1
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Zhang Y, Li M, Li B, Sheng W. Surface Functionalization with Polymer Brushes via Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Synthesis, Applications, and Current Challenges. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5571-5589. [PMID: 38440955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Polymer brushes have received great attention in recent years due to their distinctive properties and wide range of applications. The synthesis of polymer brushes typically employs surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) techniques. To realize the control of the polymerization process in different environments, various SI-ATRP techniques triggered by different stimuli have been developed. This review focuses on the latest developments in different stimuli-triggered SI-ATRP methods, such as electrochemically mediated, photoinduced, enzyme-assisted, mechanically controlled, and organocatalyzed ATRP. Additionally, SI-ATRP technology triggered by a combination of multiple stimuli sources is also discussed. Furthermore, the applications of polymer brushes in lubrication, biological applications, antifouling, and catalysis are also systematically summarized and discussed. Despite the advancements in the synthesis of various types of 1D, 2D, and 3D polymer brushes via controlled radical polymerization, contemporary challenges remain in the quest for more efficient and straightforward synthetic protocols that allow for precise control over the composition, structure, and functionality of polymer brushes. We anticipate the readers could promote the understanding of surface functionalization based on ATRP-mediated polymer brushes and envision future directions for their application in surface coating technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenbo Sheng
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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2
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Sun B, Liu J, Kim HJ, Rahmat JNB, Neoh KG, Zhang Y. Light-responsive smart nanocarriers for wirelessly controlled photodynamic therapy for prostate cancers. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:553-564. [PMID: 37739246 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective non-invasive or minimally invasive treatment method against different tumors. Loading photosensitizers in nanocarriers can potentially increase their accumulation in tumor sites. However, the PDT efficacy may be hindered because of self-quenching of the encapsulated photosensitizer and the small diffusion radii of the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, light responsive nano assemblies composed of (Polyethylene glycol)-block-poly(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzylmethacrylate) (PEG-b-PNBMA) were designed and loaded with the photosensitizer, Rose Bengal lactone (RB), to act as a smart nanocarrier (RB-M) for the delivery of the photosensitizer. A wirelessly activated light-emitting diode (LED) implant was designed to programmatically induce the release of the loaded RB first, followed by activating PDT after diffusion of RB into the cytoplasm. The results showed that sequential '405-580 nm' irradiation of the RB-M treated 22RV1 cells resulted in the highest PDT outcome among different irradiation protocols. The combination of this smart nanocarrier and sequential '405-580 nm' irradiation strategy exhibited good PDT efficacy against 2D 22RV1 prostate cancer cells as well as 3D cancer cell spheroids. This platform overcomes the light penetration limitations in PDT, and can potentially be applied in cancer bearing patients who are unfit for chemotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nanocarriers for the delivery of photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy may result in relatively low therapeutic efficacy because of self-quenching of the encapsulated photosensitizer and the small diffusion radii of the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Light responsive smart nanocarriers can potentially overcome this challenge. In this study, a light responsive polymer (Polyethylene glycol)-block-poly(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzylmethacrylate) (PEG-b-PNBMA) was synthesized and utilized to fabricate the smart nanocarrier. A wirelessly activated light-emitting diode (LED) implant was designed for light delivery in deep tissue. This new approach permits wirelessly and programmatically control of photosensitizer release and PDT activation under deep tissue, thus significantly enhancing PDT efficacy against prostate cancer cells as well as 3D cancer cell spheroids. This design should have a significant impact on controllable PDT under deep tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Han Joon Kim
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Republic of Korea
| | - Juwita Norasmara Bte Rahmat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Koon Gee Neoh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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3
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Light- and Redox-Responsive Block Copolymers of mPEG-SS-ONBMA as a Smart Drug Delivery Carrier for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122594. [PMID: 36559088 PMCID: PMC9788424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of stimuli-responsive polymeric micelles for targeted drug delivery has attracted much research interest in improving therapeutic outcomes. This study designs copolymers responsive to ultraviolet (UV) light and glutathione (GSH). A disulfide linkage is positioned between a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (mPEG) and a hydrophobic o-nitrobenzyl methacrylate (ONBMA) to yield amphiphilic copolymers termed mPEG-SS-pONBMA. Three copolymers with different ONBMA lengths are synthesized and formulated into micelles. An increase in particle size and a decrease in critical micelle concentration go together with increasing ONBMA lengths. The ONB cleavage from mPEG-SS-pONBMA-formed micelles results in the transformation of hydrophobic cores into hydrophilic ones, accelerating drug release from the micelles. Obvious changes in morphology and molecular weight of micelles upon combinational treatments account for the dual-stimuli responsive property. Enhancement of a cell-killing effect is clearly observed in doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded micelles containing disulfide bonds compared with those containing dicarbon bonds upon UV light irradiation. Collectedly, the dual-stimuli-responsive mPEG-SS-pONBMA micelle is a better drug delivery carrier than the single-stimuli-responsive mPEG-CC-pONBMA micelle. After HT1080 cells were treated with the DOX-loaded micelles, the high expression levels of RIP-1 and MLKL indicate that the mechanism involved in cell death is mainly via the DOX-induced necroptosis pathway.
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4
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Fan L, Wang X, Wu D. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (
POSS
)‐based Hybrid Materials: Molecular Design, Solution
Self‐Assembly
and Biomedical Applications. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Decheng Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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5
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Zhou ZH, Zhang JG, Chen Q, Luo YL, Xu F, Chen YS. Temperature and Photo Dual-Stimuli Responsive Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Micelles for Cellular Controlled Drug Release. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000291. [PMID: 33326167 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To well adapt to the complicated physiological environments, it is necessary to engineer dual- and/or multi-stimuli responsive drug carriers for more effective drug release. For this, a novel temperature responsive lateral chain photosensitive block copolymer, poly[(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) -block-propyleneacylalkyl-4-azobenzoate] (P(NIPAM-co-DMAA)-b-PAzoHPA), is synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. The structure is characterized by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and laser light scattering gel chromatography system. The self-assembly behavior, morphology, and sizes of micelles are investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and laser particle analyzer. Dual responsiveness to light and temperature is explored by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the copolymer micelles take on apparent light and temperature dual responsiveness, and its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is above 37 °C, and changes with the trans-/cis- isomerization of azobenzene structure under UV irradiation. The blank copolymers are nontoxic, whereas the paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded counterparts possessed comparable anticancer activities to free PTX, with entrapment efficiency of 83.7%. The PTX release from the PTX-loaded micelles can be mediated by changing temperature and/or light stimuli. The developed block copolymers can potentially be used for cancer therapy as drug controlled release carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Luo
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Shao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
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6
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Li QW, Su YX, Zou H, Chen YY, Zhou L, Hou XH, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Self-assembly and fluorescence emission of UV-responsive azobenzene-containing helical poly(phenyl isocyanide) copolymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01072c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UV-responsive azobenzene-containing helical copolymers were obtained, and their self-assembly and fluorescent properties were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Wei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Yi-Xu Su
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Hui Zou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Yong-Yuan Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Xiao-Hua Hou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
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7
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Chen F, Lin F, Zhang Q, Cai R, Wu Y, Ma X. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Hybrid Polymers: Well‐Defined Architectural Design and Potential Functional Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900101. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen Shenzhen 518097 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and ChemistryMinistry of EducationNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710129 P. R. China
| | - Feng Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and ChemistryMinistry of EducationNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710129 P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and ChemistryMinistry of EducationNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710129 P. R. China
| | - Rong Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and ChemistryMinistry of EducationNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710129 P. R. China
| | - Yadong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and ChemistryMinistry of EducationNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710129 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen Shenzhen 518097 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and ChemistryMinistry of EducationNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710129 P. R. China
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8
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Li Y, Dong XH, Zou Y, Wang Z, Yue K, Huang M, Liu H, Feng X, Lin Z, Zhang W, Zhang WB, Cheng SZ. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane meets “click” chemistry: Rational design and facile preparation of functional hybrid materials. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Photo-responsive polymers are able to change their structure, conformation and properties upon light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bertrand
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
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10
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Wang S, Huang P, Chen X. Hierarchical Targeting Strategy for Enhanced Tumor Tissue Accumulation/Retention and Cellular Internalization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7340-64. [PMID: 27255214 PMCID: PMC5014563 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutic agents is an important way to improve the therapeutic index and reduce side effects. To design nanoparticles for targeted delivery, both enhanced tumor tissue accumulation/retention and enhanced cellular internalization should be considered simultaneously. So far, there have been very few nanoparticles with immutable structures that can achieve this goal efficiently. Hierarchical targeting, a novel targeting strategy based on stimuli responsiveness, shows good potential to enhance both tumor tissue accumulation/retention and cellular internalization. Here, the recent design and development of hierarchical targeting nanoplatforms, based on changeable particle sizes, switchable surface charges and activatable surface ligands, will be introduced. In general, the targeting moieties in these nanoplatforms are not activated during blood circulation for efficient tumor tissue accumulation, but re-activated by certain internal or external stimuli in the tumor microenvironment for enhanced cellular internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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11
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Du X, Jiang Y, Zhuo R, Jiang X. Thermosensitive and photocleavable polyaspartamide derivatives for drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Du
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Jiang
- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences; Wageningen University; PO Box 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Renxi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 People's Republic of China
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12
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Bagheri A, Yeow J, Arandiyan H, Xu J, Boyer C, Lim M. Polymerization of a Photocleavable Monomer Using Visible Light. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:905-10. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bagheri
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN); School of Chemical Engineering; UNSW Australia; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN); School of Chemical Engineering; UNSW Australia; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN); School of Chemical Engineering; UNSW Australia; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - May Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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13
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Boyer C, Corrigan NA, Jung K, Nguyen D, Nguyen TK, Adnan NNM, Oliver S, Shanmugam S, Yeow J. Copper-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Copper(0) Mediated Polymerization): From Fundamentals to Bioapplications. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1803-949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Alan Corrigan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Thuy-Khanh Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nik Nik M. Adnan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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