1
|
Deng M, Li X, Song K, Yang H, Wei W, Duan X, Ouyang X, Cheng H, Wang X. Skin-Interfaced Bifluidic Paper-Based Device for Quantitative Sweat Analysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306023. [PMID: 38133495 PMCID: PMC10933605 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The erratic, intermittent, and unpredictable nature of sweat production, resulting from physiological or psychological fluctuations, poses intricacies to consistently and accurately sample and evaluate sweat biomarkers. Skin-interfaced microfluidic devices that rely on colorimetric mechanisms for semi-quantitative detection are particularly susceptible to these inaccuracies due to variations in sweat secretion rate or instantaneous volume. This work introduces a skin-interfaced colorimetric bifluidic sweat device with two synchronous channels to quantify sweat rate and biomarkers in real-time, even during uncertain sweat activities. In the proposed bifluidic-distance metric approach, with one channel to measure sweat rate and quantify collected sweat volume, the other channel can provide an accurate analysis of the biomarkers based on the collected sweat volume. The closed channel design also reduces evaporation and resists contamination from the external environment. The feasibility of the device is highlighted in a proof-of-the-concept demonstration to analyze sweat chloride for evaluating hydration status and sweat glucose for assessing glucose levels. The low-cost yet highly accurate device provides opportunities for clinical sweat analysis and disease screening in remote and low-resource settings. The developed device platform can be facilely adapted for the other biomarkers when corresponding colorimetric reagents are exploited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhan Deng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| | - Kui Song
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| | - Hanlin Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| | - Wenkui Wei
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| | - Xiaojun Duan
- Hunan Provincial Children's HospitalChangshaHunan410000China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
von Stockert AR, Luongo A, Langhans M, Brandstetter T, Rühe J, Meckel T, Biesalski M. Reducing Unspecific Protein Adsorption in Microfluidic Papers Using Fiber-Attached Polymer Hydrogels. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196348. [PMID: 34640668 PMCID: PMC8512548 DOI: 10.3390/s21196348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper combines pump-free water transport at low cost with a high degree of sustainability, as well as good availability of the paper-forming cellulosic material, thus making it an attractive candidate for point-of-care (POC) analytics and diagnostics. Although a number of interesting demonstrators for such paper devices have been reported to date, a number of challenges still exist, which limit a successful transfer into marketable applications. A strong limitation in this respect is the (unspecific) adsorption of protein analytes to the paper fibers during the lateral flow assay. This interaction may significantly reduce the amount of analyte that reaches the detection zone of the microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD), thereby reducing its overall sensitivity. Here, we introduce a novel approach on reducing the nonspecific adsorption of proteins to lab-made paper sheets for the use in µPADs. To this, cotton linter fibers in lab-formed additive-free paper sheets are modified with a surrounding thin hydrogel layer generated from photo-crosslinked, benzophenone functionalized copolymers based on poly-(oligo-ethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) and poly-dimethyl acrylamide (PDMAA). This, as we show in tests similar to lateral flow assays, significantly reduces unspecific binding of model proteins. Furthermore, by evaporating the transport fluid during the microfluidic run at the end of the paper strip through local heating, model proteins can almost quantitatively be accumulated in that zone. The possibility of complete, almost quantitative protein transport in a µPAD opens up new opportunities to significantly improve the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of paper-based lateral flow assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ritter von Stockert
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry (MAP), Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.R.v.S.); (M.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Anna Luongo
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Institute for Microsystems Technology, Technical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.L.); (T.B.)
| | - Markus Langhans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry (MAP), Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.R.v.S.); (M.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Institute for Microsystems Technology, Technical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.L.); (T.B.)
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Institute for Microsystems Technology, Technical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.L.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry (MAP), Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.R.v.S.); (M.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry (MAP), Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.R.v.S.); (M.L.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liebich VJ, Avrutina O, Habermann J, Hillscher LM, Langhans M, Meckel T, Biesalski M, Kolmar H. Toward Fabrication of Bioactive Papers: Covalent Immobilization of Peptides and Proteins. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2954-2962. [PMID: 34101458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel two-step method for the covalent, site-directed, and efficient immobilization of proteins on lab-made paper sheets. First, paper fibers were modified with a peptidic anchor comprising enzyme recognition motifs. Four different conjugation strategies for peptide immobilization were evaluated with respect to reproducibility and fiber loading efficiency. After manufacturing of the peptide-preconditioned paper, oriented conjugation of the model protein tGFP containing a C-terminal recognition sequence for either sortase A or microbial transglutaminase was assessed semiquantitatively by fluorescence measurement and inspected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The two enzymes utilized for protein conjugation used the same oligoglycine peptide anchor, and both proved to be suitable for controlled oriented linkage of substrate proteins at physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina J Liebich
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Habermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura M Hillscher
- Institute for Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ TU Darmstadt, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Langhans
- Institute for Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Institute for Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Institute for Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ TU Darmstadt, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ TU Darmstadt, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Functional papers are the subject of extensive research efforts and have already become an irreplaceable part of our modern society. Among other issues, they enable fast and inexpensive detection of a plethora of analytes and simplify laboratory work, for example in medical tests. This article focuses on the molecular and structural fundamentals of paper and the possibilities of functionalization, commercially available assays and their production, as well as on current and future challenges in research in this field.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li W, Sheng W, Wegener E, Du Y, Li B, Zhang T, Jordan R. Capillary Microfluidic-Assisted Surface Structuring. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:328-333. [PMID: 35648544 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A facile and universal oxygen-tolerant, capillary microfluidic-derived, controlled radical polymerization for surface structuring (gradient and patterned polymer brushes) is reported. A syringe pump and a filter paper sheet are used as capillary microfluidic to supply the reaction solution (monomer, solvent, and ligand) to a sandwich-shaped setup by placing a flat copper plate onto an ATRP initiator-modified substrate and resulting in gradient polymer brush formation with controlled thickness, steepness, and grafting area, polymers are showing the high chain-end fidelity. Two different polymer brushes (binary polymer brushes) can be simultaneously grown from both ends of the initiator modified substrate by using this method, which can be used to study the interfacial properties of different polymer brushes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenbo Sheng
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Erik Wegener
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yunhao Du
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bin Li
- Physik Department, TUM - Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hilberg V, Avrutina O, Ebenig A, Yanakieva D, Meckel T, Biesalski M, Kolmar H. Light-Controlled Chemoenzymatic Immobilization of Proteins towards Engineering of Bioactive Papers. Chemistry 2019; 25:1746-1751. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Hilberg
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
- Merck Lab@; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Aileen Ebenig
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
- Merck Lab@; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
- Merck Lab@; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Zhang L, Cui K, Ge S, Cheng X, Yan M, Yu J, Liu H. Flexible Electronics Based on Micro/Nanostructured Paper. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801588. [PMID: 30066444 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, a new surge of interest in paper electronics has arisen due to the numerous merits of simple micro/nanostructured substrates. Herein, the latest advances and principal issues in the design and fabrication of paper-based flexible electronics are highlighted. Following an introduction of the fascinating properties of paper matrixes, the construction of paper substrates from diverse functional materials for flexible electronics and their underlying principles are described. Then, notable progress related to the development of versatile electronic devices is discussed. Finally, future opportunities and the remaining challenges are examined. It is envisioned that more design concepts, working principles, and advanced papermaking techniques will be developed in the near future for the advanced functionalization of paper, paving the way for the mass production and commercial applications of flexible paper-based electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Kang Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Shenguang Ge
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Böhm A, Trosien S, Avrutina O, Kolmar H, Biesalski M. Covalent Attachment of Enzymes to Paper Fibers for Paper-Based Analytical Devices. Front Chem 2018; 6:214. [PMID: 29998096 PMCID: PMC6030327 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its unique material properties, paper offers many practical advantages as a viable platform for sensing devices. In view of paper-based microfluidic biosensing applications, the covalent immobilization of enzymes with preserved functional activity is highly desirable and ultimately challenging. In the present manuscript, we report an efficient approach to achieving the covalent attachment of certain enzymes on paper fibers via a surface-bound network of hydrophilic polymers bearing protein-modifiable sites. This tailor-made macromolecular system consisting of polar, highly swellable copolymers is anchored to the paper exterior upon light-induced crosslinking of engineered benzophenone motifs. On the other hand, this framework contains active esters that can be efficiently modified by the nucleophiles of biomolecules. This strategy allowed the covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase onto cotton linters without sacrificing their bioactivities and performance upon surface binding. As a proof-of-concept application, a microfluidic chromatic paper-based glucose sensor was developed and achieved successful glucose detection in a simple yet efficient cascade reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Böhm
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Trosien
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|