymer chain mobility in the middle of the pore volume. Calorimetric data have been subjected to isoconversional kinetics analysis. The obtained temperature dependencies of the activation energies of gelation have been interpreted in the frameworks of the nucleation model of Turnbull and Fisher. The results suggest that nanoconfinement leads to a lowering of both the free energy of nucleation and activation energy of diffusion.
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Prado JR, Chen J, Kharlampieva E, Vyazovkin S. Melting of gelatin gels confined to silica nanopores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:29056-29063. [PMID: 27472066 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03339c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement is a way to create materials whose properties differ from the bulk. For the first time, this research explores the effect of nanoconfinement on the thermodynamics and kinetics of gel melting. Differential scanning calorimetry has been employed to study gelatin gels prepared inside 4, 6, 15, and 30 nm pores of a silica matrix. It has been found that with decreasing the pore size the heat of melting decreases from 3.5 J g-1 in bulk to 0.6 J g-1 in 6 nm pores, which is linked to a decrease in crosslinks formed via hydrogen bonding. Despite decreases in crosslink formation, the melting temperature for gels confined to 6 nm pores increased nearly 10 °C compared to bulk gel. In 4 nm pores, no gel melting was observed. Isoconversional kinetic analysis of the melting data has revealed that the increase in thermal stability is associated with a decrease in the pre-exponential factor that occurs upon nanoconfinement. The origins of the effect have been linked to diminished molecular mobility of the gelatin chains confined inside the nanopores, which leads to enhanced restoration of broken crosslinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rachel Prado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Sergey Vyazovkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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8
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Van Hoorick J, Gruber P, Markovic M, Tromayer M, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Liska R, Ovsianikov A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Cross-Linkable Gelatins with Superior Mechanical Properties Through Carboxylic Acid Modification: Increasing the Two-Photon Polymerization Potential. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3260-3272. [PMID: 28850786 PMCID: PMC5647566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports on the development of photo-cross-linkable gelatins sufficiently versatile to overcome current biopolymer two-photon polymerization (2PP) processing limitations. To this end, both the primary amines as well as the carboxylic acids of gelatin type B were functionalized with photo-cross-linkable moieties (up to 1 mmol/g) resulting in superior and tunable mechanical properties (G' from 5000 to 147000 Pa) enabling efficient 2PP processing. The materials were characterized in depth prior to and after photoinduced cross-linking using fully functionalized gelatin-methacrylamide (gel-MOD) as a benchmark to assess the effect of functionalization on the protein properties, cross-linking efficiency, and mechanical properties. In addition, preliminary experiments on hydrogel films indicated excellent in vitro biocompatibility (close to 100% viability) both in the presence of MC3T3 preosteoblasts and L929 fibroblasts. Moreover, 2PP processing of the novel derivative was superior in terms of applied laser power (≥40 vs ≥60 mW for gel-MOD at 100 mm/s) as well as post-production swelling (0-20% vs 75-100% for gel-MOD) compared to those of gel-MOD. The reported novel gelatin derivative (gel-MOD-AEMA) proves to be extremely suitable for direct laser writing as both superior mimicry of the applied computer-aided design (CAD) was obtained while maintaining the desired cellular interactivity of the biopolymer. It can be anticipated that the present work will also be applicable to alternative biopolymers mimicking the extracellular environment such as collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, thereby expanding current material-related processing limitations in the tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Tromayer
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
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9
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Vyazovkin S. Isoconversional Kinetics of Polymers: The Decade Past. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 38. [PMID: 28009078 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article surveys the decade of progress accomplished in the application of isoconversional methods to thermally stimulated processes in polymers. The processes of interest include: crystallization and melting of polymers, gelation of polymer solutions and gel melting, denaturation (unfolding) of proteins, glass transition, polymerization and crosslinking (curing), and thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation. Special attention is paid to the kinetics of polymeric nanomaterials. The article discusses basic principles for understanding the variations in the activation energy and emphasizes the possibility of using models for linking such variations to the parameters of individual kinetic steps. It is stressed that many kinetic effects are not linked to a change in the activation energy alone and may arise from changes in the preexponential factor and reaction model. Also noted is that some isoconversional methods are inapplicable to processes taking place on cooling and cannot be used to study such processes as the melt crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Vyazovkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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10
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Van Hoorick J, Declercq H, De Muynck A, Houben A, Van Hoorebeke L, Cornelissen R, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Indirect additive manufacturing as an elegant tool for the production of self-supporting low density gelatin scaffolds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:247. [PMID: 26411443 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes for the first time the production of self-supporting low gelatin density (<10 w/v%) porous scaffolds using methacrylamide-modified gelatin as an extracellular matrix mimicking component. As porous scaffolds starting from low gelatin concentrations cannot be realized with the conventional additive manufacturing techniques in the abscence of additives, we applied an indirect fused deposition modelling approach. To realize this, we have printed a sacrificial polyester scaffold which supported the hydrogel material during UV crosslinking, thereby preventing hydrogel structure collapse. After complete curing, the polyester scaffold was selectively dissolved leaving behind a porous, interconnective low density gelatin scaffold. Scaffold structural analysis indicated the success of the selected indirect additive manufacturing approach. Physico-chemical testing revealed scaffold properties (mechanical, degradation, swelling) to depend on the applied gelatin concentration and methacrylamide content. Preliminary biocompatibility studies revealed the cell-interactive and biocompatible properties of the materials developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6B3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amelie De Muynck
- UGCT - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86/N12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemie Houben
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Hoorebeke
- UGCT - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86/N12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ria Cornelissen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6B3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Belgium.
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Fabrication of gelatin–laponite composite films: Effect of the concentration of laponite on physical properties and the freshness of meat during storage. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Van Nieuwenhove I, Stubbe B, Graulus GJ, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. Protein functionalization revised: N-tert-butoxycarbonylation as an elegant tool to circumvent protein crosslinking. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1351-5. [PMID: 24942823 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protection of primary amines available in proteins holds great potential to introduce a plethora of diverse functionalities along the protein backbone (e.g., via its carboxylic acid or alcohol moieties) while circumventing the crosslinking issue using conventional approaches. This paper reports on a straightforward and efficient proof-of-concept including the chemoselective N-tert-butyloxycarbonylation of the primary amines in the protein gelatin (gel-NH-BOC), followed by introducing crosslinkable methacrylamide moieties. The reaction is performed successfully under relatively mild conditions (50 °C). Following selective protein functionalization, the deprotection is realized by adding a catalytic amount of an aqueous hydrogen chloride solution. The present communication illustrates the occurrence of a straightforward and selective deprotection procedure, which is typically required to circumvent the occurrence of acidic hydrolysis of the protein backbone. The results hold promise for a large range of biomedical applications in which the presence of primary amines is essential for preserving the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Van Nieuwenhove
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, University Ghent, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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